Diabetes mellitus and SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathophysiologic mechanisms and implications in management

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Vallianou ◽  
Angelos Evangelopoulos ◽  
Dimitris Kounatidis ◽  
Theodora Stratigou ◽  
Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Immunity Function ◽  
Google Search ◽  
Thrombotic Tendency ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Introduction: Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are major public health issues worldwide. Background: It has been suggested that patients with DM are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and suffer from more severe forms of the disease. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Google search engines. Results: Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is the major receptor of SARS-CoV-2 in the human host. The differential expression of ACE2 in the lungs of patients with DM makes them more susceptible to COVID-19. Additionally, acute or chronic hyperglycemia renders individuals in an immune-suppressive state, with impaired innate and adaptive immunity function, contributing also to the severity of COVID-19 infection among patients with DM. Other factors contributing to a more severe course of COVID-19 include the co-existence of obesity in T2DM; the endothelial inflammation induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, which aggravates the endothelial dysfunction observed in both T1DM and T2DM; and the hypercoagulability presented in COVID-19 infection that increases the thrombotic tendency in DM. Conclusion: This review summarizes the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the co-existence of both pandemics as well as the current recommendations and future perspectives regarding optimal treatment of inpatients and outpatients with DM in the era of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, the current recommended drugs for the treatment of severe COVID-19, dexamethasone and remdesivir, may cause hyperglycemia, an adverse effect that physicians should bear in mind, when caring for patients with DM and COVID-19.

Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: An analysis of secondary data

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Mufdlilah Mufdlilah ◽  
Fijri Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maternal Morbidity And Mortality

Excessive fetal weight is considered as a health issues because it increases perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of macrosomia worldwide has increased over the past 2 to 3 decades. This study aimed to determine correlation between the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia among pregnant women. The design of this study was analytical with a case control approach. Data used to analyze the incidence of macrosomia based on secondary data from 2014-2018. This research suggested that diabetes mellitus in pregnancy has a significant relationship with the incidence of macrosomia.

Wogonin Alleviates Hyperglycemia Through Increased Glucose Entry into Cells Via AKT/GLUT4 Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 2602-2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Khan ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Main Factor

: Insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes mellitus resulting in chronic hyperglycemia is a major health problem in the modern world. Many drugs have been tested to control hyperglycemia which is believed to be the main factor behind many of the diabetes-related late-term complications. Wogonin is a famous herbal medicine which has been shown to be effective in controlling diabetes and its complications. In our previous work, we showed that wogonin is beneficial in many ways in controlling diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this review, we mainly explained wogonin anti-hyperglycemic property through AKT/GLUT4 pathway. Here we briefly discussed that wogonin increases Glut4 trafficking to plasma membrane which allows increased entry of glucose and thus alleviates hyperglycemia. Conclusion: Wogonin can be used as an anti-diabetic and anti-hyperglycemic drug and works via AKT/GLUT4 pathway.

A Critical Review on Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus) with its Preventive Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anagha Gosavi ◽  
Ram V. Ramekar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Prameha is disease of Mutravaha Srotasa having Kapha dominancy which can be correlated with diabetes mellitus. The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Madhumeha is considered as a subtype under the Vatika type of Prameha and it is characterized by passage of urine with sweet taste like honey along with sweetness of whole body. With appropriate use of Ayurvedic preventive measures such as Dincharya, Ritucharya, Aharvidhi and therapeutic measures Madhumeha (DM) can be prevented.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Feature Selection and Forecasting Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Glycaemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1742
Author(s):  
Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
José-Víctor Rodríguez ◽  
Wai Lok Woo ◽  
Bo Wei ◽  
Domingo-Javier Pardo-Quiles
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Predictive Algorithms

