The water footprint of Austria for different diets

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Meat Animal

This paper analyses the Austrian water footprint of consumption (WFcons) for different diets: the current diet, a healthy diet (based upon the dietary recommendations issued by the German nutrition society, or DGE), a vegetarian diet and a combined diet between both latter diets. As in many western countries, the current Austrian diet consists of too many products from the groups sugar, crop oils, meat, animal fats, milk, milk products and eggs and not enough products from the groups cereals, rice, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. Especially the consumption of animal products accounts for high WF amounts. These diets result in a substantial reduction (range 922–1,362 l per capita per day (lcd)) of the WFcons for agricultural products, which is currently 3,655 lcd. However, the Austrian water footprint of agricultural production (WFprod = 2,066 lcd) still remains lower than even the WFcons for a vegetarian diet (2,293 lcd). As a result the country is a net virtual water importer regarding agricultural products for all analysed scenarios.

scholarly journals The water footprint of Milan

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham ◽  
G. Bidoglio
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Meat Animal

This study quantifies the water footprint of consumption (WFcons) and production (WFprod) of Milan. The current WFcons amounts to 6,139 l/cap/d (a volume of 2.93 km3 annually), of which 52 l/cap/d (1%) is attributed to domestic water, 448 l/cap/d (7%) to the consumption of industrial products and 5,639 l/cap/d (92%) to the consumption of agricultural products. The WFprod is 52 l/cap/d. Milan is thus a net virtual water importer, predominately through the import of agricultural products. These are produced outside city borders, both in Italy and abroad. This shows the dependency of city dwellers on water resources from other river basins. In addition, the WFcons for a healthy diet (based on Mediterranean Food-Based Dietary Guidelines) and a vegetarian diet are analysed. The current Milanese diet consists of too much sugar, crop oils, meat, animal fats, milk and milk products and not enough cereals, rice, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. The latter two diets result in substantial WFcons reductions: −29% (to 4,339 l/cap/d) for a healthy diet and −41% (to 3,631 l/cap/d) for a vegetarian diet. Indeed, a lot of water could be saved by Milan citizens through a change in their diet. A sustainable city should account for its impacts beyond its borders.

Accounting and change trend analysis of food production water footprint in China

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyao Deng ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Zhuoyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Logarithmic Mean ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Change Trend

Abstract China is a country of agriculture, and agricultural production consumes a great deal of water. In this paper, we quantify the provincial food production water footprint (WF) in China during 1997–2011, and then analyze its change trend by the method LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index). The results indicate the following. (1) China's food production WF increased during 1997–2011 as a whole. The food production WFs at the provincial level are obviously different. (2) The main reason for the change of WF of food production in China related to the virtual water content and total food production. As for the changes of food production WFs for each province, they were not always in accordance with the total food production. For example, in Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, and other provinces, the food production WFs grew while total food production declined, thus indicating strong negative decoupling. Thus, it is necessary to take the measure of agricultural products' transportation ‘green channel’ to promote the development of domestic food trade and virtual water trade.

scholarly journals Water footprint of Xiamen city from production and consumption perspectives (2001–2012)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiefeng Kang ◽  
Jianyi Lin ◽  
Shenghui Cui ◽  
Xiangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Xiamen City ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Providing a comprehensive insight, water footprint (WF) is widely used to analyze and address water-use issues. In this study, a hybrid of bottom-up and top-down methods is applied to calculate, from production and consumption perspectives, the WF for Xiamen city from 2001 to 2012. Results show that the average production WF of Xiamen was 881.75 Mm3/year and remained relatively stable during the study period, while the consumption WF of Xiamen increased from 979.56 Mm3/year to 1,664.97 Mm3/year over the study period. Xiamen thus became a net importer of virtual water since 2001. Livestock was the largest contributor to the total WF from both production and consumption perspectives; it was followed by crops, industry, household use, and commerce. The efficiency of the production WF has increased in Xiamen, and its per capita consumption WF was relatively low. The city faces continuing growth in its consumption WF, so more attention should be paid to improving local irrigation, reducing food waste, and importing water-intensive agricultural products.

scholarly journals Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 11221-11239 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O'Bannon ◽  
J. Carr ◽  
D. A. Seekell ◽  
P. D'Odorico
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Water Transfers ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Produce Plant

Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce the concentrations of fertilizers and pesticides released in streams and aquifers to the allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on global trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.

Mean grey water savings through trade of agricultural and industrial commodities (1996-2005)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabin Archambault
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Table Data ◽  
Million Cubic Meter ◽  
National Water

The national water saving of a country as a result of trade in a certain commodity is calculated as the net import volume of this commodity times the water footprint of the commodity per commodity unit in the country considered. A negative sign means a net national water loss instead of a saving. Here, grey water savings through the trade of industrial and agricultural products are considered. Annual estimations are given for the period 1996-2005, in million cubic meter per year. In the table, data are also disaggregated per commodities: crop products, animal products, and industrial products. Methodology and results can be found here: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report50-NationalWaterFootprints-Vol1.pdf For more information, visit the Water Footprint Network: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat Agriculture Cost Use/Reuse

How much water do we really use? A case study of the city state of Singapore

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The World ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

