Sodium Hydroxide Treatment for Cellulose Fiber Accessibility from Corncobs under Microwave Assistive

Corncob is abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass resources obtained from crops harvesting and found to be solid waste accumulation on a field. Less corncob is used as a solid fuel for cooking, and a more significant portion is vanished on the field by burning. Promisingly, corncob contains considerable cellulose as one value-added component potentially utilized as biomaterial or biofuel feedstock. However, the presence of lignin in natural lignocellulosic biomass results in recalcitrant structure and hinders cellulose accessibility. This study aimed to investigate microwave-assisted alkaline treatment to retain cellulose in the solid product while removing other impurities in corncob, especially hemicellulose and lignin. Sodium hydroxide was selected as a chemical with some variations in concentration. The chemical treatment was carried out under 400 W microwave power with various residence times and a 1:10 solid to liquor ratio. The cellulose content upgraded from 26.97% to 71.26% while reducing hemicellulose and lignin from 38.49% to 18.15% and 19.28% to 6.4%, respectively, on chemical treatment using 8% sodium hydroxide concentration for 20 minutes residence time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis also confirmed the results. The treated corncob also increased its crystallinity from 30.11% to 52.91%.

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TENSILE STRENGTH OF SINGLE CONTINUOUS FIBER EXTRACTED FROM MENGKUANG LEAVES

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v76.5521 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muhammad Syahmi Hamizol ◽

Puteri Sri Melor Megat-Yusoff*

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Continuous Fiber ◽

Extraction Parameters ◽

Optimum Extraction

The focus of this paper is to obtain a continuous cellulose fiber (CCF) from mengkuang leaves of the pandanus genus using chemical extraction process and to measure its tensile properties. The higher the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the longer soaking times employed during the alkaline treatment of the mengkuang leaves, the higher the cellulose content extracted. The highest tensile strength of 520 MPa was measured for single CCF treated with optimum extraction parameters of 2% NaOH for 60 minutes. Amount of cellulose content of the extracted fiber showed an inverse relationship with the fiber’s tensile strength. The removal of lignin and hemicellulose content during extraction process may have caused the reduction in the fiber’s tensile strength.

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Analysis of Sound Reduction and Strong Drag Composite Concrete Fibers Gedebok Banana Results Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide Solvent (Naoh)

Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan ◽

10.35450/jip.v6i02.90 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 105-120

Author(s):

Muhammad Rouf Suprayogi ◽

Annisa Mufida ◽

Edwin Azwar

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Sound Intensity ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Cellulose Powder ◽

Drying Method ◽

Normal Concrete ◽

Sound Reduction

In composite science, desirable materials that are lighter but have the power and quality that can match or even exceed the material that has been there before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cellulose fiber addition from banana gedebok to tensile strength, compressive strength and damping of concrete composite sound. To achieve this objective, mixing of cellulose fibers with K-275 quality concrete mix with variation of 0% and 5% substitution in which the cellulose is varied in powder and wicker form. Delignification of lignin content from banana gedebok was done by soaking and drying method without any variation and yielding powder having cellulose content of 13,0388%, hemicellulose 18,2796% and lignin 0,6684%. This study produces concrete composites that have a tensile strength and a compressive strength lower than that of normal concrete. Normally reinforced concrete tensile strength value 94.5 kg / cm2, 71.4 kg / cm2 cellulose powder concrete and 90.3 kg / cm2 cellulose woven concrete. Normal concrete compressive strength value 334,22 kg / cm2, cellulose powder concrete 215,7 kg / cm2, and cellulose webbing concrete 157,98 kg / cm2. As for the power damping sound of cellulose webbing concrete has the highest damping power compared to other concrete with the absorbed sound intensity that is 52-68 dB

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Use in Agriculture of Sludge from Chemical Treatment of Sewage

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1987.0052 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 139-145

Author(s):

G. Castillo ◽

A. Ortega

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Chemical Treatment ◽

Application Rate ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Aluminium Sulfate ◽

Leguminous Crops ◽

Dried Sludge ◽

Chemical Sludge ◽

Sludge Application

The reutilization in agriculture of the sludge produced in the chemical treatment of sewage is investigated. Aluminium sulfate (50 mg/l) and sodium hydroxide (50 and 200 mg/l) are added to domestic sewage allowing it to settle and eliminating floating materials. Three kinds of raw chemical sludge are digested and dried. Their sanitary quality is determined by two bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) and one viral indicator (E. coli bacteriophage) and the fertilizing capability of digested and dry sludge by sowing leguminous crops (Phaseolus spp ) in soil with 11 tons/ha sludge application rate. Digested and dried sludge from conventional treatment in equal conditions to those of chemical sludge is used as reference. Sanitary quality results show that raw and digested chemical sludge are not recommended for use in agriculture due to their high microbiological contamination. Dry sludge could be considered for this purpose due to its low fecal organisms content. However the development of leguminous crops in soil with dry aluminium sludge application shows no seed germination. The results of leguminous growth in digested sludge of sodium hydroxide (200 mg/l) justify an additional treatment to adequate its sanitary quality for use in agriculture.

