Immune-Based Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights from Pre-Clinical Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (32) ◽  
pp. 5374-5402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
Ana Cristina Simões e Silva ◽  
Amanda Silva de Miranda ◽  
Thiago Macedo e Cordeiro ◽  
Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Children And Young Adults

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major public health problem. It is the leading cause of death and disability, especially among children and young adults. The neurobiology basis underlying TBI pathophysiology remains to be fully revealed. Over the past years, emerging evidence has supported the hypothesis that TBI is an inflammatory based condition, paving the way for the development of potential therapeutic targets. There is no treatment capable to prevent or minimize TBIassociated outcomes. Therefore, the search for effective therapies is a priority goal. In this context, animal models have become valuable tools to study molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in TBI pathogenesis as well as novel treatments. Herein, we discuss therapeutic strategies to treat TBI focused on immunomodulatory and/or anti-inflammatory approaches in the pre-clinical setting.

scholarly journals CT Scan importance in the first eight hours of head injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alfageeh ◽  
Moneerah Bahran ◽  
Sultan Albargi ◽  
Ibrahim Althomali ◽  
Adnan Alzahrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic brain injury following head injury is a major public health problem that can result in significant long-term morbidity and mortality among adults and children worldwide. Emergency brain imaging is necessary for individuals subjected to traumatic brain injury to early detect treatable conditions. Prompt neurosurgical management of treatable conditions can prevent further damage and secondary neurological deficits. This will subsequently improve the outcome and reduce long-term disability. Computed Tomography (CT) of the brain is the investigation of choice for assessment of patients with head injury due to its availability, advantages, and sensitivity for multiple lesions following head trauma. This article will review and discuss the importance of CT imaging in evaluating patients with traumatic brain injury, its advantages, limitations, and prognostic values.

scholarly journals Fluid therapy in neurotrauma: basic and clinical concepts

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Hernando Raphael Alvis-Miranda ◽  
Andres M. Rubiano Rubiano ◽  
Juan C. Puyana ◽  
Gabriel Alcala-Cerra ◽  
Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Fluid Therapy ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Rapid Infusion ◽  
Optimal Care

The patient with head trauma is a challenge for the emergency physician and for the neurosurgeon. Currently traumatic brain injury constitutes a public health problem. Knowledge of the various therapeutic strategies to provide support in the prehospital and perioperative are essential for optimal care. Rapid infusion of large volumes of crystalloids to restore blood volume and blood pressure quickly is now the standard treatment for patients with combined TBI and HS The fluid in patients with brain and especially in the carrier of brain injury is a critical topic; we present a review of the literature about the history, physiology of current fluid preparations, and a discussion regard the use of fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury and decompressive craniectomy.

scholarly journals A Survey about Surgical Preferences in Operative Technique in Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Andres M Rubiano ◽  
Hernando Raphael Alvis-Miranda ◽  
Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra ◽  
Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Decompressive Craniectomy ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Operative Technique ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedure

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury is a public health problem. The control of intracranial hypertension is a key strategy for managing this type of patients. Decompressive craniectomy is a measure of second level for the control of intracranial hypertension refractory to medical management. In order to assess trends in relationship to the management of decompressive craniectomy, a survey was designed and sent to neurosurgeons from various countries. We discuss the results for a better standardization of surgical techinique. Decompressive craniectomy is a saving technique and usefulness depend on a correct realization of the neurosurgical procedure. How to cite this article Alvis-Miranda HR, Alcala-Cerra G, Rubiano AM, Moscote-Salazar LR. A Survey about Surgical Preferences in Operative Technique in Decompressive Craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2013;2(3):106-111.

scholarly journals Connectomic Assessment of Injury Burden and Longitudinal Structural Network Alterations in Moderate-to-severe Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Osmanlioglu ◽  
Drew Parker ◽  
Jacob A Alappatt ◽  
James J Gugger ◽  
Ramon R Diaz-Arrastia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Structural Network ◽  
Injury Burden

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem. Caused by external mechanical forces, a major characteristic of TBI is the shearing of axons across the white matter, which causes structural connectivity disruptions between brain regions. This diffuse injury leads to cognitive deficits, frequently requiring rehabilitation. Heterogeneity is another characteristic of TBI as severity and cognitive sequelae of the disease have a wide variation across patients, posing a big challenge for treatment. Thus, measures assessing network-wide structural connectivity disruptions in TBI are necessary to quantify injury burden of individuals, which would help in achieving personalized treatment, patient monitoring, and rehabilitation planning. Despite TBI being a disconnectivity syndrome, connectomic assessment of structural disconnectivity has been very scarce. In this study, we propose a novel connectomic measure that we call network anomaly score (NAS) to capture the integrity of structural connectivity in TBI patients by leveraging two major characteristics of the disease: diffuseness of axonal injury and heterogeneity of the disease. Over a longitudinal cohort of moderate-to-severe TBI patients, we demonstrate that structural network topology of patients are more heterogeneous and are significantly different than that of healthy controls at 3 months post-injury, where dissimilarity further increases up to 12 months. We also show that NAS captures injury burden as quantified by post-traumatic amnesia and that alterations in the structural brain network is not related to cognitive recovery. Finally we compare NAS to major graph theory measures used in TBI literature and demonstrate the superiority of NAS in characterizing the disease.

