A newly isolated fungus participates in the corrosion of concrete sewer pipes

The final microflora in the corrosion process of concrete sewer pipes was investigated. When the corroded sample was examined using several media, bacterial colonies were found only on acid media (pH 2.5); fungi were detected on neutral solid media (pH 6.5) as well as on acid media (pH 2.5). The acidophilic bacterial colonies were identified as Thiobacillus thiooxidans using a specific identification method for species of acidophilic thiobacilli. The dark green fungi that appeared on the isolation media showed similar morphological characteristics, even though the media used for isolation varied in pH and nutrient. The fungi showed tolerance against acid, although the optimum pH for their growth was neutral. The results showed that the severely corroded sewer pipe was inhabited by two kinds of microorganisms, Thiobacillus thiooxidans and the fungi. An isolated fungus, strain OMSOfl, could oxidize sulfide to thiosulfate. Thiosulfate can be utilized by T. thiooxidans as an energy source, and is converted to corrosive sulfate. Continued vigorous growth of T. thiooxidans presumably depends on a mutualistic relationship with the fungus. It is proposed that a close association between the two microorganisms accelerates the corrosion of concrete sewer pipes.

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Some nutritional factors regulating formation of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b80-289 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (23) ◽

pp. 2484-2490 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. H. Zoberi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sources ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Good Growth ◽

Acid Media ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Solid Media ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Media ◽

Sclerotium Formation

Growth requirements of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. were studied. Sclerotia developed on solid media and primordia started forming when the entire surface of the media in the culture plates was covered with mycelia. The optimal temperature for sclerotium formation varied between 20 and 37 °C. A wide range of carbon sources stimulated the formation of sclerotia, glucose clearly being the most effective. Sclerotia failed to form when a carbon source was absent from the medium. Sclerotia developed in the presence of all the nitrogen sources tested; the highest yield was obtained on (NH4)2SO4 and poorest on L-lysine. Experiments on the growth response to different vitamins showed that S. rolfsii produced sclerotia even on the medium lacking vitamins; the best harvest was obtained on the medium containing ascorbic acid. Media lacking potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium supported a good growth of mycelium, but sclerotia failed to form in the medium lacking potassium.

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Biological removal of algae in an integrated pond system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0450 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 21-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. G. J. Meiring ◽

R. A. Oellermann

Keyword(s):

Adsorptive Capacity ◽

Trickling Filter ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Oxidation Pond ◽

Trickling Filters ◽

Biological Removal ◽

In Series ◽

The Media ◽

Oxidation Ponds ◽

Dark Green

A system of oxidation ponds in series with a biological trickling filter is described. It was known that this arrangement was incapable of reducing effectively the levels of algae present in the pond liquid even though nitrification was effected because of autotrophic conditions prevailing in the trickling filters. This very low trophic level explained the lack of adsorptive capacity present. By shortcircuiting less than 10 percent of the effluent from a fully loaded primary facultative oxidation pond to the trickling filter, the autotrophuc nature or the film in the trickling filter was sufficiently shifted towards a heterotrophic state that had sufficient adsorptive capacity to retain the majority of the algae. It is concluded that the algae, although being absorbed, stay alive on the film and do not contribute significantly to the carbonaceous load on the trickling filter. Further more the algae, although secluded from all sunlight, actually partake in the purification process, producing an effluent which, unlike a normal humus tank effluent, is surprisingly sparkling clear. This significant observation appears to be in line with laboratory findings by others who, when they artificially immobilised certain species of algae and passed water over them, concluded that the algae retained the potential to remove certain compounds from the water. Conglomerates of biologically flocculated dark-green algae are scoured off the film (or sloughed off as part of the film) and, having been photosynthetically inactive for some days, tend not to float, but settle very rapidly. A very significantly aspect of this development is the great potential it has for practical application in developing countries. The algae sloughed off the media are easily thickened and available for ultimate recovery from the water phase without the addition of chemicals.

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The Role of Sequestrene 138 in Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Micropropagation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13269-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 1487-1493 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Doina Clapa ◽

Claudiu Bunea ◽

Orsolya Borsai ◽

Adela Pintea ◽

Monica Hârța ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culture Media ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Free Medium ◽

Axillary Shoots ◽

Different Types ◽

The Media ◽

Dark Green

The current research was carried out to investigate the effects of iron source in the culture media for Vaccinium corymbosum L. ʻBluerayʼ, ʻDukeʼ, and ʻPatriotʼ cultivars grown on five different types of medium (Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L−1 zeatin and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg·L−1 Sequestrene 138). After 10 weeks of culture, seven physiological parameters were measured, such as the number and length of axillary shoots, rooting and acclimatization percentage, as well as chlorophyll (a, b, a/b) and carotenoid content of the leaves. Adding Sequestrene 138 to the culture media led to a slight decrease of the proliferation rate but increased the length of the shoots. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content in all of the three cultivars was considerably increased as the iron concentration of the media increased. The shoots developed on the Sequestrene 138–free medium were chlorotic and short, whereas at different concentrations of iron in the culture medium the shoots were dark green and vigorous, providing a greater acclimatization success than those grown in iron-free medium.

