Dietary N and P levels, effluent water characteristics and performance in rainbow trout

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lanari ◽  
E. d'Agaro ◽  
R. Ballestrazzi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
And Performance

Two trials with rainbow trout have been performed to study the effect of dietary protein and phosphorus levels on growth rate and N and P balance. In the first trial, 702 rainbow trout (RT) (106.4 ± 1.26 g initial live weight) were fed for 86 days with three diets with the same ether extract (EE) content [20.45 % dry matter (DM)] but differing in protein and P content: [(36.7, 0.86 (A); 39.0, 0.97 (B) and 43.0%, 1.04% DM (C)]. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) were 0.94 and 1.31; 0.98 and 1.27; 1.05 and 1.17, respectively for treatments A, B and C. Feeding level significantly influenced SGR but not FCE. Nitrogen released into the environment was 46.0, 47.6 and 49.7 kg/t of fish produced for diets A, B and C respectively with no significant differences between treatments. P released into the environment was significantly lower with diet A (6.5 kg/t fish produced vs 7.5 and 7.6 with diets B and C). In the second trial, 360 RT (175 ± 2.5 g initial live weight) were fed 3 extruded diets at 0.94% live weight/d for 56 days. Each diet contained 28% EE and 39.4 (D), 42.0 (E) or 45.0 (F) % crude protein (CP). SGR and FCE increased significantly as dietary protein increased (1.03 and 0.94; 1.07 and 0.90; 1.15 and 0.84, respectively for treatments D, E and F, P < 0.05). N load in the effluents was not affected by dietary treatment (D: 29.9, E: 29.8 and F: 29.1 kg/t) whereas P load per t produced fell from diet E to F (D: 7.3, E: 6.7 and F: 5.9 kg, P < 0.05). The results of these experiments where food intake was restricted showed that the dietary level of N and P play an important role in determining the effluent load of these nutrients. At the same time, extrusion is a valid means of controlling N and P discharge, favourably improving growth rate, feed utilisation and gross protein retention.

The early weaning of pigs VII. The effect of level and source of protein in the diet of pigs weaned at 10 lb. live weight on subsequent performance and carcass quality

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
And Performance

1. Dry-meal diets based on whitefish meal or soyabean oil meal, balanced in respect of minerals, and containing 28, 23 or 18% crude protein were given to pigs from 10 to 25 lb., and similar diets containing 18% crude protein were given from 25 to 40 lb. From 40 to 100 lb. and from 100 lb. to bacon weight all pigs were given the same diets with 16% crude protein and 14% crude protein, respectively.2. From 10 to 25 lb. live weight the results showed that:(a) With diets based on whitefish meal there was an improvement in growth rate of 11% (P < 0·05) and an improvement in feed conversion efficiency of 14% (P < 0·001) when the level of crude protein was increased from 18% to 23%. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were not improved further by increasing the level of crude protein from 23 to 28%.(b) With diets based on soyabean oil meal, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were not improved by increasing the protein in the diet from 18 to 23%, and performance was similar to that on the 18% protein diet based on whitefish meal. Pigs fed on the soyabean diet containing 28% protein were unthrifty and grew very slowly; some showed gastric ulceration.(c) Consumption of the diets containing 18% crude protein was 8% higher (P < 0·05) than consumption of the other diets.(d) Apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the diets, as measured by the chromic oxide marker method, rose as the pigs grew older, and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and crude protein of the diets based on soyabean oil meal was consistently lower than when whitefish meal was the main supplementary source of protein.

