The Role of microRNAs Identified in the Amniotic Fluid

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasoulakis Zacharias ◽  
Theodora Marianna ◽  
Tsirkas Ioannis ◽  
Tsirka Theodora ◽  
Kalagasidou Sofia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Fetal Nutrition

Aim:The study aimed to provide an overall view of current data considering the presence of microRNAs in amniotic fluid.Methods:The available literature in MEDLINE, regarding the role of the amniotic fluid in pregnancy and fetal development, was searched for related articles including terms such as “microRNA”, “Amniotic fluid”, “Adverse outcome” and others.Results:The amniotic fluid has an undoubtedly significant part in fetal nutrition, with a protecting and thermoregulatory role alongside. MicroRNAs have proven to be highly expressed during pregnancy in many body liquids including amniotic fluid and are transferred between cells loaded in exosomes, while they are also implicated in many processes during fetal development and could be potential biomarkers for early prediction of adverse outcomes.Conclusion:Current knowledge reveals that amniotic fluid microRNAs participate in many developmental and physiological processes of pregnancy including proliferation of fibroblasts, fetal development, angiogenesis, cardioprotection, activation of signaling pathways, differentiation and cell motility, while the expression profile of specific microRNAs has a potential prognostic role in the prediction of Down syndrome, congenital hydronephrosis and kidney fibrosis.

scholarly journals The critical role of Krüppel-like factors in kidney disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (2) ◽  
pp. F259-F265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Mallipattu ◽  
Chelsea C. Estrada ◽  
John C. He
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Barrier ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mammalian Embryonic Development

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors critical to mammalian embryonic development, regeneration, and human disease. There is emerging evidence that KLFs play a vital role in key physiological processes in the kidney, ranging from maintenance of glomerular filtration barrier to tubulointerstitial inflammation to progression of kidney fibrosis. Seventeen members of the KLF family have been identified, and several have been well characterized in the kidney. Although they may share some overlap in their downstream targets, their structure and function remain distinct. This review highlights our current knowledge of KLFs in the kidney, which includes their pattern of expression and their function in regulating key biological processes. We will also critically examine the currently available literature on KLFs in the kidney and offer some key areas in need of further investigation.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20200108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Kratochvíl ◽  
Tony Gamble ◽  
Michail Rovatsos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Great Opportunity

Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

Novel Approaches in Advancing the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Angiogenesis Inhibition

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 2894-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lainie Martin ◽  
Russell Schilder
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Carcinoma ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
New Era ◽  
Angiogenesis Inhibition

Despite an aggressive approach of surgical cytoreduction and adjuvant combination chemotherapy, ovarian cancer mortality remains a significant problem. We are entering a new era of cancer therapeutics in which targeted therapies offer the potential for improvement in long-term disease control with fewer toxicities. The greatest success of targeted therapy to date in the setting of epithelial ovarian carcinoma has come from angiogenesis inhibition. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis in normal ovarian function as well as in ovarian carcinoma development and disease progression. Current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis and various approaches to angiogenesis inhibition in the treatment of ovarian cancer are discussed. Current data regarding the role of bevacizumab and other novel agents in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma are summarized.

scholarly journals Bile Acids and Microbiota: Multifaceted and Versatile Regulators of the Liver–Gut Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1397
Author(s):  
Niklas Grüner ◽  
Jochen Mattner
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function

After their synthesis from cholesterol in hepatic tissues, bile acids (BAs) are secreted into the intestinal lumen. Most BAs are subsequently re-absorbed in the terminal ileum and are transported back for recycling to the liver. Some of them, however, reach the colon and change their physicochemical properties upon modification by gut bacteria, and vice versa, BAs also shape the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. This mutual interplay of both BAs and gut microbiota regulates many physiological processes, including the lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism of the host. Emerging evidence also implies an important role of this enterohepatic BA circuit in shaping mucosal colonization resistance as well as local and distant immune responses, tissue physiology and carcinogenesis. Subsequently, disrupted interactions of gut bacteria and BAs are associated with many disorders as diverse as Clostridioides difficile or Salmonella Typhimurium infection, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, asthma, metabolic syndrome, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and epilepsy. As we cannot address all of these interesting underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms here, we summarize the current knowledge about the physiologic and pathogenic interplay of local site microbiota and the enterohepatic BA metabolism using a few selected examples of liver and gut diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8074
Author(s):  
Margaret Vourakis ◽  
Gaétan Mayer ◽  
Guy Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Hypercholesterolemia plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis and is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide especially in developed countries. Current data show that the role of microbiota extends beyond digestion by being implicated in several metabolic and inflammatory processes linked to several diseases including CVD. Studies have reported associations between bacterial metabolites and hypercholesterolemia. However, such associations remain poorly investigated and characterized. In this review, the mechanisms of microbial derived metabolites such as primary and secondary bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) will be explored in the context of cholesterol metabolism. These metabolites play critical roles in maintaining cardiovascular health and if dysregulated can potentially contribute to CVD. They can be modulated via nutritional and pharmacological interventions such as statins, prebiotics, and probiotics. However, the mechanisms behind these interactions also remain unclear, and mechanistic insights into their impact will be provided. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to present current knowledge on potential mechanisms whereby microbial metabolites regulate cholesterol homeostasis and to discuss the feasibility of modulating intestinal microbes and metabolites as a novel therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia.

