A recent update on the clinical trials and effectiveness of drugs used in COVID-19, MERS and SARS Coronaviruses.

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Sajad Hosseini Balef ◽  
Zohreh Karimi ◽  
Ala Azari ◽  
Seyed Sadeq Sadraie ◽  
Parisa Hasanjani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Background: Coronaviruses including COVID-19, MERS and SARS have affected millions of people around the world since its emerge. Still, there is not a certain drug treatment strategy for Coronaviruses. Objective: This review aims at a compilation of a comprehensive study on literature reporting the treatment strategies and regimens used for COVID-19, MERS and SARS with an emphasis on the clinical trials and experimentations. Results: According to the literature, the most effective drugs reported so far for treatment strategies include: lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, ribavirin, oseltamivir, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, herbal extracts, monoclonal antibodies and anticytokine agents. Some combinations of drugs have been very effective to reduce the death rate, hospitalization stay and to prevent the progress of the disease to the later critical and severe stages. Conclusions: However, a combination of drugs and regimens have been useful and saved millions of patient’s lives but the clinical data reviewed in this essay indicate that the current drugs do not make an impervious barrier against coronavirus infections and cannot protect or treat patients completely. Therefore, there is a much demand towards discovery and introduction of new antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals Repurposed pharmacological agents for the potential treatment of COVID-19: a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Kröker ◽  
Madara Tirzīte
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
The World

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world extraordinarily. This disease has a potential to cause a significantly severe course of disease leading to respiratory complications, multiple organ failure and possibly death. In the fight against this pandemic-causing disease, medical professionals around the world are searching for pharmacological agents that could treat and prevent disease progression and mortality. To speed the search of promising treatment options, already existing pharmacological agents are repurposed for the potential treatment of COVID-19 and tested in clinical trials. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the efficacy and safety of repurposed pharmacological agents for the treatment of COVID-19 at different pathophysiologic stages of the disease. For this literature review, online-databases PubMed and Google Scholar were utilised. Keywords “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “pathogenesis”, “drug targets”, “pharmacological treatment”, “cytokine storm”, “coagulopathy” and individual drug names were used. Scientific articles, including reviews, clinical trials, and observational cohorts, were collected and analysed. Furthermore, these articles were examined for references to find more clinical trials testing for the potential treatment of COVID-19. In total, 97 references were used to conduct this research paper. Results The most beneficial pharmacological agent for the treatment of COVID-19 are corticosteroids, especially dexamethasone, for the treatment of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Other promising agents are remdesivir for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring minimal supplemental oxygen therapy, and IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibodies in severe COVID-19. Lopinavir/ritonavir, as well as chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin demonstrate the least efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19. The clinical benefits of the treatment of a COVID-19-specific coagulopathy with increased dosing of anticoagulation need further research and confirmation of randomised controlled trials. Conclusion The search for pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 has elicited great controversy. Whereas drugs like chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir have not shown proven benefit, the agents remdesivir and dexamethasone are recommended for clinical use for the treatment of COVID-19. Further randomised trials for other pharmacological treatment strategies are awaited.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS OF SARS-CoV-2 VACCINES AND THEIR LANDSCAPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2) ◽  
pp. S246-S263
Author(s):  
Bharti Kotarya ◽  
◽  
Abhishek Pandeya ◽  
Raj Kumar Khalko ◽  
Anup Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Drugs

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), puzzled the whole world with its diverse, unique clinical spectrum, and unprecedented transmission dynamics. The disease caused by this virus is named as Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), reported first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It had spread to almost all countries of the world disrupting the health and economy of many countries. It was the recent zoonotic spillover disease reported in humans from the Coronavirus group, without proper medicine and non-existence of prior immunity, this disease posed a challenge to both the scientific and medical fraternity. The search for safe, effective drugs to treat the disease and vaccines against the causative agent SARS- CoV-2 had begun all over the world with public and private partnerships. Many countries are part of the solidarity trail for identifying the effective drugs, clinical trials and vaccines for this global pandemic. Here in this review, we are focussing on the different vaccine production platforms being used in the preparation of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, their current status and prospects. Vaccine production technology significantly advanced in recent times by imbibing the cutting edge technologies such as nucleic acid based technologies such as DNA/RNA/Codon deoptimization and availability of safe and effective viral vectors produced through rDNA technology. The availability of complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, geared up for the production of vaccine candidates based on these new vaccine production platforms, and in a record time of 4-5 months, these vaccine candidates entered in human clinical trials for the evaluation of safety and efficacy. Prior knowledge on SARS and MERS-CoV’s structural and genomic features, vaccine production platforms used in making vaccines against them greatly augmented in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efforts. As per World Health Organization (WHO) a total of202 vaccine candidates are under developing for SARS-CoV-2, among them 47 entered in clinical trials and 156 are in the preclinical stage. These vaccines are prepared by an amalgamation of both new and old traditional vaccine production platforms such as nucleic acid base platforms, inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant viral vectors, protein and peptide-based vaccines. The success of these vaccine candidates lies in the generation of effective immune response for SARS-CoV-2 across all age groups and people with co-morbidities. We briefly summarize the different strategies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine production and their prospects with an emphasis on different routes of administration and added a basic mathematical model depicting the importance of vaccination for any pandemic.

