Physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. Ten slaughterhouses were visited, using a checklist as an evaluation criterion, seeking to assess the physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of facilities, equipment, handlers, environment, production, and food transportation, during the entire slaughtering process, to verify compliance with current legislation. The slaughterhouses visited (10 / 100%) had no Official Inspection Service and did not obey the rules established by legislation, showing precarious physical and hygienic-sanitary conditions of operation. Most of the establishments (9 / 90%) were located in the urban area and one (10%) in the rural area. None of them followed the animal welfare recommendations. Moreover, seven (70%) establishments had no waste treatment and the residues were dumped in an open area. Therefore, it was concluded that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of poultry slaughterhouses in Parnaíba pose risks to meet quality and the health of slaughterhouses employees and people who consume the products from those establishments.

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Perubahan Pemaknaan Peran Perempuan Muslim dalam Pengasuhan Anak di Pedesaan Kawasan Prambanan

10.31227/osf.io/z8vhg ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muryanti Muryanti

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Public Sector ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Day Care ◽

Rural Society ◽

Muslim Women ◽

Economic Reason ◽

Domestic Worker

Muslim women worked in public sector in all variant jobs not only in urban area, but also in rural area phenomena. They had been doing it because of freedom, education, solidarity, or economic reason. When Muslim women worked in public sector, the new problems were appears, about care of children in the house as domestic work. These phenomenons were related to Indonesian’s culture and Islam perspective that believed the jobs of care of children was women burden. This article described about changing of meaning the role of Muslim women in the caring children. There were many institutions replaced care children, like day care etc. This article used qualitative research with observation and interview. The result of research, there were changing care of children in rural society. Before 2000, Muslim women were depend on family (extend family), neighbors, domestic worker, but in 2013, they prefered care of their children in the new institution (day care) because this institution gave early education to the child and save. But, majority Muslim women in this research believed that domestic works are their jobs.

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Postharvest Burning of Crop Residues in Home Stoves in a Rural Site of Daejeon, Korea: Its Impact to Atmospheric Carbonaceous Aerosol

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12020257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Jin Sang Jung ◽

Ji Hwan Kang

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽

Rural Site ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽

High Concentration ◽

Crop Residue Burning ◽

The Impact

To investigate the impact of burning postharvest crop residues in home stoves, PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm) were collected every 3 h at a rural site in Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season in 2014. A high concentration of levoglucosan was observed with a peak value of 3.8 µg/m3 during the sampling period. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.18) at the rural site during a severe BB episode (levoglucosan > 1 μg/m3) was similar to burnings of pepper stems (0.19) and bean stems (0.18) whereas the average OC/levoglucosan ratio (9.9) was similar to burning of pepper stems (10.0), implying that the severe BB episode was mainly attributed to burning of pepper stems. A very strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.81) during the entire sampling period, suggesting that the emission of organic aerosols at the rural site was strongly associated with the burning of crop residues in home stoves. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.17 ± 0.06) in the rural area was similar to that in a nearby urban area in Daejeon (0.16 ± 0.04). It was concluded that crop residue burning in a home stove for space heating is one of the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols not only in a rural area but also in the urban area of Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season.

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Cryptosporidium hominis genotypes involved in increased incidence and clusters of cases, Navarra, Spain, 2012

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814001836 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (5) ◽

pp. 1033-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. FUENTES ◽

C. MARTÍN ◽

X. BERISTAIN ◽

A. MAZÓN ◽

J. M. SAUGAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

The Other ◽

Single Exposure ◽

Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽

Molecular Subtyping ◽

The Future

SUMMARYTwo clusters of confirmed cryptosporidiosis infections were detected in Navarra, Spain, in the summer of 2012, in the context of an increased incidence in the region. Molecular subtyping of Cryptosporidium hominis determined that one cluster, occurring in an urban area, was due to the predominant circulating subtype IbA10G2R2 and the other cluster, with cases occurring in a rural area, was due to a rare subtype IaA18R3. No single exposure was associated with infection, although exposure to certain children's pools was reported by a majority of patients interviewed in each cluster. Genotyping tools were useful in the investigation and could aid investigation of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Spain in the future.

