The emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer

: Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is its most common form. OC has both a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate due to the difficulties of early diagnosis, the limitation of current treatment and resistance to chemotherapy. Extracellular vesicles is a heterogeneous group of cellderived submicron vesicles which can be detected in body fluids, and it can be classified into three main types including exosomes, micro-vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Cancer cells can produce more EVs than healthy cells. Moreover, the contents of these EVs have been found distinct from each other. It has been considered that EVs shedding from tumor cells may be implicated in clinical applications. Such as a tool for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and potential treatment of certain cancers. In this review, we provide a brief description of EVs in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, drug-resistant of OC. Cancer-related EVs show powerful influences on tumors by various biological mechanisms. However, the contents mentioned above remain in the laboratory stage and there is a lack of large-scale clinical trials, and the maturity of the purification and detection methods is a constraint. In addition, amplification of oncogenes on ecDNA is remarkably prevalent in cancer, it may be possible that ecDNA can be encapsulated in EVs and thus detected by us. In summary, much more research on EVs needs to be perform to reveal breakthroughs in OC and to accelerate the process of its application on clinic.

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Challenges and opportunities for ovarian cancer management in the epidemic of Covid-19: lessons learned from Wuhan, China

Journal of Ovarian Research ◽

10.1186/s13048-021-00784-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhilan Chen ◽

Chun Zhang ◽

Jiu Yin ◽

Xin Xin ◽

Hemei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Large Scale ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Gynecologic Cancer ◽

Treatment Phase ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Cancer Management

AbstractChina and the rest of the world are experiencing an outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Patients with cancer are more susceptible to viral infection and are more likely to develop severe complications, as compared to healthy individuals. The growing spread of COVID-19 presents challenges for the clinical care of patients with gynecological malignancies. Ovarian debulking surgery combined with the frequent need for chemotherapy is most likely why ovarian cancer was rated as the gynecologic cancer most affected by COVID-19. Therefore, ovarian cancer presents a particular challenging task. Concerning the ovarian cancer studies with confirmed COVID-19 reported from large-scale general hospitals in Wuhan, we hold that the treatment plan was adjusted appropriately and an individualized remedy was implemented. The recommendations discussed here were developed mainly based on the experience from Wuhan. We advise that the management strategy for ovarian cancer patients should be adjusted in the light of the local epidemic situation and formulated according to the pathological type, tumor stage and the current treatment phase. Online medical service is an effective and convenient communication platform during the pandemic.

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Characterization of Ovarian Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/d1an01586a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nina Culum ◽

Tyler T. Cooper ◽

Gilles Lajoie ◽

Thamara Dayarathna ◽

Stephen H. Pasternak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Late Stage ◽

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Gynecological Malignancy ◽

Surface Enhanced ◽

Surface Enhanced Raman

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, owing to the fact that most cases are diagnosed at a late stage. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, we must develop...

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A perspective on the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from different biofluids

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra01576a ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (32) ◽

pp. 19598-19615

Author(s):

Reshma Bano ◽

Farhan Ahmad ◽

Mohd Mohsin

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Apoptotic Bodies ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Different Types

Isolation and detection methods for the different types of EVs (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, oncosomes) from biofluids.

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Detecting ovarian cancer using extracellular vesicles: progress and possibilities

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst20180286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 295-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Emanuela Carollo ◽

Bianca Paris ◽

Priya Samuel ◽

Paschalia Pantazi ◽

Thais Fernanda Bartelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Cell Types ◽

Exciting Field ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Gynecological Malignancy ◽

Diagnostic Assays ◽

Research And Innovation ◽

Cancer Pathology ◽

Novel Biomarkers

Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Most patients are diagnosed when they are already in the later stages of the disease. Earlier detection of OC dramatically improves the overall survival, but this is rarely achieved as there is a lack of clinically implemented biomarkers of early disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cell-derived vesicles that have been extensively studied in recent years. They contribute to various aspects of cancer pathology, including tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. EVs are released from all cell types and the macromolecular cargo they carry reflects the content of the cells from which they were derived. Cancer cells release EVs with altered cargo into biofluids, and so, they represent an excellent potential source of novel biomarkers for the disease. In this review, we describe the latest developments in EVs as potential biomarkers for earlier detection of OC. The field is still relatively young, but many studies have shown that EVs and the cargo they carry, including miRNAs and proteins, can be used to detect OC. They could also give insights into the stage of the disease and predict the likely therapeutic outcome. There remain many challenges to the use of EVs as biomarkers, but, through ongoing research and innovation in this exciting field, there is great potential for the development of diagnostic assays in the clinic that could improve patient outcome.

