Nanotherapeutics in Tumour Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhwani Rana ◽  
Sagar Salave ◽  
Suraj Longare ◽  
Rishabh Agarwal ◽  
Kiran Kalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Target Effects

Background: Cancer continues to be the most annihilating illness and despite vast research in understanding cancer biology as well as rational drug designing progressing profoundly, cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. The conventional chemotherapeutic agents being exploited for cancer therapy contain several limitations, including less selectivity, nonspecific targeting and high off-target effects, and the emergence of multidrug resistance. These drawbacks can be addressed by employing the use of nanotherapeutics. Objective: The main objective of this review is to summarize various mechanisms of cancer genesis. It focuses on several strategies employed for modifying nano formulations for localization and emerging stimuli-based nanotherapeutics with recent examples. Methods: The method involved the collection of the articles from different search engines like Google, PubMed, and ScienceDirect for the literature to get appropriate information regarding the topics. Results: Studies revealed that nanoscale-based therapy provides targeted delivery, minimizes the off-target effects, and improves the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment modalities. The characteristics of nanoparticles like larger surface area become favourable and provide a platform for surface modifications, thereby improving cell targeting, internalization, and opportunities for delivering multiple agents. Advances in rational designing like stimuli-responsive therapies employing the use of sensitive nanocarriers, further provide high specificity, controlled release, and more efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: Characteristics of the nanoscale delivery system like larger surface area provide us with ample options for desired modifications, hence providing multimodal delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Nano therapy serves well as a potential tool for improving cancer therapies.

The Smart Dual-Stimuli Responsive Nanoparticles for Controlled AntiTumor Drug Release and Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wu ◽  
Fei Qiu ◽  
Siew Anthony Wai-Keong ◽  
Yong Diao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Excellent Control

Background: In recent years, the emergence of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles makes drug delivery more efficient. As an intelligent and effective targeted delivery platform, it can reduce the side effects generated during drug transportation while enhancing the treatment efficacy. The stimuli-responsive nanoparticles can respond to different stimuli at corresponding times and locations to deliver and release their drugs and associated therapeutic effects. Objective: This review aims to inform researchers on the latest advances in the application of dual-stimuli responsive nanoparticles in precise drug delivery, with special attention to their design, drug release properties, and therapeutic effects. Syntheses of nanoparticles with simultaneous or sequential responses to two or more stimuli (pH-redox, pH-light, redoxlight, temperature-magnetic, pH-redox-temperature, redox-enzyme-light, etc.) and the applications of such responsivity properties for drugs control and release have become a hot topic of recent research. Methods: A database of relevant information for the production of this review was sourced, screened and analyzed from Pubmed, Web of Science, SciFinder by searching for the following keywords: “dual-stimuli responsive”, “controlled release”, “cancer therapy”, “synergistic treatment”. Results: Notably, the nanoparticles with dual-stimuli responsive function have an excellent control effect on drug delivery and release, playing a crucial part in the treatment of tumors. They can improve the encapsulation and delivery efficiency of hydrophobic chemotherapy drugs, combine chemo-photothermal therapies, apply imaging function in the diagnosis of tumors and even conduct multi-drugs delivery to overcome multi-drugs resistance (MDR). Conclusion: With the development of smart dual-stimuli responsive nanoparticles, cancer treatment methods will become more diverse and effective. All the stimuli-responsive nanoparticles functionalities exhibited their characteristics individually within the single nanosystem.

Self-assembled peptide and protein nanostructures for anti-cancer therapy: Targeted delivery, stimuli-responsive devices and immunotherapy

Nano Today ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 101119
Author(s):  
Masoud Delfi ◽  
Rossella Sartorius ◽  
Milad Ashrafizadeh ◽  
Esmaeel Sharifi ◽  
Yapei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Self Assembled

scholarly journals Redox-Sensitive Nanocomplex for Targeted Delivery of Melittin

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Cheng ◽  
Peisheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Peptide Drug ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Stability ◽  
Target Effects

Although peptide therapeutics have been explored for decades, the successful delivery of potent peptides in vitro and in vivo remains challenging due to the poor stability, low cell permeability, and off-target effects. We developed a redox sensitive polymer-based nanocomplex which can efficiently and stably deliver the peptide drug melittin for cancer therapy. The nanocomplex selectively targets cancer cells through lactobionic acid mediated endocytosis and releases melittin intracellularly upon the trigger of elevated redox potential. In vivo study proved that the targeted nanocomplex shows excellent potency in inhibiting tumor growth in a xenograft colon cancer mouse model. Thus, the polymer/melittin nanocomplexes will provide a new approach for melittin based cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Nanobiohybrids: A Synergistic Integration of Bacteria and Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Yuhao Chen ◽  
Meng Du ◽  
Jinsui Yu ◽  
Lang Rao ◽  
Xiaoyuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Tumor Targeting ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Targeting Ability