scholarly journals Utilization of hatchery waste meal in cassava products based broiler finisher diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Agunbiade ◽  
O. A. Adeyemi ◽  
K. O. Salau ◽  
A. A. Taiwo
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The trial reported herein investigated the use of hatchery waste meal as a replacement for fish meal in a cassava products-based broiler finisher diet. One hundred and twenty five (125) four-week old broilers were randomly allotted to five iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets such that each dietary treatment was replicated five times with five birds /replicate. All the diets contained whole cassava root meal (WCRM) as source of energy with soybean meal (SBM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) (plant protein sources) supplying 50% and 25% of the total dietary protein respectively. The experimental treatment consists of fishmeal (FM) and hatchery waste meal (HWM) as animal protein sources supplying the remaining 25% of the total dietary protein. Additionally, In Dier 1 (FM and HWM supplied 100.0 and 0% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 2 (FM and HWM supplied 75.00 and 25.00% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 3 (FM and HWM supplied 50.00 and 50.00% of dietary animal protein respectively), diet 4 (FM and HWM supplied 25.00% and 75.00% of dietary animal protein respectively) while in diet 5 (FM and HWM supplied 0 and 100.00% of dietary animal protein respectively).. The diets were fed over a five-week period. Average daily feed intake was not significantly affected by dietary treatments, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were however significantly affected (P< 0.05) by dietary treatment. Protein retention was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. Blood biochemical indices showed that hatchery waste meal was well utilized by finishing broilers. All hatchery waste meal based diets compared very favorably with the control with Diet 3 appearing as the best with respect to performance indices and protein retention. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicated that hatchery waste meal holds promise as a replacement for fishmeal in cassava root-cassava leaf-based diers.  

scholarly journals Protein requirement of Japanese quail (coturnix corturnix japonica) chicks in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
G. S Bawa ◽  
L. H. Lombin ◽  
D. Shamaki ◽  
P. Karsin ◽  
U. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of varying dietary levels of protein on performance of Japanese quail chicks. Six iso-caloric (2953-3078 kcal/kg, ME) diets were formulated to contain crude protein (CP) at 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28% levels, respectively. Each of the dietary treatment was replicated three times with sixty (60) quail chicks per replicate. A total of 1080 day-old unsexed quail chicks were used for the study and distributed using completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 42 days during which data were collected. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein intake differ significantly (P<0.05) due to dietary treatments. Final live weight and cost per gain were not significantly (P>0.05) different across dietary treatments. Age at first egg and average weight of eggs at point of lay differed significantly (P<0.05) across dietary treatments. The haematological parameters (Total protein, haemoglobin, albumen and red blood cell) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary protein levels. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, prime cuts and the weight of major organs expressed as percentage of the live weight were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that Japanese quail chicks required up to 26% level of dietary protein for optimum performance. 

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

Effects of restricted feeding and re-feeding of Barbarine lambs: intake, growth and non-carcass components

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mahouachi ◽  
N. Atti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Abstract Fifty intact male Barbarine lambs were used to assess the effects of restricted feeding and re-alimentation on intake, growth and non-carcass components. Five lambs were slaughtered at the start of the trial, the remainder were randomly allocated into three groups. One group was offered only stubble grazing (low: L), another, also on stubble, received, indoors, an average of 80 g dry matter (DM) of soya-bean meal per day (medium: M); the third group was kept indoors and had free access to hay and 450 g of concentrate per day (high: H). At the end of this restriction period (70 days), five lambs per group were slaughtered. The 10 remaining animals in each group were divided into two groups receiving concentrate and hay ad libitum. The crude protein content (CP) of the concentrate was 160 and 210 g/kg DM for the two treatments, respectively. At the end of the trial all animals were slaughtered at 37·61 ± 2·05 kg live weight.In the restriction period, sheep from the H group had a significantly higher growth rate (108 g/day) than L group (61 g/day) with M intermediate. The empty body weight (EBW) as well as carcass weight were significantly higher in H than in restricted sheep. Digestive tract components and liver weight were the same for all treatments. However, skin weight was significantly (P < 0·01) affected by dietary treatment. The heart and lungs were also heavier in H lambs than in the two other groups. Conversely, the relative weights of gut and liver as proportion of EBW increased in restricted lambs, while that of skin and red organs was not affected by diet.In the re-alimentation period and with both CP levels, the compensating animals showed the same growth rate as the previous unrestricted ones. At the end of this period, organ weights, in both absolute and relative value, were comparable among lambs of the three nutritional histories and two CP level. The absolute and proportional daily gains were similar in all animals for visceral and external organs, but they were significantly higher in H lambs than in L and M ones for the omental and mesenteric fat and testis.

