Cost-Effective Dewatering of Municipal Treatment Plant Sludges Using Belt Presses

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
W. N. Clarke ◽  
Ed. Hodges ◽  
Robert J. Ooten
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Polymer Addition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt Filter Press

An evaluation was conducted at the County Sanitation Districts of Orange County (CSDOC) which led to the purchase and installation of the belt filter presses currently in use. A selection process was made including pre-qualification of bidders after an exhaustive nationwide search and study of all known existing belt filter press facilities. Subsequent methods were employed for purchasing belt filter presses of the same make and manufacturer. Operating experiences and maintenance costs as well as minor modifications which were found to be desirable were documented. The paper will discuss in some detail the design criteria, capacity, polymer addition system, performance at CSDOC Plant No. 1 and Plant No. 2, sludge characteristics and the effect of chemical conditioning. Discussion regarding operation and maintenance criteria, such as staffing, operating and maintenance modes, operational checks, belt life and belt specification, safety ventilation required for the removal of odorous materials and hydrogen sulfide, data recording, and polymer dosing is included. Cost considerations, including capital costs, as well as operating and maintenance costs for the past five years are covered.

Performance evaluation of a low-cost odour trap installed in waterless urinals

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-258
Author(s):  
S. Ramesh Sakthivel ◽  
Md Azizurrahaman ◽  
V. Ganesh Prabhu ◽  
V. M. Chariar
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Particle Flow ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Waterless urinals save precious fresh water normally used for flushing and reduce odour levels in restrooms. However, existing models of waterless urinals available on the market are expensive and maintenance costs of the odour traps of these urinals are also quite high. Experiments conducted using a low cost membrane-based waterless-urinal odour prevention trap available in India revealed a reduction of over 90.5% in ammonia gas concentration in the urinals. The ammonia levels observed, in the range of 0.22 to 0.30 ppm in waterless urinals fitted with the odour trap evaluated in this study, is comparable to values reported for the widely used sealant liquid based waterless urinals in the past. No sign of clogging was observed in the clogging tests conducted. Passage of particles up to 4 mm in size in the particle flow analysis tests conducted is somewhat higher than the 2 mm reported for sealant liquid and membrane odour traps in previous studies, and it reveals that the odour trap can perform in adverse conditions without getting clogged. Economics of installation and maintenance aspects of waterless urinals carried out here show that the odour trap evaluated in this study can really be a cost effective alternative.

Influence of water treatment residuals on dewaterability of wastewater biosolids

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Taylor ◽  
Herschel A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Water Treatment Residuals ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Polymer Addition ◽  
Hydrous Oxides ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Belt Filter Press

Co-dewatering of water treatment residuals (WTR) and wastewater biosolids can potentially benefit municipalities by reducing processing equipment and costs. This study investigated dewaterability (using capillary suction time, CST) of combined alum residuals (Al-WTR) and anaerobically digested biosolids at various blending ratios (BR), defined as the mass ratio of WTR to biosolids on a dry solids basis. Without polymer addition, the CST was 160 s for a BR of 0.75 compared with 355 s for the biosolids alone. The optimum polymer dose (OPD), defined as the polymer dose yielding CST of 20 s, was reduced from 20.6 g kg−1 dry solids for the biosolids alone to 16.3 and 12.6 g kg−1 when BR was 0.75 and 1.5, respectively. Precipitated Al hydrous oxides in the WTR likely caused flocculation of the biosolids particles through heterocoagulation or charge neutralization. The solids contents of the blended materials and biosolids at their respective OPDs were not statistically different (α = 0.05) following dewatering by a belt-filter press. We conclude addition of Al-WTR improved biosolids dewaterability and reduced polymer dosage. In practice, the extent of these benefits may be limited by the quantity of WTR produced relative to the amount of wastewater solids generated by a municipality.

Novel Cost-Effective Approaches to the Treatment of Community-Acquired Infections

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. S27-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W Schwarzmann
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic

OBJECTIVE To review approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with community-acquired infections. INTRODUCTION: Dramatic changes in the antibiotic susceptibility of pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired infections have occurred during the past decade. DISCUSSION: Changes in the antibiotic sensitivity profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis that have occurred over the past several years have required modifications in empiric antibiotic selections for infections due to these pathogens. The most profound changes have occurred with S. pneumoniae, which has shown significant resistance to β-lactams by means of alteration of one or more of the five important penicillin-binding proteins. Many of these organisms have become resistant to other classes of antibiotics; some are sensitive only to vancomycin. H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis have developed resistance primarily by production of β-lactamase. CONCLUSIONS The antibiotic selection process for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia relates to the site of infection and, in many cases, the in vitro sensitivity testing results or known patterns in a given geographic area.

Duckweed based wastewater treatment (DWWT): design guidelines for hot climates

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Smith ◽  
I. Moelyowati
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
Design Program ◽  
The Social

Conventional wastewater treatment systems are expensive in either investment or running costs. On the other hand, waste stabilisation ponds may be unable to meet effluent standards for nutrients. Wastewater treatment using duckweed therefore becomes more significant as an option capable of achieving effluent standards and generating revenue from selling the duckweed. However existing duckweed based wastewater treatment (DWWT) systems have high land requirements despite being able to reduce concentrations of organic compounds and pathogens to acceptable levels. Improved guidelines for the design of DWWT are necessary to obtain a reliable and cost-effective wastewater treatment plant using duckweed. This guideline provides a DWWT design program using spreadsheets for different configurations of wastewater treatment units using duckweed. The design program developed suggests that a combination of anaerobic ponds, DWWT systems and maturation ponds can minimise land requirements and capital costs while achieving specified effluent standards. In order to achieve effluent standards, the land required is typically from 1.5 to 1.8 m2/capita (excluding associated facilities), capital costs are in the range from 7.9 to 9.7 USD/capita, with a retention time from 15 to 18 days. Income generation is dependent mainly on the social and cultural acceptability of duckweed use within the community.