Abstract Cancer is a common cause of mortality in the world. For cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, photothermal therapy and immunotherapy, the concentration of therapeutic agents in tumor tissue is the key factor which determines therapeutic efficiency. In view of this, developing targeted drug delivery systems are of great significance in selectively delivering drugs to tumor regions. Various types of nanomaterials have been widely used as drug carriers. However, the low tumor-targeting ability of nanomaterials limits their clinical application. It is difficult for nanomaterials to penetrate the tumor tissue through passive diffusion due to the elevated tumoral interstitial fluid pressure. As a biological carrier, bacteria can specifically colonize and proliferate inside tumors and inhibit tumor growth, making it an ideal candidate as delivery vehicles. In addition, synthetic biology techniques have been applied to enable bacteria to controllably express various functional proteins and achieve targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Nanobiohybrids constructed by the combination of bacteria and nanomaterials have an abundance of advantages, including tumor targeting ability, genetic modifiability, programmed product synthesis, and multimodal therapy. Nowadays, many different types of bacteria-based nanobiohybrids have been used in multiple targeted tumor therapies. In this review, firstly we summarized the development of nanomaterial-mediated cancer therapy. The mechanism and advantages of the bacteria in tumor therapy are described. Especially, we will focus on introducing different therapeutic strategies of nanobiohybrid systems which combine bacteria with nanomaterials in cancer therapy. It is demonstrated that the bacteria-based nanobiohybrids have the potential to provide a targeted and effective approach for cancer treatment.

Receptor-Based Combinatorial Nanomedicines

2021 ◽  
pp. 339-355
Author(s):  
Harshita Abul Barkat ◽  
Md Abul Barkat ◽  
Mohamad Taleuzzaman ◽  
Sabya Sachi Das ◽  
Md. Rizwanullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Conventional Drug ◽  
Drug Regimens

Nanotechnology-based drug-delivery systems, as an anticancer therapy tool, have shown significant potentials for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer therapy could be efficiently achieved by combinatorial therapies, approaches using multiple drug regimens for targeting cancers. However, their usages have been limited due to shorter half-lives of chemotherapeutic agents, insignificant targetability to tumor sites and suboptimal levels of co-administered conventional drug moieties. Thus, nanotechnology-based drug-delivery systems with effective targetability have played a crucial role to overcome the limitations and challenges associated with conventional therapies and also have provided greater therapeutic efficacy. Herein, the authors have focused on various drug-incorporated combinatorial nanocarrier systems, the significance of various receptors-associated strategies, and various targeted delivery approaches for chemotherapeutic agents.

Cytotoxic Stilbenes and Derivatives as Promising Antimitotic Leads for Cancer Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (36) ◽  
pp. 4270-4311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Faustino ◽  
Ana P. Francisco ◽  
Vera M. S. Isca ◽  
Noélia Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Stable Configuration ◽  
Antiangiogenic Agents ◽  
Antitumor Effects

The growing incidence of cancer, the toxic side-effects associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) drive the search for novel and more effective drugs with multi-target activity and selectivity towards cancer cells. Stilbenes are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds of plant origin derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway that may exist as cis- or trans-isomers. Although the trans-isomer is the more common and stable configuration, resveratrol being a representative compound, cis-stilbenes are potent cytotoxic agents that bind to and inhibit tubulin polymerization, destabilizing microtubules. This review summarizes the chemistry and biological evaluation of cytotoxic stilbenes and their synthetic derivatives as promising antimitotic leads for cancer therapy, focusing on the most potent compounds, the combretastatins. Combretastatins isolated from the South African bushwillow Combretum caffrum are among the most potent antimitotic and vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) of natural origin. Preclinical studies have demonstrated their potent antitumor effects in a wide variety of tumors, both in vitro and in vivo, being currently under evaluation in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials for several types of solid tumors. Topics covered herein include synthetic medicinal chemistry, modes of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), preclinical and clinical studies as VDAs in cancer therapy, either as single agents or in combination with cytotoxic anticancer drugs, antiangiogenic agents, or radiation therapy, and development of appropriate formulations based on nanocarriers (e.g., liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric, lipid and ceramic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes) for improved bioavailability and targeted delivery of combretastatins to the tumor vasculature.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Antineoplastic Drug Loading and Delivery

Medicines ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Petrella ◽  
Isabella Rimoldi ◽  
Stefania Rizzo ◽  
Lorenzo Spaggiari
Keyword(s):  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Neoplastic Cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells are a population of undifferentiated multipotent adult cells possessing extensive self-renewal properties and the potential to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal lineage cells. They express broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the immune system and after transplantation can interact with the surrounding microenvironment, promoting tissue healing and regeneration. For this reason, mesenchymal stromal cells have been widely used in regenerative medicine, both in preclinical and clinical settings. Another clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to neoplastic cells, maximizing the cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and minimizing collateral damage to non-neoplastic tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are home to the stroma of several primary and metastatic neoplasms and hence can be used as vectors for targeted delivery of antineoplastic drugs to the tumour microenvironment, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and maximizing antitumour effects. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine are the chemotherapeutic drugs best loaded by mesenchymal stromal cells and delivered to neoplastic cells, whereas other agents, like pemetrexed, are not internalized by mesenchymal stromal cells and therefore are not suitable for advanced antineoplastic therapy. This review focuses on the state of the art of advanced antineoplastic cell therapy and its future perspectives, emphasizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical results and future clinical applications.