scholarly journals What are the most promising treatments and vaccine candidates for COVID-19? A global survey of experts involved in virus research (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Pereira Cabral ◽  
Luiza Braga ◽  
Fabio Mota
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Effective Drugs

BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a great public health challenge around the world, especially given the urgency to identify effective drugs and develop a vaccine in a short period of time. Globally, there are several drug and vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials, yet it is not yet clear which will prove successful. OBJECTIVE This study addresses this gap by mapping the treatments and vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials and assessing the opinions on these candidates of virus-related researchers from all over the world. METHODS Clinical trial data were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov and the survey’s respondents were authors of recent scientific publications related to viruses, SARS virus, coronavirus, and COVID-19 indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. RESULTS The results show that remdesivir, immunoglobulin from cured patients and plasma are considered the most promising treatments, and ChAdOx1 and mRNA-1273 the most promising vaccine candidates. They also indicate that a vaccine could be available within eighteen months. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the clinical trial process are currently being implemented worldwide in an attempt to accelerate the discovery of an entirely new vaccine to prevent COVID-19 8. These changes may be why the respondents felt it would take such a short time to develop a vaccine. Despite the relatively high percentage of unknown answers, which may be linked to the short-term perspective of this survey and the current uncertainties surrounding the subject at hand, the results of this survey suggest that the efforts made so far to accelerate the discovery of a new vaccine are in line with its purpose. If these expectations are confirmed, perhaps the discovery that will bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic is not so very far away

scholarly journals Favipiravir: A Critical Review of Pharmacology, Pre-Clinical Data, and Emerging Clinical Uses in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2521-2527
Author(s):  
Anuja S. Motule
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The World

Abstract: Since last two years, whole world is going through the pandemic situation of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19). It caused more than 43 lakhs deaths worldwide. COVID-19 outbreak all over the world has led the researchers and Scientists to develop drugs or vaccines to prevent the spreading of this virus. Due to the unavailabity of proper drug treatment, various veterinary drugs are trying in humans. It is one of such type of antiviral drug which was previously used in treatment of viral infection in animals and birds. In this article, we have tried to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based review of this drug in the context of the present pandemic to elucidate its role in the management of COVID-19. Keywords: Favipiravir; Pharmacology; COVID-19; Antiviral; Clinical trials.

scholarly journals A Minireview of the Promising Drugs and Vaccines in Pipeline for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Current Update on Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeyanthi Venkadapathi ◽  
Venkat Kumar Govindarajan ◽  
Saravanan Sekaran ◽  
Santhi Venkatapathy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Day By Day

The COVID-19 is affecting thousands of peoples day by day and continues to spread across the world. The present review has focused on promising repurposing drugs, including remdesivir, lopinvar/retinovar, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides, our review has also focused on many organizations that are in the race to develop vaccines using various approaches including DNA, RNA, viral vectors and subunit proteins against this highly contagious respiratory disease. The spike protein is being studied by scientists all over the world to develop potential vaccines. The antiviral drugs, antibodies and vaccines developed by various researchers around the world have entered clinical trials in humans. The current clinical trials for antiviral agents and vaccines with promising outcomes are being discussed. So far, four vaccines developed by the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the Johnson and Johnson vaccine and two AstraZeneca vaccines (produced by SKBio in the Republic of Korea and Serum Institute of India) are approved by the World Health Organization for public use.

Mesenchymal stem Cells as a Treatment Strategy for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Need for Authority Regulations and Clinical Guidelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Cevik Tufan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Clinical Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract:: The cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly designated 2019-nCoV) was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It then spread rapidly worldwide. Investigation for discovery of drugs to cure this disease continues. The currently accepted treatments are supportive but there is no specific disease curing intervention found yet. Since mid-February, therapies involving mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. In light of these recent developments this review will focus on: i) the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 action and the subsequent pathology in COVID-19, ii) the proposed mechanism(s) of outcome-improving action of MSCs or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 pneumonia, iii) registered MSC-based clinical trials and interventions for the treatment of COVID-19, iv) published case studies/series/trials reporting the use of MSC-based treatments in COVID-19 cases, and finally v) the need for authority regulations and clinical guidelines for MSC-based treatment strategies for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Pharmacologic agents for the management of COVID-19: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Syeda Maria Hassan ◽  
Hamza Sohail ◽  
Abeer Iftikhar ◽  
Rabia Rathore ◽  
Qandeel Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
High Grade Fever ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Minimal Data ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Effective Drugs