scholarly journals Opioid use and diabetes: An overview

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 006-010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Sharma ◽  
Yatan Balhara
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chronic Effects

AbstractIllicit opioids have emerged as a major public health problem over the past century. It continues to remain so in the current times. From the studies conducted among the animals, it has been clear that there are acute as well as chronic effects of opioids on the endocrine system. Diabetes has been recognized as a major public health concern and is expected to be a major problem in the coming decades. In this article, we shall discuss the effects of opioids in the glucose homeostasis in both the animal population and human population and its relation to diabetes.

scholarly journals Ghrelin, Diabetes and Obesity - Prospects for an Anti-obesity Vaccine

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Shariq R Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Human History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide and nowadays stands as a major public health problem. Undoubtedly, the 21st century has the most diabetogenic environment in human history. The number of people living with diabetes has soared to 366 million, and the disease kills one person every seven seconds, posing a "massive challenge" to healthcare systems worldwide. Diabetes is a huge and growing problem, and the costs to society are high and escalating, affecting all countries. Over the past 25 years or so, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the USA has almost doubled, with three- to five-fold increases in India, Indonesia, China, Korea and Thailand. JMS 2011;14(2):38-39.

Differencial Diagnosis of Hypovolemia and Cushing‘s Response in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients, Using Hemodynamic Assessment Methods, to Prevent Secondary Brain Damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
Giedrė Zinkevičiūtė Žarskienė ◽  
Diana Bilskienė ◽  
Andrius Macas
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Infusion Therapy ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemodynamic Assessment ◽  
Cord Injury

Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and further cause of disability and a major public health problem. Although the severity of the injury depends directly on the primary brain injury, secondary brain injury deteriorates the outcomes. The main causes of secondary ischemic injury include hypotension (systolic blood pressure 90mmHg) and hypoxaemia (PaO260mmHg), which are directly associated with increase of morbidity and mortality due to severe traumatic brain injury. Hypoxia and hypotension during decompresive craniotomy are independently associated with significant increaeses in vegetative state development and higher frequency of disability. Intraoperative period, including immediate anaesthesia during urgent craniotomy, is a critical moment for these patients. Their intraoperative hypotension can be caused by various factors, such as blood loss due other traumatic injuries, direct pulmonary or heart disorders, sympathetic tone lesions (spinal cord injury and neurogenic shock), potent anesthetic medicaments action or current hypovolemia and inadequate infusion therapy. How to solve this situation? Usually we choose a larger infusion therapy and vasoactive drugs. Is it realy a best solution for the patient? Severe brain trauma and related complications are the most common morbidity and mortality causes in young and middle-aged people. The initial injury we can not influence, but to avoid the major secondary brain injury risks, especially such as hypotension and hypoxia, are required. Only quick and accurate diagnosis, secondary risk factors prevention and immediate treatment may improve the outcomes.

Malaria Reports, a new journal

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Niko Speybroeck
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
International Funding

International funding for malaria control has raised significantly in the past decade, leading to large-scale indoor residual spraying campaigns, to the distribution of insecticidetreated bed nets, and to the introduction of artemisinin-based combination treatments. An encouraging reduction of malaria cases has been reported in a number of countries, but malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide (WHO, 2010). People living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable. Therefore, it remains a challenge to ensure that high levels of coverage and caution are maintained and that efforts aimed at developing an effective and affordable vaccine would be amplified.

scholarly journals Characteristics and outcomes of physical activity interventions for individuals with mild traumatic brain injury: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e027240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Alarie ◽  
Isabelle J Gagnon ◽  
Enrico Quilico ◽  
Bonnie Swaine
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Research Dissemination ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Review Protocol

IntroductionTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, and it is estimated that 85% of TBIs are diagnosed as mild and are commonly referred to as a concussion. In adults, symptoms are expected to resolve within 10–14 days after the injury, but up to 15% of individuals continue to have symptoms beyond this period. Recent clinical recommendations suggest the use of physical activity (PA) as a therapy to manage persisting symptoms. However, the recommendations regarding PA lack clarity about important intervention parameters to help clinicians deliver the intervention. The objectives of this scoping review are thus to identify the characteristics, the measurement tools, the health-related outcomes and the reported effectiveness of PA-based interventions for adults with persisting symptoms of a mild TBI (mTBI).Methods and analysisThis scoping review protocol will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s six-step iterative process enhanced by another study and will be conducted by a team of researchers and clinical experts. Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscuss and Embase), as well as Google, will be searched using an extensive search strategy to capture relevant scientific and grey literature. Articles will be selected if they report on an intervention designed to have an impact on health-related outcomes or participation among individuals having sustained an mTBI. A data extraction form based on the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklists will be created. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed accordingly, synthesised and collated in tables.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review generates new knowledge from published and publicly available literature; thus, an ethical approval is unnecessary to conduct this research. Dissemination of the results will involve all team members in activities aimed to facilitate knowledge uptake among TBI rehabilitation clinical experts locally, nationally and internationally.

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