scholarly journals Recent advances in nanotheranostics for triple negative breast cancer treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Thakur ◽  
Rajaletchumy Veloo Kutty
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Recent Advances

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex and aggressive type of breast cancer encountered world widely in women. Absence of hormonal receptors on breast cancer cells necessitates the chemotherapy as the only treatment regime. High propensity to metastasize and relapse in addition to poor prognosis and survival motivated the oncologist, nano-medical scientist to develop novel and efficient nanotherapies to solve such a big TNBC challenge. Recently, the focus for enhanced availability, targeted cellular uptake with minimal toxicity is achieved by nano-carriers. These smart nano-carriers carrying all the necessary arsenals (drugs, tracking probe, and ligand) designed in such a way that specifically targets the TNBC cells at site. Articulating the targeted delivery system with multifunctional molecules for high specificity, tracking, diagnosis, and treatment emerged as theranostic approach. In this review, in addition to classical treatment modalities, recent advances in nanotheranostics for early and effective diagnostic and treatment is discussed. This review highlighted the recently FDA approved immunotherapy and all the ongoing clinical trials for TNBC, in addition to nanoparticle assisted immunotherapy. Futuristic but realistic advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning not only improve early diagnosis but also assist clinicians for their workup in TNBC. The novel concept of Nanoparticles induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) as a way of tumor invasion is also discussed in addition to classical EPR effect. This review intends to provide basic insight and understanding of the novel nano-therapeutic modalities in TNBC diagnosis and treatment and to sensitize the readers for continue designing the novel nanomedicine. This is the first time that designing nanoparticles with stoichiometric definable number of antibodies per nanoparticle now represents the next level of precision by design in nanomedicine.

Gold Nanoparticles- Boon in Cancer Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (40) ◽  
pp. 5134-5151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehak Jindal ◽  
Manju Nagpal ◽  
Manjinder Singh ◽  
Geeta Aggarwal ◽  
Gitika Arora Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Metal Nanoparticle ◽  
Abnormal Growth

Background: Cancer is the world’s second-largest cause of death, with an estimated 9.6 million fatalities in 2018. Malignant tumour (cancer) is caused by a mixture of genetic modifications due to the environmental variables that tend to activate or inactivate different genes, ultimately resulting in neoplastic transformations. Cancer is a multi-stage process that results from the conversion of the ordinary cells to tumour cells and progresses from a pre-cancer lesion to abnormal growth. Methods: Chemotherapy inhibits the ability of the cells to divide rapidly in an abnormal manner, but this treatment simultaneously affects the entire cellular network in the human body leading to cytotoxic effects. In this review article, the same issue has been addressed by discussing various aspects of the newer class of drugs in cancer therapeutics, i.e., Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) from metal nanoparticle (NP) class. Results: Metal NPs are advantageous over conventional chemotherapy as the adverse drug reactions are lesser. Additionally, ease of drug delivery, targeting and gene silencing are salient features of this treatment. Functionalized ligand-targeting metal NPs provide better energy deposition control in tumour. AuNPs are promising agents in the field of cancer treatment and are comprehensively studied as contrast agents, carriers of medicinal products, radiosensitizers and photothermal agents. For the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, AuNPs are used and also tend to enhance tumour imaging in vivo for a variety of cancer types and diseased organs. Conclusion: The first part of the review focuses on various nano-carriers that are used for cancer therapy and deals with the progression of metal NPs in cancer therapy. The second part emphasizes the use of nanotechnology by considering the latest studies for diagnostic and therapeutic properties of AuNPs. AuNPs present the latest studies in the field of nanotechnology, which leads to the development of early-stage clinical trials. The next part of the review discusses the major features of five principal types of AuNPs: gold nanorods, gold nanoshells, gold nanospheres, gold nanocages, and gold nanostars that have their application in photothermal therapy (PTT).

scholarly journals Multimodal Decorations of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Improved Cancer Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sugata Barui ◽  
Valentina Cauda
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
High Loading ◽  
Active Targeting ◽  
Stimuli Responsive

The presence of leaky vasculature and the lack of lymphatic drainage of small structures by the solid tumors formulate nanoparticles as promising delivery vehicles in cancer therapy. In particular, among various nanoparticles, the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) exhibit numerous outstanding features, including mechanical thermal and chemical stability, huge surface area and ordered porous interior to store different anti-cancer therapeutics with high loading capacity and tunable release mechanisms. Furthermore, one can easily decorate the surface of MSN by attaching ligands for active targeting specifically to the cancer region exploiting overexpressed receptors. The controlled release of drugs to the disease site without any leakage to healthy tissues can be achieved by employing environment responsive gatekeepers for the end-capping of MSN. To achieve precise cancer chemotherapy, the most desired delivery system should possess high loading efficiency, site-specificity and capacity of controlled release. In this review we will focus on multimodal decorations of MSN, which is the most demanding ongoing approach related to MSN application in cancer therapy. Herein, we will report about the recently tried efforts for multimodal modifications of MSN, exploiting both the active targeting and stimuli responsive behavior simultaneously, along with individual targeted delivery and stimuli responsive cancer therapy using MSN.

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