Coronavirus, in December 2019, caused a SARS-2 pandemic. Primarily targeting the human respiratory system, the major symptoms of this disease are high grade fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, and fatigue while symptoms involving other organ systems such as diarrhea, headache, conjunctivitis, and rash also develops. Like a SARS-CoV-1 outbreak in 2002, SARS-CoV-2 is difficult to treat as minimal data is available regarding its treatment strategies and potential cure of the disease. A thorough literature review was done to identify different potential treatments for SARS-CoV-2 and a perspective of a developing country, Pakistan, on managing and treating this infection was provided. We found that use of off-label drugs including including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, azithromycin, interferon, ribavirin, lopinavir-ritonavir, increased exponentially to treat COVID-19 patients around the world and studies suggested their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Use of adjunctive therapies including convalescent plasma, interferons, and corticosteroids also showed positive results in slowing down the progression of the disease. Different clinical trials are being conducted around the world to identify drugs and develop vaccine against infection caused by this deadly virus. Use of these off-label drugs and adjunctive therapies was also seen in a developing Country like Pakistan, which need desperate measures to overcome COVID-19 disease burden on the country’s people and the economy. Coronavirus is infecting thousands of people daily, worldwide. Major action including upgrading medical facilities, investing in health care sector, developing effective drugs, must be taken in both developed and developing countries like Pakistan to fight, contain and prevent future pandemics.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current situation and therapeutic options

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veer Singh ◽  
Vishal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Drugs

Abstract:: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined an illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). COVID-19 was first reported in the Wuhan, China in late December, 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global emergency on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 was rapidly transmitted and caused infection in 21,294,845 people and 761,779 deaths in more than 213 countries worldwide till August 16, 2020. United States of America (USA), Brazil, India, Russia Federation, Peru, Mexico, Colombia Spain, France, Italy, Germany, and United Kingdom (UK) stand top COVID-19 affected countries in the world. The high transmission rate of COVID-19 was might be due to large viral incubation time (2-14 days) and some modifications in the spike glycoprotein. Currently, effective drugs or vaccines are not developed for the treatment of novel coronavirus. However, few antibiotics like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have been currently used for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Several collaboratives are working together for developing an effective and safe vaccine against COVID-19 and few vaccines are under clinical trial. Scientists are also working on plasma therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Nowadays, plasma therapy is considered as the most effective treatment against COVID-19 and some promising results have been achieved. This review focuses on the several therapeutic options for COVID-19 such as antiviral drugs, vaccines, plasma therapy and monoclonal antibodies. This review also covers the current situations of COVID-19 in the world. This review is about COVID-19, which will be beneficial to researchers for the development of potential treatment against COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY AND GLOBAL UPDATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
MANJINDER SINGH ◽  
MANJU NAGPAL ◽  
VARINDER SINGH ◽  
AMEYA SHARMA ◽  
GITIKA ARORA DHINGRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly contagious virus that originated from China and has become a major threat in the current time. Presently, finding an effective treatment strategy for COVID-19 is in infancy. Worldwide, numerous clinical trials employing different treatment strategies (antiviral drugs and vaccines) are in progress to develop an effective therapeutic regimen against COVID-19. Literature related to the epidemiology, mortality, pathogenicity, treatment strategies and clinical data was studied and database was collected using various search engines such as j-gate, google scholar, scihub, pubmed, sciencedirect etc. The present review systematically summarises the published information about epidemiology, various stages of pandemic, mortality, pathogenicity, modes of transmission, clinical characteristics, methods of prevention, ongoing treatment strategies and drugs under clinical trials associated with COVID-19 with a hope to avoid possible threatening of the lives of millions of human beings and provide directions for future studies.

ACE-2-Receptors of the Epidermis, Dermal Vascular Walls and Sebaceous Gland Cells: The Way of COVID-19 Entry into the Body?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sebaceous Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Therapy Options ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

Since the outbreak near a fish market in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, researchers have been searching for an effective therapy to control the spreading of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit COVID-19 infection. Many countries like Italy, Spain, and the USA were ambushed by this viral agent. To date, more than 2.5 million people were infected with SARS-CoV-2. There is no clear answer, why SARS-CoV-2 infects so many people so fast. To date of April 2020, no effective drug has been found to treat this new severe viral infection. There are many therapy options under review and clinical trials were initiated to get clearer information, what kind of drug can help in this devastating and serious situation. The world has no time.

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