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Consumption Rates and Use Patterns of Firewood and Charcoal in Urban and Rural Communities in Yedashe Township, Myanmar

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9070429 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 429 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zar Win ◽

Nobuya Mizoue ◽

Tetsuji Ota ◽

Tsuyoshi Kajisa ◽

Shigejiro Yoshida

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

South Asia ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Fuel Use ◽

Urban Households ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Consumption Rates

There is concern over the environmental impact of charcoal use for cooking in urban areas; however, studies have mainly been limited to Africa and South Asia. This investigation aimed to evaluate woodfuel consumption rates and patterns in an urban area in Yedashe Township, Myanmar and compared them with results from a rural area in the same township. From interviews with 66 urban households, it was evident that firewood and charcoal consumption rates in the urban area were about one-third and one-fourth, respectively, of those in the rural area. These low consumption rates were because of multiple-fuel use (mainly woodfuel and electricity) in the urban area in contrast to single-fuel use in the rural area. We estimated the forest area required to meet woodfuel demand of the whole township to be 3738 ha; that could decrease by almost 40% (1592 ha) if the single-fuel use in the rural area switched to the multiple-fuel methods used in the urban area. This study confirms that urbanization with an “energy stack” in multiple-fuel use, rather than an “energy ladder” from firewood to charcoal, could largely reduce the environmental impact on forests.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AWARENESS AND HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IN RURALAND URBAN MEERUT

10.36106/ijsr/9202383 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 65-67

Author(s):

Harivansh Chopra ◽

Tanveer Bano ◽

Niharika Verma ◽

Gargi Pandey

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Insurance Coverage ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Economics Of Health ◽

Poverty Status ◽

Rural And Urban Area

Universal Health Coverage aims to provide essential health services to all while providing protection from catastrophic expenditure on health. To mitigate the economics of health expenditure, health insurance is one of the important tool. Hence, this study was conducted to nd out the awareness and practice of health insurance coverage in rural and urban Meerut.90 households were studied in both rural and urban area. Awareness was higher in urban area but coverage was higher in rural area. Awareness and coverage were found to be signicantly associated with poverty status in rural area of Meerut.

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The seasonal variability of the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in urban and rural areas on the example of Warsaw and Belsk

Miscellanea Geographica ◽

10.1515/mgrsd-2016-0022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Kinga Nelken ◽

Kamil Leziak

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Urban Station ◽

Reverse Relationship ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to determine the contemporary differences in the inflow of global solar radiation in Warsaw (urban station) and Belsk (rural station). The meteorological data used comprised daily sums of global solar radiation (in MJ•m−2) and the duration of sunshine (in hours) for the period 2008 2014. On clear days in spring and summer, the rural area receives more solar radiation in comparison to the urban area, whereas in autumn a reverse relationship occurs. On cloudy days in all seasons, the rural area receives more solar radiation than the urban area, and the relationship is the strongest in winter. Differences between urban and rural areas on cloudy days are smaller than those observed on clear days.

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Assessment of Women participation in Agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka

International Journal of Social Sciences and Management ◽

10.3126/ijssm.v3i3.15137 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 159-162

Author(s):

Gopalakrishnan Tharani ◽

Mohamed Sameem Roshan Akther ◽

Nanthakumaran Ananthini

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Activities ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Women Participation

An attempt was made to assess the women contribution towards agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka. 60 farm family households' women were randomly selected from rural and urban area of Kovilkulam AI region of Vavuniya district in Sri Lanka and the data were collected by constructed questionnaire. The objectives of this study are to identify the factors contributing women participation in agriculture, to identify the constraints faced by the women in participating agriculture and to evaluate the women participation in decision making activity in agriculture. Minitab 15 and MS excel were used for data analysis. The level of women participation in agricultural activities was found out using chi-square test and the factors contributing for women participation in agricultural activities were identified using multiple regression analysis in urban and rural areas separately (α=0.05). The results revealed that 90% of the rural women respondents and 50% of the urban respondents participated in the agricultural activities which is a significant difference. The mean values of women participation in agricultural activities in urban and rural areas were 77 hours and 836 hours per annum respectively. The multiple regression model for women participation in urban area found that the participation of women negatively correlated with status of employment, age and education level (p=0.000). In rural area, age and educational level were negatively influencing on women participation in agricultural activities (p=0.000). R-square values of fitted regression models were 72 % and 91% in urban and rural area respectively 72% and 91% variation in respective women participation were explained by these models. The obstacles for the women in participation in agricultural activities were reported as lack of knowledge and training in agriculture field, family burden, cultural and social barriers and physical constraints. 60% of women from rural areas and 90% of women from urban areas were involved in decision making especially in the selection of crops and varieties for planting and livestock rearing. Enhancing the awareness and the technical knowledge to the women in the field of agriculture would contribute to increase income from agriculture at household level, district level and finally at national level. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-3: 159-162

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Kelainan refraksi pada siswa SMP daerah pedesaan

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.4.2.2016.12659 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Indo Mamesah ◽

Josefien S. M. Saerang ◽

Laya M. Rares

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Junior High School ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