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Lignin to Value-Added Chemical Synthesis

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411016666200108152127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Mahdieh Sharifi ◽

Ramyakrishna Pothu ◽

Rajender Boddula ◽

Inamuddin

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Academic Research ◽

Power Saving ◽

Value Added ◽

Glycerol Ether ◽

Model Compounds ◽

Lignin Model Compounds ◽

Biomass Activity ◽

Lignin Model

Background: There is a developing demand for innovation in petroleum systems replacements. Towards this aim, lignocellulosic biomass suggested as a possible sustainable source for the manufacturing of fuels and produced chemicals. The aims of this paper are to investigate different kinds of β-O-4 lignin model compounds for the production of value-added chemicals in presence of ionic liquids. Especially, a cheap β-O-4 lignin model Guaiacol glycerol ether (GGE) (Guaifenesin) is introduced to produce valuable chemicals and novel products. Methods: Research related to chemical depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass activity is reviewed, the notes from different methods such as thermal and microwave collected during at least 10 years. So, this collection provides a good source for academic research and it gives an efficient strategy for the manufacturing of novel value-added chemicals at an industrial scale. Results: This research presented that ionic liquid microwave-assisted is a power saving, cost efficient, fast reaction, and clean way with high selectively and purity for production of high value chemicals rather that conversional heating. Guaiacol and catechol are some of these valuable chemicals that is produced from β-O-4 lignin model compounds with high word demands that are capable to produce in industry scale. Conclusion: The β-O-4 lignin model compounds such as Guaiacol glycerol ether (GGE) (Guaifenesin) are good platform for developing food materials, perfumery, biorefinery, and pharmaceutical industry by ionic liquids-assisted lignin depolymerization method.

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Mini-Review on the Synthesis of Furfural and Levulinic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9071234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1234

Author(s):

Zhiwei Jiang ◽

Di Hu ◽

Zhiyue Zhao ◽

Zixiao Yi ◽

Zuo Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Mechanism ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Catalytic System ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

Value Added ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Alternative Route ◽

Catalytic Systems ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Platform Chemicals

Efficient conversion of renewable biomass into value-added chemicals and biofuels is regarded as an alternative route to reduce our high dependence on fossil resources and the associated environmental issues. In this context, biomass-based furfural and levulinic acid (LA) platform chemicals are frequently utilized to synthesize various valuable chemicals and biofuels. In this review, the reaction mechanism and catalytic system developed for the generation of furfural and levulinic acid are summarized and compared. Special efforts are focused on the different catalytic systems for the synthesis of furfural and levulinic acid. The corresponding challenges and outlooks are also observed.

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Recycling Waste Cotton Cloths for the Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Sustainable Approach

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040626 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 626

Author(s):

Siti Hajar Mohamed ◽

Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽

Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim ◽

Mardiana Idayu Ahmad ◽

Fatehah Mohd Omar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽

Value Added ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Good Thermal Stability ◽

Alkaline Pulping ◽

Hydrolysis Of Cellulose

There is an interest in the sustainable utilization of waste cotton cloths because of their enormous volume of generation and high cellulose content. Waste cotton cloths generated are disposed of in a landfill, which causes environmental pollution and leads to the waste of useful resources. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from waste cotton cloths collected from a landfill. The waste cotton cloths collected from the landfill were sterilized and cleaned using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology. The cellulose was extracted from scCO2-treated waste cotton cloths using alkaline pulping and bleaching processes. Subsequently, the CNCs were isolated using the H2SO4 hydrolysis of cellulose. The isolated CNCs were analyzed to determine the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties with various analytical methods, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the isolated CNCs had a needle-like structure with a length and diameter of 10–30 and 2–6 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 5–15, respectively. Additionally, the isolated CNCs had a high crystallinity index with a good thermal stability. The findings of the present study revealed the potential of recycling waste cotton cloths to produce a value-added product.