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First Report of Strawberry Fruit Rot Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.563b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (5) ◽

pp. 563-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. B. Lee ◽

C.-J. Kim ◽

S. H. Yu

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

West Germany ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Strawberry Fruit ◽

Alternaria Tenuissima ◽

First Report ◽

The Usa ◽

Dark Green

A strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit rot disease has been observed in several vinyl-house fields at Nonsan and Taejon, Chungnam district, Korea, especially following moist and cool conditions in the spring and again in September. Over the past 7 years, incidence of the disease has ranged from 0.2 to 2.0%. Early symptoms on fruits were characterized by small, irregular lesions, which were slightly sunken and appeared light green to black in color as sporulation began. Conidia were 25 to 55 μm long by 10 to 17 μm wide; beaks, when present, were 2 to 3 μm wide and up to 40 μm long; and conidiophores were 20 to 110 μm long by 3 to 5 μm wide. Older lesions were circular, largely sunken, firm, and dark-green to almost black because of abundant sporulation. The fungus isolated from infected fruit tissues was identified as Alternaria tenuissima (Fries) Wiltshire, based on the morphological characteristics of the conidia and conidiophores. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating slightly wounded, ripe (red) and immature (green) fruits with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml). Twenty-four ripe and immature fruits were inoculated with each of six isolates in duplicate and placed in a moist chamber for 48 h at 25°C and then transferred to vinyl-house field. After 7 to 10 days fruit rot symptoms were visible on the inoculated fruits and appeared nearly identical to lesions observed in the field, although there were differences in aggressiveness among isolates. Control fruits sprayed with distilled water did not develop any symptoms. Green fruits were generally more resistant to infection than ripe ones. The causal fungus was easily reisolated from lesions on inoculated strawberries. Alternaria fruit rot of strawberries has been reported from the USA, UK, and West Germany (2). Howard and Albregts (1) first reported a strawberry fruit rot caused by A. tenuissima in Florida, but the disease is generally not considered important. However, occasionally losses from this disease have been extensive in Korea. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry fruit rot caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea. References: (1) C. M. Howard and E. E. Albregts. Phytopathology 63:638–639, 1973. (2) A. L. Snowdon. Pages 250–252 in: A Color Atlas of Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. Vol. 1. 1990. Wolfe Scientific, London.

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Evaluation of selective media for the isolation of Brachyspira aalborgi from human faeces

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.05105-0 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 509-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

C. Josephine Brooke ◽

Thomas V. Riley ◽

David J. Hampson

Keyword(s):

Pcr Amplification ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Isolation Medium ◽

Human Faeces ◽

Solid Media ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

The Media ◽

Brachyspira Aalborgi ◽

Selection Of

The purposes of this study were to identify a solid medium that supports improved growth of the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira aalborgi, to modify this for use as a selective isolation medium and then to test the medium for its effectiveness in isolating B. aalborgi from patients’ faeces. Of the media evaluated, brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) with 10 % bovine blood (BB) was the most effective base–supplement combination for growth, with colonies attaining 1.2 mm in diameter by 21 days. Incubation in an anaerobic jar (94 % H2, 6 % CO2) permitted growth of larger colonies than incubation in an anaerobic chamber (80 % N2, 10 % H2, 10 % CO2). Growth was improved only slightly at 38.5 °C compared with 37 °C. Selection of B. aalborgi from artificially seeded faeces was achieved equally well on eight different solid media containing spectinomycin (400 μg ml−1) alone or in combinations with polymyxin B (5 μg ml−1), colistin (25 μg ml−1) and rifampicin (12.5 μg ml−1). By using BHIA 10 % BB with spectinomycin plus polymyxin B, B. aalborgi was isolated from one of five human faecal samples that were positive for B. aalborgi by PCR amplification. This is the first report of the isolation of B. aalborgi from human faeces.