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is a metabolic disease derived from falls in pancreatic insulin production resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. DM1 subjects usually have to undertake a number of assessments of blood glucose levels every day, employing capillary glucometers for the monitoring of blood glucose dynamics. In recent years, advances in technology have allowed for the creation of revolutionary biosensors and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) techniques. This has enabled the monitoring of a subject’s blood glucose level in real time. On the other hand, few attempts have been made to apply machine learning techniques to predicting glycaemia levels, but dealing with a database containing such a high level of variables is problematic. In this sense, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the issues of proper feature selection (FS)—the stage before applying predictive algorithms—have not been subject to in-depth discussion and comparison in past research when it comes to forecasting glycaemia. Therefore, in order to assess how a proper FS stage could improve the accuracy of the glycaemia forecasted, this work has developed six FS techniques alongside four predictive algorithms, applying them to a full dataset of biomedical features related to glycaemia. These were harvested through a wide-ranging passive monitoring process involving 25 patients with DM1 in practical real-life scenarios. From the obtained results, we affirm that Random Forest (RF) as both predictive algorithm and FS strategy offers the best average performance (Root Median Square Error, RMSE = 18.54 mg/dL) throughout the 12 considered predictive horizons (up to 60 min in steps of 5 min), showing Support Vector Machines (SVM) to have the best accuracy as a forecasting algorithm when considering, in turn, the average of the six FS techniques applied (RMSE = 20.58 mg/dL).

scholarly journals Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics, treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A N Belova ◽  
M N Kudykin ◽  
G E Sheiko
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

The article contains the review of literature data dedicated to the most common complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) - the diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). DPN is regarded as economic burden for any state and significantly influences the quality of patient’s life. DPN is characterized by progressive degeneration of peripheral nerves that leads to pain syndrome, movement disorders and loss of sensation. There is a set of theories of development of DPN, but the major etiological factor is the chronic hyperglycemia. The article describes pathophysiologic mechanisms of DPN development. It is noted that considering high variability of clinical pattern DPN has no unified classification. The article addresses issues related to diagnostics and criteria of establishing the diagnosis. Special attention of the article is dedicated to pathogenic and expected treatment methods.

scholarly journals Effectivenes Education For Diabetic Melitus Management In Elderly With Diabetic Melitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maria Theresia Arie Lilyana ◽  
Kristina Pae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome due to impaired amount and function of insulin which causes high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Chronic hyperglycemia that occurs in DM can cause both microvascular and macrovascular complications, so the ability to manage DM is needed to prevent it. The focus of this research is the ability to manage DM for the elderly after getting education about DM management from various sources of information. A qualitative phenomenological design was chosen to obtain individual and in-depth information. Four participants were determined by purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted using a recording device, a semi-structured interview guide, and field notes. Colaizzi's approach Qualitative content analysis produces themes: The information sources of DM management; The DM management that has been done; and The DM education form that they expected. This study concludes that based on information that the participant gives, management of DM are obtained by consumption hypoglycemic therapy and diet routinely to stay in a healthy condition, physical activities such as exercise carried out according to participant conditions, and another method of therapies is based on the participant experience and habits as a result of complications that occur for example hypoglycemia. Recommendation for the next research is an effective education for the elderly is needed to improve their ability to manage chronic illness such as DM. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, education, DM management, elderly

scholarly journals Hemoglobin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Wahyu Anita Khoirin ◽  
Rodhi Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Renal Interstitium ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Age Category

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic hyperglycemia can cause a hypoxic environment in the renal interstitium and can cause kidney disorders (diabetic nephropathy), this can lead to decreased kidney function and the production of erythropoietin produced by peritubular fibroblasts is disrupted, and hemoglobin is not formed optimally and occurs anemia. Thei purposei ofi thisi studyi wasi toi determinei hemoglobini levelsi in patients withi typei 2i diabetesi mellitusi in RSUD. K.R.M.T Wongsonegoro Semarang. This is a descriptive quantitative study, the data comes from the medical records of patients with typei 2i diabetesi mellitusi withi complicationsi ofi diabetici nephropathyi at RSUD K.R.M.T Wongsonegoro Semarang as many as 40 samples with non-probability samplingi itechnique. The results showed that there were 20 men who had decreased hemoglobin levels and 1 person who had normal hemoglobin levels. Meanwhile, in women, 17 people had decreased hemoglobin levels and 2 people had normal hemoglobin levels. Based on the age category, the most were the early elderly as many as 15 people and the least in the late teens and early adults each as many as 2 people. Meanwhile, based on the average level of anemia, more experienced moderate levels of anemia. Hemoglobin levels in patients with type. 2i. diabetesi. mellitusi. withi. complicationsi. ofi. diabetici. nephropathyi. at RSUD K.R.M.T Wongsonegoro Semarang were 40 samples, on average they had low hemoglobin levels.

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