Visual Field Loss ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract: Visual impairment is defined as a functional limitation of the eye/eyes or visual system and can manifest in decreased visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, visual field loss, photophobia, visual distortion, visual perceptual difficulties, or a combination of them. Examination of the eye and vision assessment are very important to detect conditions that can cause blindness and serious systemic conditions, which cause problems in school performance, or at a more severe level, life threatening. This study aimed to obtain the occurence of refractive anomalies among junior high school students in rural areas. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in SMP I Wori (rural area) and SMP I Airmadidi (urban area). There were 60 respondents; 30 respondents of each school. Distributions of respondent genders were nearly the same for both schools; the number of females was higher than males. The majority of SMP I Airmadidi students were 11 years old (36.7%), meanwhile the majority of SMP Wori students were 13 years (50%). Most student complaints in SMP I Airmadidi were itchy eyes and drowsiness (16.7%), meanwhile in SMP I Wori was headache (18.4%). Visual impairment was found in 16.6% of students of SMP I Airmadidi, meanwhile in SMP I there was no student with refractive anomaly. Conclusion: There was no refractive anomaly found among students of rural area, however, among students of urban area myopia was the refractive anomaly found.Keywords: refractive anomalyAbstrak: Gangguan penglihatan didefinisikan sebagai suatu keterbatasan fungsional pada mata atau kedua mata atau sistem visual yang dapat bermanifestasi terhadap penurunan ketajaman penglihatan atau sensitifitas kontras, hilangnya lapangan penglihatan, photofobia, distorsi visual, kesulitan perseptual visual atau kombinasi dari semua diatas. Pemeriksaan mata dan penilaian penglihatan sangat penting untuk mendeteksi kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan dan kondisi sistemik serius, yang memicu masalah performa di sekolah, atau pada tingkat yang lebih berat, mengancam kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kelainan refraksi pada anak SMP di daerah pedesaan. Jenis penelitian ini analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di SMPN I Wori (daerah luar Minahasa Utara/pedesaan) dan SMPN I Airmadidi (kota Kabupaten Minahasa Utara), dan diperoleh 60 responden penelitian. Distribusi jenis kelamin responden kedua sekolah hampir sama dimana jumlah perempuan lebih banyak dari laki-laki. Usia terbanyak di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah 11 tahun (36,7%) sedangkan di SMPN Wori 13 tahun (50%). Keluhan terbanyak siswa di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah mata gatal dan rasa kantuk (16,7%), sedangkan di SMPN I Wori ialah sakit kepala (18, 4%). Gangguan penglihatan ditemukan pada responden di SMPN I Airmadidi sebanyak 16,6 % sedangkan di SMPN I tidak ditemukan kelainan visus. Simpulan: Tidak ditemukan adanya gangguan refraksi pada siswa SMP di daerah pedesaan. Kelainan refraksi miopia ditemukan pada siswa SMP di perkotaan.Kata kunci: gangguan refraksi

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Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v50i1.3923 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 47-48

Author(s):

Jorge Sánchez ◽

Andrés Sánchez ◽

Ricardo Cardona

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sample Size Calculation ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Children With Asthma ◽

The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

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Durasi Membaca Buku Merupakan Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Miopia Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Perbandingan Rural dan Urban Area

MEDICA ARTERIANA (Med-Art) ◽

10.26714/medart.1.1.2019.42-47 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Wahju Ratna Martiningsih ◽

Fitria Devi ◽

Andra Novitasari ◽

Kanti Ratnaningrum

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Purposive Sampling

Latar Belakang: Kelainan refraksi merupakan salah satu penyebab ganggunan penglihatan. Miopia merupakan salah satu kelaian refraksi dan anak-anak merupakan kelompok yang menderita kelainan refraksi berupa miopia. Kebiasaan membaca merupakan salah satu faktor peneybab miopia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan faktor risiko penderita miopia pada anak Sekolah Dasar (SD) yang ada di urban area dan rural areaMetode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel merupakan siswa SD Negeri 03 Sidomukti (rural area) dan SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman 1 (urban area) kelas 4,5, dan 6. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi kelaianan konginetal mata, infeksi, atau pasca operasi intraokuler. Data penelitian menggunakan data primer berupa kuisioner dan pemeriksaan visus. Analisis menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil: Dari 214 sampel terdiri dari 116 sampel rural area dan 98 sampel urban area, hanya faktor durasi membaca buku pada sampel di rural area yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia (p=0,016), sedangkan faktor riwayat keluarga, konsumsi sayur atau buah, jarak baca, intensitas menonton TV, intensitas menggunakan komputer, intensitas menggunakan gadget, aktivitas luar ruangan hari sekolah, dan aktivitas luar ruangan hari libur tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada sampel rural maupun urban area.Kesimpulan: Lama membaca buku berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada rural area.

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