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VIRULENCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.86.2.175 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 175-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

Gardner Middlebrook ◽

René J. Dubos ◽

Cynthia Pierce

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Water Dispersible ◽

Varying Thickness ◽

Solid Media ◽

Solid Agar ◽

Surface Active ◽

Morphological Differences

Experimental infection of the mouse can be used for the determination of virulence of cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli. The relative virulence of such cultures for the mouse is approximately the same as for the guinea pig. Cultures of virulent and avirulent variants of mammalian tubercle bacilli grown in the depth of Tween 80-albumin liquid medium, on the surface of solid agar modifications of this medium, and on the surface of a liquid modification of this medium exhibit consistent morphological differences. All virulent cultures tend to form microscopically demonstrable serpentine cords of varying thickness and length consisting of highly acid-fast bacilli oriented in parallel along the long axis of the cord. The formation of cords appears to be an important factor in conditioning the ability of cultures to spread on the surface of liquid and solid media. It can be inhibited by the addition to the medium of the surface-active water-dispersible oleic acid ester, Tween 80. Avirulent variant bacilli grow in a more or less non-oriented fashion. They have never been observed to form cords under any condition of growth and are much less acid-fast than the virulent cultures when grown in Tween-albumin medium. Two strains of mammalian tubercle bacilli which are intermediate in degree of virulence between the fully virulent and the avirulent variants also exhibit intermediate morphological characteristics.

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The Importance of Glycerophospholipid Production to the Mutualist Symbiosis of Trypanosomatids

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens11010041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Allan C. de Azevedo-Martins ◽

Kary Ocaña ◽

Wanderley de Souza ◽

Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos ◽

Marta M. G. Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Phosphatidic Acid ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Acid Production ◽

Close Association ◽

Symbiotic Bacterium ◽

Eukaryotic Cells ◽

In Silico Study ◽

Mutualistic Relationship ◽

Vitamin Production

The symbiosis in trypanosomatids is a mutualistic relationship characterized by extensive metabolic exchanges between the bacterium and the protozoan. The symbiotic bacterium can complete host essential metabolic pathways, such as those for heme, amino acid, and vitamin production. Experimental assays indicate that the symbiont acquires phospholipids from the host trypanosomatid, especially phosphatidylcholine, which is often present in bacteria that have a close association with eukaryotic cells. In this work, an in-silico study was performed to find genes involved in the glycerophospholipid (GPL) production of Symbiont Harboring Trypanosomatids (SHTs) and their respective bacteria, also extending the search for trypanosomatids that naturally do not have symbionts. Results showed that most genes for GPL synthesis are only present in the SHT. The bacterium has an exclusive sequence related to phosphatidylglycerol production and contains genes for phosphatidic acid production, which may enhance SHT phosphatidic acid production. Phylogenetic data did not indicate gene transfers from the bacterium to the SHT nucleus, proposing that enzymes participating in GPL route have eukaryotic characteristics. Taken together, our data indicate that, differently from other metabolic pathways described so far, the symbiont contributes little to the production of GPLs and acquires most of these molecules from the SHT.

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Occurrence of Botryosphaeria obtusa, B. dothidea, and B. parva Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Castilla y León Region, Spain

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-0835a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 835-835 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. R. Úrbez-Torres ◽

W. D. Gubler ◽

H. Peláez ◽

Y. Santiago ◽

C. Martín ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Aerial Mycelium ◽

Common Disease ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Eutypa Dieback ◽

Castilla Y Leon ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Dark Green ◽

Production Areas

Between 2000 and 2004, 176 vineyards were surveyed for disease symptoms throughout the main grapevine-production areas of Bierzo, Cigales, Ribera del Duero, Rueda, and Toro in the Castilla y León region of Spain. Symptoms resembling Eutypa dieback, such as stunted chlorotic shoots, deformed leaves with necrotic areas, and typical wedge-shaped cankers in the wood, were observed in 80% of surveyed vineyards. The second most common disease observed was esca. The mild form of esca, interveinal chlorosis or reddened patterns on the leaves, was observed in 35% of surveyed vineyards. Severe esca symptoms that include sudden defoliation of some or all parts of the vine followed by shriveling of fruit clusters were observed in vineyards during very hot and dry summer periods. Wood from vines with esca was yellowish, soft, and often partially or completely surrounded by necrotic wood. Black vascular streaking in the wood was also observed in some vines with esca. Samples of wood from vines with symptoms of Eutypa dieback or esca were collected from different cultivars (Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Garnacha, Viura, and Verdejo). Small pieces of symptomatic wood were placed on 4% potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline hydrochloride (0.01%) (PDA-tet) and incubated at room temperature. Pure cultures were obtained by excising hyphal tips and transferring to PDA-tet. Species of Botryosphaeria were most frequently isolated from wedge-shaped cankers as well as from wood with necrosis or black vascular streaking. Botryosphaeria spp. also were isolated from the soft yellowish wood, however, Fomitiporia punctata, Stereum hirsutum, and Phaeoacremonium spp. were the most common fungi associated with this symptom. On the basis of morphological characteristics in culture (1), three species were isolated (B. obtusa, B. dothidea, and B. parva). Colonies of B. obtusa were green to dark green with moderate aerial mycelium. Pycnidia developed after 6 days and conidia (n = 50) measured 19 to 27 × 9 to 17 μm and were hyaline and light brown, becoming dark brown when mature, mostly aseptate, and rounded in shape. Colonies of B. dothidea were white, becoming dark green with age and with copious aerial mycelium. Pycnidia started to develop after 10 days, and conidia measured 17 to 31 × 4 to 8 μm, were hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform in shape. Colonies of B. parva were similar in appearance to those of B. dothidea but pycnidia developed after 5 weeks. Conidia measured 11 to 21 × 4 to 9 μm, were hyaline when immature, becoming light brown with two septa with age, and ellipsoidal in shape. Identity of the three Botryosphaeria species was confirmed by comparing morphology with growth of the following identified California isolates: B. obtusa (UCD352Mo and UCD666Na), B. dothidea (UCD1066So), and B. parva (UCD642So) and by comparing sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITSI-5.8S-ITS2) rDNA, and a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene (BT2) of our isolates with those of previously identified and sequenced isolates deposited in GenBank. Sequences of B. obtusa (UCD343Spa, UCD461Spa, UCD468Spa, and UCD621Spa), B. dothidea (UCD303Spa), and B. parva (UCD577Spa and UCD578Spa) were deposited in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. obtusa, B. dothidea, and B. parva on grapevines in the Castilla y León region in Spain. Reference: (1) A. J. L. Phillips. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 41:3, 2002.