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The Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x15666200501235201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 623-638

Author(s):

Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei ◽

Fateme Karimi Dermani ◽

Sara Malih ◽

Nashmin Fayazi ◽

Mohsen Sheykhhasan

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Cellular Source

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including disorders of cardiac muscle and vascular, is the major cause of death globally. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to intervene in the disease's pathogenesis and treatment. Stem cell-based therapies, as a regeneration strategy, cast a new hope for CVD treatment. One of the most well-known stem cells is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), classified as one of the adult stem cells and can be obtained from different tissues. These cells have superior properties, such as proliferation and highly specialized differentiation. On the other hand, they have the potential to modulate the immune system and anti-inflammatory activity. One of their most important features is the secreting the extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes (EXOs) as an intercellular communication system mediating the different physiological and pathophysiological affairs. Methods: In this review study, the importance of MSC and its secretory exosomes for the treatment of heart disease has been together and specifically addressed and the use of these promising natural and accessible agents is predicted to replace the current treatment modalities even faster than we imagine. Results: MSC derived EXOs by providing a pro-regenerative condition allowing innate stem cells to repair damaged tissues successfully. As a result, MSCs are considered as the appropriate cellular source in regenerative medicine. In the plethora of experiments, MSCs and MSC-EXOs have been used for the treatment and regeneration of heart diseases and myocardial lesions. Conclusions: Administration of MSCs has been provided a replacement therapeutic option for heart regeneration, obtaining great attention among the basic researcher and the medical doctors.

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Insectivorous songbirds as early indicators of future defoliation by spruce budworm

Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10980-021-01300-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marion Germain ◽

Daniel Kneeshaw ◽

Louis De Grandpré ◽

Mélanie Desrochers ◽

Patrick M. A. James ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Spruce Budworm ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Maximum Probability ◽

Point Count ◽

Probability Of Presence ◽

Time Lagged ◽

One Year ◽

Local Sampling

Abstract Context Although the spatiotemporal dynamics of spruce budworm outbreaks have been intensively studied, forecasting outbreaks remains challenging. During outbreaks, budworm-linked warblers (Tennessee, Cape May, and bay-breasted warbler) show a strong positive response to increases in spruce budworm, but little is known about the relative timing of these responses. Objectives We hypothesized that these warblers could be used as sentinels of future defoliation of budworm host trees. We examined the timing and magnitude of the relationships between defoliation by spruce budworm and changes in the probability of presence of warblers to determine whether they responded to budworm infestation before local defoliation being observed by standard detection methods. Methods We modelled this relationship using large-scale point count surveys of songbirds and maps of cumulative time-lagged defoliation over multiple spatial scales (2–30 km radius around sampling points) in Quebec, Canada. Results All three warbler species responded positively to defoliation at each spatial scale considered, but the timing of their response differed. Maximum probability of presence of Tennessee and Cape May warbler coincided with observations of local defoliation, or provided a one year warning, making them of little use to guide early interventions. In contrast, the probability of presence of bay-breasted warbler consistently increased 3–4 years before defoliation was detectable. Conclusions Early detection is a critical step in the management of spruce budworm outbreaks and rapid increases in the probability of presence of bay-breasted warbler could be used to identify future epicenters and target ground-based local sampling of spruce budworm.

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Uni-Temporal Multispectral Imagery for Burned Area Mapping with Deep Learning

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13081509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1509

Author(s):

Xikun Hu ◽

Yifang Ban ◽

Andrea Nascetti

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Multiple Scales ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Burned Area ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Multispectral Imagery ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Local Climate Zones ◽

Sentinel 2

Accurate burned area information is needed to assess the impacts of wildfires on people, communities, and natural ecosystems. Various burned area detection methods have been developed using satellite remote sensing measurements with wide coverage and frequent revisits. Our study aims to expound on the capability of deep learning (DL) models for automatically mapping burned areas from uni-temporal multispectral imagery. Specifically, several semantic segmentation network architectures, i.e., U-Net, HRNet, Fast-SCNN, and DeepLabv3+, and machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to Sentinel-2 imagery and Landsat-8 imagery in three wildfire sites in two different local climate zones. The validation results show that the DL algorithms outperform the ML methods in two of the three cases with the compact burned scars, while ML methods seem to be more suitable for mapping dispersed burn in boreal forests. Using Sentinel-2 images, U-Net and HRNet exhibit comparatively identical performance with higher kappa (around 0.9) in one heterogeneous Mediterranean fire site in Greece; Fast-SCNN performs better than others with kappa over 0.79 in one compact boreal forest fire with various burn severity in Sweden. Furthermore, directly transferring the trained models to corresponding Landsat-8 data, HRNet dominates in the three test sites among DL models and can preserve the high accuracy. The results demonstrated that DL models can make full use of contextual information and capture spatial details in multiple scales from fire-sensitive spectral bands to map burned areas. Using only a post-fire image, the DL methods not only provide automatic, accurate, and bias-free large-scale mapping option with cross-sensor applicability, but also have potential to be used for onboard processing in the next Earth observation satellites.

