Detection of heavy metal toxicity and genotoxicity in wastewaters by microbial assay

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Codina ◽  
A. Pérez-García ◽  
A. de Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Microbial Assay ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

The effect of wastewater on the sensitivity of toxicity and genotoxicity assays for the detection of heavy metals was evaluated. Five microbiological toxicity tests were used to compare the toxicity of cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, and zinc, both in deionized water solutions and in wastewater. The toxicity assays employed were: Microtox®, two tests of growth inhibition using Pseudomonas fluorescens, and two spectrophotometric assays of the inhibition of respiration test using baker's yeast and P. fluorescens. Also, the genotoxic effect of the assayed metals was evaluated by using the Ames test, the Escherichia coli WP2 test, and the SOS test. The sensitivity to metals decreases in most of the toxicity and genotoxicity assays; in general, higher sensitivity thresholds (EC20) in wastewater than in water solutions were determined. Each test shows different sensitivities to each metal, which is related to different sensitivities of the organisms used in the assays, as well as to other factors.

Inhibition of methanogenesis in pure cultures by ammonia, fatty acids, and heavy metals, and protection against heavy metal toxicity by sewage sludge

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken F. Jarrell ◽  
Michelle Saulnier ◽  
Art Ley
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Methanosarcina Barkeri ◽  
Methanospirillum Hungatei ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
Pure Cultures

The effect of ammonium chloride, sodium butyrate, sodium propionate, and the heavy metals nickel, zinc, and copper on methanogenesis by pure cultures of Methanospirillum hungatei, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, and Methanobacterium formicicum at pH 6.5 was studied. The latter three strains were resistant to > 60 g/L of the volatile fatty acids and to > 10 g/L of NH3 N. Methanospirillum hungatei was somewhat more sensitive with 50% inhibition of methanogenesis occurring at 4.2 g/L NH3 N, 27 g/L butyrate, and 41 g/L propionate. All strains were very sensitive to both copper (1–5 mg/L) and zinc (1–10 mg/L), but much more resistant to nickel. Zinc and copper concentrations 30 to 270 times higher were required to cause inhibition of Msp. hungatei incubated in sewage sludge compared with buffer, indicating a strong protective environment was afforded the methanogens against heavy metal toxicity in the sludge.

Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, and zinc to Larvae of the Crab Paragrapus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and Implications for Water Quality Criteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ahsanullah ◽  
GH Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the larvae of P. quadridentatus and 96-h LC50 values of 0.17, 0.49, and 1.23 mg/l were determined for copper, cadmium, and zinc respectively. Potency ratios of the three metals were as follows: Cu/Cd 3.1, Cu/Zn 7.2, and Cd/Zn 2.4. Larvae were found to be nine times more sensitive to zinc and at least 29 times more sensitive to cadmium than were adults. The larval 96-h LC50 values multiplied by an application factor of 0.01 (as recommended in Victorian water quality criteria) results in derived 'safe' concentrations, which in the case of copper and zinc are below the stated 'minimal risk concentrations' of 10 and 20 �g/I respectively. In view of the known greater sensitivity of larvae of many taxa to heavy metal toxicity, the validity of using the same application factor for both adult and larval stages is questioned.

Tolerance of Microorganisms to Heavy Metals

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bioremediation Processes

Heavy metal pollution is a growing environmental concern due to the increase in anthropogenic-based sources. Microorganisms have high adsorptive capacities and surface-area-to-volume ratio that enable the uptake of these contaminants and their conversion to innocuous complexes in the process of bioremediation. This chapter explores the mechanisms and specific microorganisms that are resistant to metal toxicity. A wide range of bacterial, algae, and fungal species used as biosorbents are highlighted. Mechanisms such as reduction of metal cations, their sequestration, and binding on cell barriers are discussed. To optimise the efficacy of microorganisms in bioremediation processes, adoption of genetic and nano-technologies is recommended.

The manganese and iron superoxide dismutases protect Escherichia coli from heavy metal toxicity

2001 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 901-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Geslin ◽  
Jenny Llanos ◽  
Daniel Prieur ◽  
Christian Jeanthon
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutases

scholarly journals Assessment of Awareness Regarding Heavy Metal Toxicity in School Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
D. R. Gajbhiye ◽  
N. N. Wadnerwar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Human Body ◽  
School Children ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Programs