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Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/631013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 141

Author(s):

H. V. Lee ◽

S. B. A. Hamid ◽

S. K. Zain

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Chemical Process ◽

Catalyst Design ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Cellulose Crystallinity ◽

Biomass Recalcitrance ◽

Cellulose Accessibility ◽

High Cellulose

Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex biopolymer that is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The presence of cellulose in biomass is able to depolymerise into nanodimension biomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties for biocomposites, pharmaceutical carriers, and electronic substrate’s application. However, the entangled biomass ultrastructure consists of inherent properties, such as strong lignin layers, low cellulose accessibility to chemicals, and high cellulose crystallinity, which inhibit the digestibility of the biomass for cellulose extraction. This situation offers both challenges and promises for the biomass biorefinery development to utilize the cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, multistep biorefinery processes are necessary to ensure the deconstruction of noncellulosic content in lignocellulosic biomass, while maintaining cellulose product for further hydrolysis into nanocellulose material. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure basis for biomass recalcitrance, reengineering process of lignocellulosic biomass into nanocellulose via chemical, and novel catalytic approaches. Furthermore, review on catalyst design to overcome key barriers regarding the natural resistance of biomass will be presented herein.

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Direct conversion of cellulose to high-yield methyl lactate over Ga-doped Zn/H-nanozeolite Y catalysts in supercritical methanol

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c7gc00432j ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1969-1982 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Deepak Verma ◽

Rizki Insyani ◽

Young-Woong Suh ◽

Seung Min Kim ◽

Seok Ki Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Value Added ◽

Direct Conversion ◽

High Yield ◽

Supercritical Methanol ◽

Methyl Lactate ◽

High Yields

For realizing sustainable bio-based refineries, it is crucial to obtain high yields of value-added chemicalsviadirect conversion of cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass.

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Maximizing Anhydrosugar Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Using Sulfuric Acid as an Ash Catalyst Inhibitor

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal8120609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 609 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dongyan Zhang ◽

Yuyang Fan ◽

Anqing Zheng ◽

Zengli Zhao ◽

Fengyun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rank Order ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Value Added ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

X Ray ◽

Theoretical Yield ◽

Pure Cellulose

Anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan (LG), are high value-added chemicals which are mainly derived from fast pyrolysis of pure cellulose. However, fast pyrolysis of raw lignocellulosic biomass usually produces a very low amount of levoglucosan, since alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) present in the ash can serve as the catalysts to inhibit the formation of levoglucosan through accelerating the pyranose ring-opening reactions. In this study, eucalyptus was impregnated with H2SO4 solutions with varying concentrations (0.25–1.25%). The characteristics of ash derived from raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pyrolysis behaviors of raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were performed on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG analysis demonstrated that the H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus produced less char than raw eucalyptus. Py-GC/MS analysis showed that even small amounts of H2SO4 can obviously improve the production of anhydrosugars and phenols and suppressed the formation of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones from fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus. The rank order of levoglucosan yield from raw and impregnated eucalyptus was raw < 1.25% H2SO4 < 1% H2SO4 < 0.75% H2SO4 < 0.25% H2SO4 < 0.5% H2SO4. The maximum yield of levoglucosan (21.3%) was obtained by fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus impregnated with 0.5% H2SO4, which was close to its theoretical yield based on the cellulose content. The results could be ascribed to that H2SO4 can react with AAEM (e.g., Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and lignin to form lignosulfonate, thus acting as an inhibitor to suppress the catalytic effects of AAEM during fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus.

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Recent Updates on the Conversion of Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus) to Value-Added Products, Future Perspectives and Challenges

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2221

Author(s):

Adila Fazliyana Aili Hamzah ◽

Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah ◽

Hasfalina Che Man ◽

Nur Syakina Jamali ◽

Shamsul Izhar Siajam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Waste ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Value Added ◽

Green Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Pineapple Waste ◽

Protease Enzyme

Pineapple waste accounts for a significant part of waste accumulated in landfill which will further contribute to the release of greenhouse gases. With the rising pineapple demands worldwide, the abundance of pineapple waste and its disposal techniques are a major concern. Exploiting the pineapple waste into valuable products could be the most sustainable way of managing these residues due to their useful properties and compositions. In this review, we concentrated on producing useful products from on-farm pineapple waste and processing waste. Bioenergy is the most suitable option for green energy to encounter the increasing demand for renewable energy and promotes sustainable development for agricultural waste. The presence of protease enzyme in pineapple waste makes it a suitable raw material for bromelain production. The high cellulose content present in pineapple waste has a potential for the production of cellulose nanocrystals, biodegradable packaging and bio-adsorbent, and can potentially be applied in the polymer, food and textile industries. Other than that, it is also a suitable substrate for the production of wine, vinegar and organic acid due to its high sugar content, especially from the peel wastes. The potentials of bioenergy production through biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol and biodiesel) and biogas (biomethane and biohydrogen) were also assessed. The commercial use of pineapples is also highlighted. Despite the opportunities, future perspectives and challenges concerning pineapple waste utilisation to value-added goods were also addressed. Pineapple waste conversions have shown to reduce waste generation, and the products derived from the conversion would support the waste-to-wealth concept.

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