Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A. Codd ◽  
Steven G. Bell ◽  
William P. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxin

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) commonly occur in fresh- and brackish waters and may produce massive annual growths as a consequence of nutrient enrichment from natural waters, agricultural fertilizer run-off, or from domestic/industrial effluents. The cyanobacterial species which dominate these growths typically belong to the genera which produce toxins. Cyanobacterial toxins cause fatal poisonings of agricultural livestock, wild animals, birds and fish on a world-wide basis. The involvement of the toxins in human health problems has also been inferred in several countries and their presence in drinking water sources is of interest to the drinking water industry. The occurrence and properties of cyanobacterial toxins are discussed here. New methods are being developed for the purification of the toxins and for their recovery and quantification from waters. These include the use of chemical, cytotoxicity and immunological methods to complement the mouse bioassay which has hitherto been used in cyanobacterial toxin studies with laboratory cultures and water samples. Information on the regulation of cyanobacterial toxin production and on the possible biological significance of the toxins in aquatic environments is also presented. A greater awareness of cyanobacterial toxins in waters destined for human use is required.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Physicochemical and Biochemical Methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1626-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A Codd ◽  
James S Metcalf ◽  
Clive J Ward ◽  
Kenneth A Beattie ◽  
Steven G Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Methods Analytical ◽  
Analytical Requirements

Abstract Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce a wide range of low molecular weight metabolites that include potent neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, and cytotoxins. The accumulation of such toxins in freshwaters, and in brackish and marine waters presents hazards to human and animal health by a range of exposure routes. A review is presented of developments in the detection and analysis of cyanobacterial toxins, other than bioassays, including application of physicochemical, immunoassays, and enzyme-based methods. Analytical requirements are considered with reference to recently derived guideline levels for the protection of health and to the availability, or otherwise, of purified, quantitative cyanobacterial toxin standards.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

THE VALUE OF ORGANOLEPTIC INDICATORS OF DRINKING WATER THE ROSTOV REGION, AS FACTORS OF THE EPIDEMIC SAFETY OF POPULATION HEALTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Timur Khetsuriani ◽  
Elena Chaplygina ◽  
Tatyana Zhukova ◽  
Elgudzha Khetsuriani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Mass Development

The article presents an overview of the mass development of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the don river of the Rostov region, which leads to the phenomenon, received in the literature the name of harmful “flowering” of water. The harmfulness of the mass development of cyanobacteria is changes in organoleptic characteristics of drinking water, which lead to the production of a large number of dangerous to human health and animal toxins, to reduce water quality, violation of the aesthetic appearance of the reservoir, the loss of useful human properties of the aquatic ecosystem and are factors of epidemic safety of public health. Experimental studies of the properties of cyanobacteria and toxins produced by blue-green algae are pre-sented. The first studies were carried out at the pilot plant on the technology of purification of flowering don water to ensure environmental safety of drinking water and public health.

Treatment of taste and odor material by oxidation and adsorption

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-W. Jung ◽  
K.-H. Baek ◽  
M.-J. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Lab Test

Massive blooms of blue-green algae in reservoirs produce the musty-earthy taste and odor, which are caused by compounds such as 2-MIB and geosmin. 2-MIB and geosmin are rarely removed by conventional water treatment. Their presence in the drinking water, even at low levels (ng/L), can be detected and it creates consumer complaints. So those concentrations have to be controlled as low as possible in the drinking water. The removals by oxidation (O3, Cl2, ClO2) and adsorption (PAC, filter/adsorber) were studied at laboratory and pilot plant (50 m3/d) to select suitable 2-MIB and geosmin treatment processes. The following conclusions were derived from the study. Both of the threshold odor levels for 2-MIB and geosmin appeared to be 30 ng/L as a consequence of a lab test. For any given PAC dosage in a jar-test, removal efficiencies of 2-MIB and geosmin were increased in proportion to PAC dosage and were independent of their initial concentration in raw water for the tested PAC dosages. In comparison of geosmin with 2-MIB, the adsorption efficiency of geosmin by PAC was superior to that of 2-MIB. The required PAC dosages to control below the threshold odor level were 30 mg /L for geosmin and 50 mg/L for 2-MIB at 100 ng/L of initial concentration. Removal efficiencies of odor materials by Cl2, ClO2, and O3 were very weak under the limited dosage (1.5 mg/L), however increased ozone dosage (3.8 mg O3/L) showed high removal efficiency (84.8% for 2-MIB) at contact time 6.4 minutes. According to the initial concentrations of 2-MIB and geosmin, their removal efficiencies by filter/adsorber differed from 25.7% to 88.4%. For all those, however, remaining concentrations of target materials in finished waters were maintained below 30 ng/L. The longer run-time given for the filter/adsorber, the higher the effluent concentration generated. So it is necessary that the run-time of the filter/adsorber be decreased, when 2-MIB or geosmin occurs in raw water.

scholarly journals Purification and Characterization of a Novel Subtype A3 Botulinum Neurotoxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3108-3113 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Tepp ◽  
Guangyun Lin ◽  
Eric A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
Subtype A

ABSTRACTBotulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced byClostridium botulinumare of considerable importance due to their being the cause of human and animal botulism, their potential as bioterrorism agents, and their utility as important pharmaceuticals. Type A is prominent due to its high toxicity and long duration of action. Five subtypes of type A BoNT are currently recognized; BoNT/A1, -/A2, and -/A5 have been purified, and their properties have been studied. BoNT/A3 is intriguing because it is not effectively neutralized by polyclonal anti-BoNT/A1 antibodies, and thus, it may potentially replace BoNT/A1 for patients who have become refractive to treatment with BoNT/A1 due to antibody formation or other modes of resistance. Purification of BoNT/A3 has been challenging because of its low levels of production in culture and the need for innovative purification procedures. In this study, modified Mueller-Miller medium was used in place of traditional toxin production medium (TPM) to cultureC. botulinumA3 (CDC strain) and boost toxin production. BoNT/A3 titers were at least 10-fold higher than those produced in TPM. A purification method was developed to obtain greater than 95% pure BoNT/A3. The specific toxicity of BoNT/A3 as determined by mouse bioassay was 5.8 × 10750% lethal doses (LD50)/mg. Neutralization of BoNT/A3 toxicity by a polyclonal anti-BoNT/A1 antibody was approximately 10-fold less than the neutralization of BoNT/A1 toxicity. In addition, differences in symptoms were observed between mice that were injected with BoNT/A3 and those that were injected with BoNT/A1. These results indicate that BoNT/A3 has novel biochemical and pharmacological properties compared to those of other subtype A toxins.

scholarly journals Рredominant microflora of natural and wastewaters of Lviv region

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
I. Z. Koval ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Wort Agar ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Meat Peptone Agar ◽  
Saccharomyces Yeast

Quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms have been determined by the microbiological methods of the analysis of natural waters and industrial wastewater. It is shown that the dominant microflora of the studied waters are Diplococcus, Sarcina, Bacillus, Pseudomonas bacteria types, blue-green algae of Oscillatoria types, as well as Saccharomyces yeast types. Morphological, physiological and cultural characteristics of colonies grown on nutrient media were studied to identify microorganisms. The growth pattern of colonies of microorganisms on meat-peptone agar (for bacteria) and wort-agar (for yeast) in a Petri dish is shown.

scholarly journals Fluorine in natural waters of the Odesa region: Medicaland geographical analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 346-357
Author(s):  
Valentina Trigub
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Fluorine Content ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
High Fluorine Content ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Anthropogenic Loading ◽  
The City

The study of fluorine content in the natural waters of the Odesa region was carried out. The content of fluorine in the waters of the centralized and non-centralized drinking waters supply of the Odesa region and the city of Odesa is determined. Areas with low and high fluorine content are found. Very low fluorine content is determined in Kiliyskyi, Bilyaivskyi, Kodimskyi and Savranskyi districts of the Odessa region. High fluorine content (above MAC) is determined in the Tarutinskiy and Arzizkyi districts. Correlation dependence of fluorine content in drinking water of the Odesa region and indicators of the prevalence of dental diseases (caries and fluorosis of teeth) of the population of the region and the city are established. It is determined that for most districts of the region there is a relationship between the content of fluorine in drinking waters and dental health. In some areas, this dependence is not sufficiently expressed, which is due to the geochemical and ecological characteristics of the territory. It is revealed that for the population of Odesa, who use water with very low fluoride content, high indicators of the disease for caries and fluorosis of teeth are characteristic, which is connected with the allocation of industrial areas with significant anthropogenic loading, including fluorine compounds. One of the possible causes of dental disease, even with optimal fluorine content in drinking water, can be the combination of its action with other chemical elements. Key words: fluorine, drinking water, Odesa region, Odesa city, caries and fluorosis of teeth.

scholarly journals Cyanobacterial Toxin Degrading Bacteria: Who Are They?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Ar. Kormas ◽  
Despoina S. Lymperopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxin ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Toxin Degradation

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in nature and are both beneficial and detrimental to humans. Benefits include being food supplements and producing bioactive compounds, like antimicrobial and anticancer substances, while their detrimental effects are evident by toxin production, causing major ecological problems at the ecosystem level. To date, there are several ways to degrade or transform these toxins by chemical methods, while the biodegradation of these compounds is understudied. In this paper, we present a meta-analysis of the currently available 16S rRNA andmlrA(microcystinase) genes diversity of isolates known to degrade cyanobacterial toxins. The available data revealed that these bacteria belong primarily to the Proteobacteria, with several strains from the sphingomonads, and one from each of theMethylobacillusandPaucibactergenera. Other strains belonged to the generaArthrobacter, Bacillus, andLactobacillus. By combining the ecological knowledge on the distribution, abundance, and ecophysiology of the bacteria that cooccur with toxic cyanobacterial blooms and newly developed molecular approaches, it is possible not only to discover more strains with cyanobacterial toxin degradation abilities, but also to reveal the genes associated with the degradation of these toxins.

scholarly journals Aeromonas detection and their toxins from drinking water from reservoirs and drinking fountains

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Marisa Di Bari ◽  
Petra Sanchez Sanchez ◽  
Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Aeromonads are inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems and are described as being involved in intestinal disturbances and other infections. A total of 200 drinking water samples from domestic and public reservoirs and drinking fountains located in São Paulo (Brazil), were analyzed for the presence of Aeromonas. Samples were concentrated by membrane filtration and enriched in APW. ADA medium was used for Aeromonas isolation and colonies were confirmed by biochemical characterization. Strains isolated were tested for hemolysin and toxin production. Aeromonas was detected in 12 samples (6.0%). Aeromonas strains (96) were isolated and identified as: A. caviae (41.7%), A.hydrophila (15.7%), A.allosacharophila (10.4%), A. schubertii (1.0%) and Aeromonas spp. (31.2%).The results revealed that 70% of A. caviae, 66.7% of A. hydrophila, 80% of A. allosacharophila and 46.6% of Aeromonas spp. were hemolytic. The assay for checking production of toxins showed that 17.5% of A. caviae, 73.3% of A. hydrophila, 60% of A. allosacharophila, 100% of A. schubertii, and 33.3% of Aeromonas spp. were able to produce toxins. The results demonstrated the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas, indicating that the presence of this emerging pathogen in water systems is a public health concern.

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