Background: Heavy metal toxicity is increasing rapidly due to the increased use of products containing heavy metals daily life. It can cause acute or chronic toxicity if they used for long term unknowingly especially by the children. Objectives: To assess whether the school children have information about products containing heavy metal which are used in daily life and their hazardous effects with the help of structured questionnaire. To sensitize the school children about the products containing heavy metal which are used in daily life and their hazardous effects. Methods: Descriptive (cross sectional) observational study was designed among 300 primary and secondary school children. The questionnaires containing fifteen questions each carrying two marks (total 30 marks) about the products containing heavy metal and their hazardous effects on human body were given to students to fill the information and answers to the questions. Next day a sensitization program was conducted which was followed by the same questionnaire. The questionaries were assessed as pre and posttest. Result: All the students scored zero marks in the pretest. Hence, they were graded in no awareness category. After sensitization, in posttest 155 students (51.6%) scored between 21-30 marks and 144 students scored between 11-20 marks. The score of marks in posttest is highly significant. Conclusion: Results indicate that there was no awareness in school children about the products containing heavy metal and their hazardous effects on human body. Awareness increased after the sensitization. Hence, to avoid the heavy metal toxicity in school children, it is highly recommended to make them aware regarding sources of heavy metals which are used in daily life and their hazardous effects on body. It can be done through awareness programs to be conducted at schools. It may be achieved by incorporating this point into the syllabus of the school children.

scholarly journals Influence of Heavy Metals on Seed Germination, Shoot Length, Root Length and the Profiling of Antioxidant Activity of Linum Usitatissimum L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atal Bihari Bajpai ◽  
Pallavi Dheer ◽  
Manish Dev Sharma ◽  
Rajesh Rayal ◽  
Indra Rautela
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Cu Stress

Being an important oilseed crop, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) grows mostly in temperate climates. The present study involved the seeds and seedlings of the flaxseed plant for analysis. The current experiment was carried out to determine the effect on seed germination, seedling growth and the antioxidant profiling of the plant when treated with heavy metal exposures. The heavy metals selected for the study were Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Copper (Cu). The inhibition caused by these metals varied from day to day as the experimental setup was upto 60 days and the observations started from the 15th day. The plant indicated inhibition on seed germination highest with Cu stress. The highest effect of heavy metal on reduced growth of shoot and root was exhibited by Pb and Cu stress. Also, when the antioxidant profiling was done, Zn had the most toxic effect on phytochemicals. The conclusions divulged that the metal toxicity was as follows: Pb > Cu >Zn.

scholarly journals Speciation and environmental risk of heavy metals in biochars produced by pyrolysis of chicken manure and water-washed swine manure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andong Wang ◽  
Dongsheng Zou ◽  
Xinyi Zeng ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
Xiaochen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ◽  
Leaching Procedure

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the speciation, bioavailability and environmental risk of heavy metals (HMs) in chicken manure (CM) and water-washed swine manure (WSM) and their biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (200 to 800 °C). As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the remaining proportion, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), HCl and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) of HMs gradually declined. This result proved that the speciation of HMs in chicken manure biochars (CMB) and water-washed swine manure biochars (WSMB) was influenced by pyrolysis temperature. The proportions of stable fractions were enhanced with increased pyrolysis temperature and weakened the HM validity for vegetation at 800 °C. Finally, the results of the risk assessment showed that the environmental risk of HMs in CMB and WSMB decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Therefore, pyrolysis at 800 °C can provide a practical approach to lessen the initial and underlying heavy metal toxicity of CMB and WSMB to the environment.

scholarly journals Hubungan timbal dan krom pada pemakaian pewarna batik dengan kadar hemoglobin dan jumlah sel darah pada pengrajin batik Kecamatan Lendah Kulon Progo

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramudji Hastuti ◽  
Sunarti Sunarti ◽  
Prasetyastuti Prasetyastuti ◽  
Ngadikun Ngadikun ◽  
Tasmini Tasmini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Inductively Coupled