The observed and predicted increase in urban population in the world is creating and will further create severe stress on existing water infrastructures and available water resources. Singapore's population has increased from about 1 million people in the 1950s to almost 5 million currently. The city state has invested massively in a sustainable water supply system, and is regarded by many as a role model for future cities with respect to this topic. Solutions like water reuse, desalination and water demand management have already been implemented. However, city dwellers use much more additional water in the form of virtual water. Their actual water footprint is much higher than only domestic water. Water required for the generation of agricultural and industrial products are imported to cities, and can put a heavy burden on water resources in surrounding and even distant (rural) regions. The city state provides a unique opportunity to analyse virtual water consumption for a city, as required statistical data are available through the national Department of Statistics. For other cities such detailed data are rarely available. Mostly these data are only provided on a national level. This analysis provides a quantification of the actual water use of a future city. The paper describes whether the consumption of agricultural products (in the sense of water for food) is also sustainable in Singapore. The agricultural products that contribute largely to the total water footprint of Singapore – wheat, rice, livestock products and cotton–are analysed and discussed in detail. A sustainable city of the future should account for its impacts beyond its borders. Whether the world can provide for the water and food for an increasing population highly depends on consumption patterns within future cities.

scholarly journals Water Footprint and Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Agriculture Development under One Belt One Road Initiative: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 748 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
Hadi Yahya Saleh Mareeh ◽  
Adhita Sri Prabakusuma ◽  
Dongqi Shi ◽  
Ansita Gupitakingkin Pradipta ◽  
Adnan Kasofi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
One Belt One Road

Abstract One Belt One Road (OBOR) is an initiative of collaboration and development that was put forward by China. Moreover, the agricultural production in most of the country members confronted Water scarcity and climate change. In current study it has been used Water Footprint (WF) as tool for measuring water consumption in China and participating country. Thus, this paper aims to understand OBOR from the perspective of WF of agricultural products. On the whole, the results showed that agriculture’s WF in China and OBOR countries increased steadily from about 6.84 trillion m3 in the initial period to about 9.54 trillion m3 in 2018. They also showed that China and India were the largest countries consumed WF which accounted for 76.12% of the total WF used in agricultural production. Furthermore, the WF that has been consumed for agriculture production in China and spanning countries was excessively concentrated on some products. As a whole, green the main water type used in producing agricultural products. Since announcing OBOR initiative in 2013 until now, there is not any remarkable change on GHG emissions that generated from agriculture due to the climate change impacts can be observed only on the long term. WF is a new perspective to explore OBOR. Agricultural trade with China certainly benefits both the countries along OBOR and China from the perspective of WF. The findings of this study is essential as references for better agriculture production structure, and is useful for managing water in China and the nations along the Silk Road, mitigating water scarcities, and wisely distributing the water resources in the various sectors.

scholarly journals The comparison of the cost-rate and profitability of the agricultural products in the SR and CR

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
M. Kubanková ◽  
V. Burianová
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with the comparison and evaluation of the development of economic indicators, such as the costs, yields, economic result and profitability in the Czech and Slovak Republics for the period of years 1997–2000. The economic indicators are evaluated and compared on the basis of sample survey results of the RIAFE Bratislava and RIAE (Research Institute of Agricultural Economics) Prague. The first part contains the evaluation and comparison of the costs, yields and the economic results for agricultural production and its branches recalculated per 1 ha of agricultural land (a. l.). The second part contains the evaluation and comparison of the production intensity indicators (per hectare yields, utility), costs per 1 ha, 100 feeding days and per unit, and agricultural production realization prices. Based on these indicators, cost profitability of the selected plant and animal products is quantified.

Geographical Evolution of Agricultural Production in China and Its Effects on Water Stress, Economy, and the Environment: The Virtual Water Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikun Sun ◽  
Yali Yin ◽  
Pute Wu ◽  
Yubao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Gray Water ◽  
Production Distribution

<p>Agricultural production is accompanied by a large amount of water consumption, nonpoint source pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of associated impacts on regional water, the environment, and the economy caused by variations in agricultural distribution is insufficient. This paper evaluates the evolution of grain production distribution and its effects on water resources, the economy, and the environment in China by using virtual water theory. The results show that the grain production area located in northern China is characterized by scarce water resources and a less developed economy. Due to the imbalance between grain supply and demand, virtual water embedded in grain will transfer among regions. These flows have formed a pattern where virtual water transfers from the water‐scarce northern region to the water‐rich southern region. Evolution of grain production distribution changes the spatial pattern of grain production and consumption, and it exacerbates water resource pressure, the gray water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions in the area that exports grain virtual water. The gray water footprint and carbon emissions in the grain export area increased by 10.66% and 31.06% during the study period, respectively. Meanwhile, the distribution of regional grain production influences the allocation of water resources in agriculture and other industries. Due to the difference between the economic benefits created by industry and agriculture, grain virtual water flow will have effects on the regional economic development.</p>

scholarly journals Virtual water flow and water footprint as optimizer of water resource management in the state of Ceará, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-620
Author(s):  
Ivana Sampaio Leite ◽  
Rodolfo José Sabiá ◽  
Andrezza Pereira Matos ◽  
Camila Cavalcante Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
The State ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Virtual Water Flow ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The water exported indirectly by sending products to other countries, or vice versa, is called a virtual water flow and this can be measured through water footprint (WF) calculations, which represent the embedded water needed to manufacture a product. This present study aims to analyze the virtual water flow and the WF of the main products exported by municipalities in the state of Ceará in the year 2019, in order to enhance the management of the state’s water resources. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the most commonly used multicriteria decision-making method in the world, was used to determine which product is more sustainably produced by the municipalities of Ceará, with the criteria: WF, price, and volume exported. The alternatives are at least two of the seven categories of products exported by the state where the “fruit or vegetable juices” class was preferred as the most sustainable. It was found that most cities in the state that export agricultural products use only one basin, which can lead to very low reservoir levels, while the other hydrographic basins in the state are underused. It is worth noting that the Metropolitan Basin concentrates on 11 out of 32 municipalities that export abroad and that it is responsible for supplying more than 4,074,730 inhabitants, according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2019).

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