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Morphological characteristics of Madiun 1, the First Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) released cultivar in Indonesia

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 911 (1) ◽

pp. 012011

Author(s):

Novita Nugrahaeni ◽

Ratri Tri Hapsari ◽

Trustinah ◽

Febria Cahya Indriani ◽

Sutrisno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characteristics ◽

First Year ◽

Local Cultivar ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

Tuber Crop ◽

Main Production ◽

Local Germplasm ◽

Dark Green ◽

The Tropics

Abstract Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a tuber crop native to the tropics that belongs to the Araceae family. Porang is a potential tuber crops that has been known in Indonesia for a long time, but the value of its product has not been widely disclosed. The planting area covers over 45,000 ha with East Java as the main production areaMadiun-East Java has a long and the oldest history of porang cultivation in Indonesia and has great potential for porang development. Characterized and officially released its local cultivar as an official released cultivar would protect the local germplasm and can be used as a basis for character improvement. Porang Madiun 1 cultivar has morphological characteristics of compound leaf type, dark green-green leaf color. The color of the leaf edges is pink, but as the age of the plant increases, the leaf edges turn white. Porang leaf surface smooth-wavy, hairless. The edges of porang leaves are smooth- wavy, depend on sunlight intensity. Stem shape was round, stem color was green with white spots and longitudinal lines, The pattern of spots on the stems has a sparse density, with the color of the stems varying depending on the age of the plant. Shape of bulbil was irregular round with various size. Average corm weight of Madiun 1 was 0.1 kg for first year porang plant, 0.4 kg for second year porang plant, and 1.6 kg for third year it became 1.6 kg with the average number of bulbils 1.8, 4.9, and 16.7, respectively

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Impact of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plants on Herbicide Isoproturon Phytoremediation through Expressing Human Cytochrome P450-1A2

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology9110362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 362

Author(s):

Ehab Azab ◽

Ahmad K. Hegazy ◽

Adil A. Gobouri ◽

Amr Elkelish

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Primary Root ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Wild Type ◽

Phenotypic Characteristics ◽

Human Cytochrome ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

High Doses ◽

Primary Root Length

The excessive use of herbicides is a major cause of many environmental problems. The use of isoproturon herbicide as a weed controller has been a common practice globally. Phytoremediation technology can help in cleaning up polluted areas. In this paper the ability of CYP1A2 transgenic A. thaliana plants in the phytoremediation of isoproturon herbicides has been investigated. We tested the capability of P450-1A2 overexpression on the detoxification and degradation of isoproturon. We explored the toxic effect of isoproturon on the plant phenotypic characteristics, including the primary root length, rosette diameter, and fresh, dry weight for transgenic and wild type A. thaliana. The results revealed that no morphological changes appeared on CYP1A2 transgenic plants with a high tolerance to isoproturon herbicide applications either via foliar spraying or supplementation of the growth medium. Deleterious effects were observed on the morphological characteristics of plants of the wild type grown in soil under different treatments with isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants exhibited a vigorous growth even at high doses of isoproturon treatments. In contrast, the growth of the wild type was significantly impaired with doses above 50 µM isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing P450-1A2 were able to metabolize the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon. Therefore, this method can be determined as a potential bioremediation agent.

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