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Extracellular vesicles derived from ascitic fluid enhance growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88163-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aparna Mitra ◽

Kyoko Yoshida-Court ◽

Travis N. Solley ◽

Megan Mikkelson ◽

Chi Lam Au Yeung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽

High Grade ◽

Serous Ovarian Carcinoma ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

And Migration ◽

Cancer Spheroids ◽

Omental Fat ◽

Low Expression

AbstractOvarian cancer is associated with a high mortality rate due to diagnosis at advanced stages. Dissemination often occurs intraperitoneally within the ascites fluid. The microenvironment can support dissemination through several mechanisms. One potential ascites factor which may mediate dissemination are EVs or extracellular vesicles that can carry information in the form of miRNAs, proteins, lipids, and act as mediators of cellular communication. We present our observations on EVs isolated from ascitic supernatants from patients diagnosed with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma in augmenting motility, growth, and migration towards omental fat. MicroRNA profiling of EVs from malignant ascitic supernatant demonstrates high expression of miR 200c-3p, miR18a-5p, miR1246, and miR1290 and low expression of miR 100- 5p as compared to EVs isolated from benign ascitic supernatant. The migration of ovarian cancer spheroids towards omental fat is enhanced in the presence of malignant ascitic EVs. Gene expression of these cells showed increased expression of ZBED2, ZBTB20, ABCC3, UHMK1, and low expression of Transgelin and MARCKS. We present evidence that ovarian ascitic EVs increase the growth of ovarian cancer spheroids through miRNAs.

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LncRNA SPOCD1-AS from ovarian cancer extracellular vesicles remodels mesothelial cells to promote peritoneal metastasis via interacting with G3BP1

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research ◽

10.1186/s13046-021-01899-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Conghui Wang ◽

Jiaying Wang ◽

Xiameng Shen ◽

Mingyue Li ◽

Yongfang Yue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Peritoneal Metastasis ◽

Cancer Metastasis ◽

Cancer Therapeutics ◽

Mesothelial Cells ◽

Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽

Adhesion Assay ◽

Mesenchymal Transition

Abstract Background Metastasis is the key cause of death in ovarian cancer patients. To figure out the biological nature of cancer metastasis is essential for developing effective targeted therapy. Here we investigate how long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SPOCD1-AS from ovarian cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) remodel mesothelial cells through a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) manner and facilitate peritoneal metastasis. Methods EVs purified from ovarian cancer cells and ascites of patients were applied to mesothelial cells. The MMT process of mesothelial cells was assessed by morphology observation, western blot analysis, migration assay and adhesion assay. Altered lncRNAs of EV-treated mesothelial cells were screened by RNA sequencing and identified by qRT-PCR. SPOCD1-AS was overexpressed or silenced by overexpression lentivirus or shRNA, respectively. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to reveal the mechanism by which SPOCD1-AS remodeled mesothelial cells. Interfering peptides were synthesized and applied. Ovarian cancer orthotopic implantation mouse model was established in vivo. Results We found that ovarian cancer-secreted EVs could be taken into recipient mesothelial cells, induce the MMT phenotype and enhance cancer cell adhesion to mesothelial cells. Furthermore, SPOCD1-AS embedded in ovarian cancer-secreted EVs was transmitted to mesothelial cells to induce the MMT process and facilitate peritoneal colonization in vitro and in vivo. SPOCD1-AS induced the MMT process of mesothelial cells via interacting with G3BP1 protein. Additionally, G3BP1 interfering peptide based on the F380/F382 residues was able to block SPOCD1-AS/G3BP1 interaction, inhibit the MMT phenotype of mesothelial cells, and diminish peritoneal metastasis in vivo. Conclusions Our findings elucidate the mechanism associated with EVs and their cargos in ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis and may provide a potential approach for metastatic ovarian cancer therapeutics.

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Recombinant polypeptide of Mycobacterium leprae as a potential tool for serological detection of leprosy

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-019-0928-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa ◽

Iara Beatriz Andrade de Sousa ◽

Simone Simionatto ◽

Sibele Borsuk ◽

Silvana Beutinger Marchioro

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Mycobacterium Leprae ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Recombinant Polypeptide ◽

Cell Reactivity ◽

Tertiary Structures ◽

Leprosy Patients ◽

T Cell Reactivity ◽

Prevention Methods ◽

Scale Detection

AbstractCurrent prevention methods for the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, are inadequate as suggested by the rate of new leprosy cases reported. Simple large-scale detection methods for M. leprae infection are crucial for early detection of leprosy and disease control. The present study investigates the production and seroreactivity of a recombinant polypeptide composed of various M. leprae protein epitopes. The structural and physicochemical parameters of this construction were assessed using in silico tools. Parameters like subcellular localization, presence of signal peptide, primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, and 3D model were ascertained using several bioinformatics tools. The resultant purified recombinant polypeptide, designated rMLP15, is composed of 15 peptides from six selected M. leprae proteins (ML1358, ML2055, ML0885, ML1811, ML1812, and ML1214) that induce T cell reactivity in leprosy patients from different hyperendemic regions. Using rMLP15 as the antigen, sera from 24 positive patients and 14 healthy controls were evaluated for reactivity via ELISA. ELISA-rMLP15 was able to diagnose 79.17% of leprosy patients with a specificity of 92.86%. rMLP15 was also able to detect the multibacillary and paucibacillary patients in the same proportions, a desirable addition in the leprosy diagnosis. These results summarily indicate the utility of the recombinant protein rMLP15 in the diagnosis of leprosy and the future development of a viable screening test.

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