ABSTRAK Cara membatik di Indonesia mulai banyak beralih dari pemakaian bahan alami menjadi bahan cat sintesis. Cat sintetis yang digunakan sering kali mengandung logam berat di antaranya timbal (Pb) dan kromium (Cr). Pemakaian logam berat dalam waktu lama akan mengganggu kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan kadar logam Pb dan Cr dalam darah dan limbah dengan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) dan Packed Cell Volume (PCV) serta mengetahui prevalensi gejala toksisitas yang dirasakan pada pekerja di tiga sentra batik di Desa Lendah Kulon Progo. Sebanyak 76 pegawai di sentra batik: 37 orang di sentra SB, 20 orang di FA dan 19 orang di SA ditentukan kadar Hb, PCV, kadar Pb dan Cr dengan metode Inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Air limbah lingkungan dari ketiga lokasi sentra batik diambil dan diperiksa kadar Pb dan Cr-nya. Hasil antara ketiga lokasi diuji normalitasnya dan dianalisis dengan analisis varian atau Kruskal-Wallis. Hubungan antara kadar Pb dan Cr baik darah maupun limbah dengan kadar logam berat dalam darah dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson atau Spearman. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p<0,05. Gejala penyakit yang dialami pekerja yang diperkirakan berhubungan dengan toksisitas logam berat dihitung frekuensinya. Antropometik, tekanan darah, kadar Hb, PCV dan logam berat dari ketiga lokasi yang diperiksa tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Kadar Pb darah dan krom di sentra SB dan FA berbeda signifikan dengan di sentra SA (p<0,05). Tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara kadar Pb darah, Cr darah, dan Pb limbah dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala iritasi kulit, pusing, dan nyeri sendi dirasakan 37-49% repsonden. Kadar timbal dan krom darah pembatik di sentra SB dan FA lebih tinggi dari sentra SA. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara toksisitas Pb dan Cr dengan kadar Hb dan PCV. Gejala toksisitas di antara pekerja batik diperkirakan dapat terjadi karena toksisitas logam berat kronis akibat pemakaian cat batik.KATA KUNCI batik; hemoglobin; chromium; sel darah; timbal ABSTRACT The dye used to color batik has changed from natural to synthetic materials in several places in Indonesia. Synthetic paints often contain heavy metals including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Chronic use of heavy metals can affect health. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between blood and waste water levels of Pb and Cr with hemoglobin (Hb) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV), and to determine how many workers felt the toxicity symptoms in three batik centers in Lendah Kulon Progo. A total of 76 batik center employees: 37, 20, and 19 people from the SB, FA, and SA centers were recruited. Determination of Hb, PCV, Pb and Cr levels were conducted with the Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Wastewater from the three batik centers is taken and examined. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Correlation anayses were performed with Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Results were considered significant if p<0.05. Disease symptoms experienced by workers that are estimated to be associated with heavy metal toxicity are calculated in frequency. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, Hb levels, PCV and heavy metals were not significantly different between centers (p>0.05). Blood Pb and Cr from the SB and FA were significantly different from those at the SA center (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant correlations between blood Pb levels, blood Cr, and Pb waste with hemoglobin and PCV levels. Symptoms of skin irritation, dizziness, and joint pain were felt by 37-49% of respondents. Blood levels of lead and chrome in the SB and FA centers are higher than the SA centers. There was no significant correlation between Pb and Cr toxicity with hemoglobin and PCV levels. Symptoms of toxicity among batik workers are thought to occur due to chronic heavy metal toxicity due to the use of synthetic paint.KEYWORDS batik; haemoglobin; chromium; blood cell; plumbum

Heavy-Metal Contamination by Atmospheric Fallout of Several Flin Flon Area Lakes and the Relation to Fish Populations

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Van Loon ◽  
R. J. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Atmospheric Fallout ◽  
High Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Flin Flon ◽  
High Concentrations

High concentrations of zinc and other heavy metals were found in lakes in the immediate vicinity of the Flin Flon smelters. In a study of 31 lakes, 7 had Zn levels above 100 μg/ℓ, 6 had levels between 50 and 100 μg/ℓ, and the remainder had concentrations < 50 μg/ℓ. The accuracy and precision of the heavy metal chemical analyses were evaluated using intercomparisons with other laboratories and a standard reference water. A linear relationship was demonstrated between log10 concentration of Zn, Cu, and SO42− and log10 distance from the smelter, suggesting atmospheric fallout as the main source of these substances in the lakes. Fishes were more tolerant of these high zinc concentrations than would be expected on the basis of the responses of fish and other aquatic organisms to similar concentrations of zinc in some laboratory toxicity tests. Key words: heavy metals, zinc, atmospheric fallout, fish toxicity, lake contamination, chemical analysis, Flin Flon, Canada

scholarly journals Serum heavy metal levels in teenagers currently or formerly employed as gas station attendants

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayobola Abolape Iyanda
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Work History ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Gas Station

Background: Reports are available indicating that leaded gasoline is still being made available in some parts of the world. Moreover it is also known that the crude from which petroleum products are obtained is rich in heavy metals. This means heavy metal toxicity from petrol contact is a possibility. The aim of this study is to assess selected heavy metal levels in teenagers who are currently and formerly employed as GSA.Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of teenagers divided into 3 groups. GROUP I was made up of 30 male subjects that are currently employed as GSA with less than 6 months work history; GROUP II composed of 34 male teenagers with work history in gas station not less than 20 months; GROUP III consisted of 22 male teenagers who were former attendants; the control group consisted of 35 participants, with no history of occupational exposure to fuel, or heavy metals. Information was obtained through questionnaire on demography, life-style and clinical symptoms of gasoline exposure. Serum heavy metal levels were estimated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Student’s t test and analysis of variance were employed to determine the level of significant difference. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results and Discussion: The serum levels of lead, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and aluminium of GSA in GROUPS I and II were significantly higher compared with control. On the other hand, there were significant increases in levels of lead and cadmium in GROUP III compared with control. Additionally, majority of test subjects in GROUPS I and II identified headache and fatigue as symptoms associated with workplace. Teenage GSA are prone to heavy metal toxicity and discontinuing contact with gas station environment did not resolve this occupational hazard.Conclusion: Gonadotoxic effect of some of these elements on these categories of subjects who are within reproductive stage is possible. Therefore appropriate measure should be taken to address it.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(2) 2018 p.224-229

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