Dietary Protein Requirements of Fishes — A Reassessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Fish Physiology ◽  
Protein Retention

It is widely believed that fishes require more dietary protein than other vertebrates. Many aspects of fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology have been interpreted within the context of this high protein requirement. Here, fishes are compared with terrestrial homeotherms in terms of (1) protein requirement for maintenance, (2) relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate, (3) protein intake rate required for maximum growth rate, (4) efficiency of protein retention in growth, and (5) weight of growth achieved per weight of protein ingested. The two animal groups compared differ only in relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate. This difference is explained in terms of homeotherms' greater requirement for energy and does not reflect absolute differences in protein requirement. The remaining measures of protein requirement suggest that fishes and terrestrial homeotherms are remarkably similar in their use of protein as a nutritional resource. Reinterpretation of the role of protein in fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology is perhaps in order.

A note on the response of pigs weaned at 28 days to dietary protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTThirty-six piglets were used to investigate the effect of six concentrations of dietary protein ranging from 155 to 235 g/kg, and corresponding dietary lysine concentrations from 10·1 to 15·4 g/kg, on the performance of pigs weaned at 28 days of age and growing between 7·5 and 20 kg live weight. Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary protein, and growth rate increased with increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 167 and 10·9 g/kg respectively (0·75 g lysine per MJ digestible energy (DE)). Food: gain ratio improved significantly with each increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 177 and 11·6 g/kg (0·79 g lysine per MJ DE) respectively.

Effects of castration on growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality in Damascus goats

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Louca ◽  
S. Economides ◽  
J. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Goat Meat ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARYOne hundred and forty-two kids of the Damascus breed of goat were used over a 10½-mo period to study the effects of early castration (at 7 days of age) on growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality and late castration (at 7½ mo of age) on the presence or absence of taint in goat meat.Intact male kids grew faster and used feed more efficiently than castrates until they were about 9 mo old (56 kg live weight). There- after intact kids exhibited strong sexual activity and as a result their growth ceased completely whereas castrates continued growing. Early castrates produced fatter carcasses than those of intact kids. Castration of male kids at the age of about 7½ mo (44 kg live weight) was not successful in this trial and the kids performed very poorly. A taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in that from any of the early or late castrates.

scholarly journals Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for large-size rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth, chemical composition and sensory attributes

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. P. Valente ◽  
N. M. Bandarra ◽  
A. C. Figueiredo-Silva ◽  
P. Rema ◽  
P. Vaz-Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sensory Data ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Tissue Lipids

The effects of graded levels (0 %, 0·5 %, 0·75 and 1 %) of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were assessed on 97 g rainbow trout. Fish were fed to satiation twice a day for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all groups of fish weighed more than 250 g and no significant differences were detected in growth performance, feed conversion, nutrient or energy utilisation or body composition between treatments. A decrease in liver lipid content resulted from including CLA and was accompanied by a reduction in malic enzyme activity. The muscle saturated acid and PUFA content did not vary between dietary treatments, despite the increasing concentration of stearic acid and CLA. In the liver, however, both fractions increased significantly with dietary CLA. Moreover, the MUFA decreased significantly in both muscle and liver. CLA was incorporated into tissue lipids, with levels in flesh (2·1–4·2 %) being 2-fold higher than in liver (0·8–1·9 %). In muscle, the percentage of cis-9, trans-11 isomer ranged from 39·5 % to 41·8 % and that of trans-10, cis-12 isomer from 31·4 % to 33·4 % of total CLA. The incorporation of CLA isomers in the liver varied with dietary treatment, and the cis-9, trans-11 isomer seemed to be more efficiently incorporated than trans-10, cis-12. Sensory data indicated slight-to-moderate differences between the trout fed with and without CLA. The present results suggest that 250 g rainbow trout can incorporate CLA in both muscle and liver, contributing to the production of a functional food.

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