scholarly journals STUDI PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM TAMAN KOTA - JAKARTA BARAT

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Dedi Alfa Julian ◽  
Muhammad Lindu ◽  
Winarni .
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Belt Filter Press

<p>Instalasi pengolahan air minum (IPA) Taman Kota, Jakarta Barat, memiliki kapasitas disain 200 liter/detik, dan air baku berasal dari Cengkareng Drain dan terdapat unit prasedimentasi sebelum air baku masuk ke IPA. Digunakan IPA konvensional yang dilengkapi dengan unit bio filter untuk mengabsorbsi zat organik di air baku. Lumpur berasal dari unit sedimentasi yang dibuang secara rutin setiap 10 menit dengan volume lumpur rerata 144,93 m3/hari dan pada kondisi maksimum 628,30 m3/hari, unit biofilter yang dibuang secara berkala saat dilakukan pengurasan bak yaitu 150,10 m3/hari, serta unit saringan pasir cepat yang membuang air bekas backwash filter secara berkala dan dalam waktu yang singkat sebesar 468,86 m3/hari. Mempertimbangkan perbedaan karakteristik lumpur yang dihasilkan, direncanakan 2 unit tanki penampung (ekualisasi) terpisah yaitu tanki pertama menerima lumpur sedimentasi serta tanki kedua menerima lumpur pengurasan bio filter dan air bekas backwash filter. Memperhatikan luas lahan yang tersedia, maka lumpur sedimentasi yang terkumpul di tanki penampung dipompa menuju ke unit thickener dan selanjutnya ke unit dewatering mekanik. Studi perbandingan dilakukan terhadap 3 opsi peralatan dewatering mekanik dengan mempertimbangkan volume lumpur yang dapat direduksi, biaya investasi, serta biaya operasional dan energi.   Peralatan dewatering mekanik terpilih adalah belt filter press yang mereduksi lumpur sedimentasi menjadi 4,20 m3/hari, dan pada kondisi maksimum menjadi 18,20 m3/hari. </p><p>Keywords: water treatment plant, sludges, backwashed water, dewatering</p>

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

Google Hangout with Annie Baker, Playwright 1/25/16, 2:33 PM

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Genevieve Yue
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Pulitzer Prize ◽  
Film Festival ◽  
The Past

Genevieve Yue interviews playwright Annie Baker, whose Pulitzer Prize–winning play The Flick focuses on the young employees of a single-screen New England movie house. Baker is one of the most critically lauded playwrights to emerge on the New York theater scene in the past ten years, in part due to her uncompromising commitment to experimentation and disruption. Baker intrinsically understands that arriving at something meaningful means taking a new way. Accordingly, Baker did not want to conduct a traditional interview for Film Quarterly. After running into each other at a New York Film Festival screening of Chantal Akerman's No Home Movie (2015)—both overwhelmed by the film—Yue and Baker agreed to begin their conversation by choosing a film neither of them had seen before and watching it together. The selection process itself led to a long discussion, which led to another, and then finally, to the Gmail hangout that forms the basis of the interview.

A Collaborative Approach to Upgrading to Limits of Technology at the York River Treatment Plant

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Venner ◽  
J. Husband ◽  
J. Noonan ◽  
A. Nelson ◽  
D. Waltrip
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
York River ◽  
Hampton Roads ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Virginia Department

In response to rapid population growth as well as to address the nutrient reduction goals for the Chesapeake Bay established by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ), the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) initiated the York River Treatment Plant (YRTP) Expansion Phase 1 project. The existing YRTP is a conventional step-feed activated sludge plant and is rated for an average daily design flow of 57 million liters per day (MLD). This project proposes to expand the existing treatment capacity to 114 MLD and to reduce the nutrients discharged to the York River, a tributary for the Chesapeake Bay. In order to meet the effluent limits set by the VDEQ, a treatment upgrade to limit of technology (LOT) or enhanced nutrient removal (ENR) was required. Malcolm Pirnie worked with HRSD and the VDEQ to develop and evaluate ENR process alternatives to achieve the required effluent limits with the goal of determining the most reliable and cost effective alternative to achieve the aggressive nutrient reduction goals. This paper will highlight the key issues in determining the most desirable treatment process considering both economic and non-economic factors.

Cost-effective water treatment of polluted surface water by using direct filtration and granular activated carbon filtration

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cromphout ◽  
W. Rougge
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Carbon Filtration ◽  
Effective Water

In Harelbeke a Water Treatment Plant with a capacity of 15,000 m3/day, using Schelde river water has been in operation since April 1995. The treatment process comprises nitrification, dephosphatation by direct filtration, storage into a reservoir, direct filtration, granular activated carbon filtration and disinfection. The design of the three-layer direct filters was based on pilot experiments. The performance of the plant during the five years of operation is discussed. It was found that the removal of atrazin by activated carbon depends on the water temperature.

Water resources management in Greece: current status and prospective outlook

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Angelakis ◽  
E. Diamadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Pollution Loads

The basic aim of this paper is to present the existing conditions and problems of water resources management in Greece. Water demand has increased tremendously over the past 30 years. Despite adequate precipitation, water imbalance is often experienced, due to temporal and regional variations of the precipitation, the increased water demand during the summer months and the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain. Integration of reclaimed wastewater originating from the wastewater treatment plant effluents into the water resources management is proposed. This plan exhibits the potential for reducing the pollution loads entering sea or inland waters, while at the same time providing water for irrigation.

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