scholarly journals Mechanisms and Potential Roles of Glucose-Lowering Agents in COVID-19: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802199947
Author(s):  
Helen D. Berlie ◽  
Pramodini B. Kale-Pradhan ◽  
Tara Orzechowski ◽  
Linda A. Jaber
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
English Language ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Objective: To explore mechanistic benefits of glucose-lowering agents that extend beyond glycemic control with the potential to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications. Data Sources: The following PubMed literature search terms were used from July 2020 to January 2, 2021: diabetes, COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), glucose-lowering agents, and pharmacology. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies reporting on the association between diabetes, COVID-19 adverse outcomes, and the potential roles of glucose-lowering agents were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Selected glucose-lowering agents have benefits beyond glycemic control, with the potential to reduce the risks of severe complications during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Key benefits include anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, immune modulating, and enzyme/receptor effects. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review summarizes the current knowledge of glucose-lowering agents and their potential roles in COVID-19 outcomes. Considering beneficial mechanisms on COVID-19 outcomes that extend beyond glycemic control as well as safety profiles, current data suggest that dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors and metformin may have the most promise and warrant further investigation. Conclusions: Certain glucose-lowering agents may offer additional benefits beyond glucose control—namely, by modulating the mechanisms contributing to adverse outcomes related to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. DPP-IV inhibitors and metformin appear to have the most promise. However, current published literature on diabetes medications and COVID-19 should be interpreted with caution. Most published studies are retrospective and consist of convenience samples, and some lack adequate analytical approaches with confounding biases. Ongoing trials aim to evaluate the effects of glucose-lowering agents in reducing the severity of COVID-19 outcomes.

scholarly journals Phosphate, Microbiota and CKD

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Chiara Favero ◽  
Sol Carriazo ◽  
Leticia Cuarental ◽  
Raul Fernandez-Prado ◽  
Elena Gomá-Garcés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Phosphate Binders ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Mineral And Bone Disorder ◽  
Dietary Phosphate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate decreases, triggering compensatory endocrine responses that drive CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Eventually, hyperphosphatemia develops, and low phosphate diet and phosphate binders are prescribed. Recent data have identified a potential role of the gut microbiota in mineral bone disorders. Thus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) only caused bone loss in mice whose microbiota was enriched in the Th17 cell-inducing taxa segmented filamentous bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota was required for PTH to stimulate bone formation and increase bone mass, and this was dependent on bacterial production of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate. We review current knowledge on the relationship between phosphate, microbiota and CKD-MBD. Topics include microbial bioactive compounds of special interest in CKD, the impact of dietary phosphate and phosphate binders on the gut microbiota, the modulation of CKD-MBD by the microbiota and the potential therapeutic use of microbiota to treat CKD-MBD through the clinical translation of concepts from other fields of science such as the optimization of phosphorus utilization and the use of phosphate-accumulating organisms.

scholarly journals The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Saranchina ◽  
S. V. Dutova ◽  
O. Yu. Kilina ◽  
N. V. Khanarin ◽  
T. S. Kulakova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Structure And Functions

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the causes of cardiovascular disease. The formation of atherosclerotic lesions of the arteries is a long process, and clinical symptoms appear already at the stage of atherosclerotic plaque (ASB), which prevents blood flow and can cause coronary heart disease, as well as acute coronary syndrome. The study of atherosclerosis mechanisms at the subclinical level is relevant. This article provides a summary of current data on the structure and functions of neutrophils (NF) in physiological processes. Particular attention is paid to the participation of neutrophils in the damage and formation of vascular endothelial dysfunction. Discusses several mechanisms of involvement of neutrophils in atherogenesis: the production of reactive oxygen species, which cause direct endothelial damage; the synthesis of cytokines that trigger the migration of leukocytes in inflammation; the formation of protein complexes with cholesterol, contributing to their deposition in the vessels, and neutrophil traps, triggering destructive-alterative reactions.

scholarly journals PROLIDASE: A Review from Discovery to its Role in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireti Eni-Aganga ◽  
Zeljka Miletic Lanaghan ◽  
Muthukumar Balasubramaniam ◽  
Chandravanu Dash ◽  
Jui Pandhare
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Peptidase D

Prolidase (peptidase D), encoded by the PEPD gene, is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic metalloproteinase, the only enzyme capable of cleaving imidodipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. Prolidase catalyzes the rate-limiting step during collagen recycling and is essential in protein metabolism, collagen turnover, and matrix remodeling. Prolidase, therefore plays a crucial role in several physiological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Accordingly, mutations leading to loss of prolidase catalytic activity result in prolidase deficiency a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by defective wound healing. In addition, alterations in prolidase enzyme activity have been documented in numerous pathological conditions, making prolidase a useful biochemical marker to measure disease severity. Furthermore, recent studies underscore the importance of a non-enzymatic role of prolidase in cell regulation and infectious disease. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on prolidase, from its discovery to its role in health and disease, while addressing the current knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Movement Economy in Soccer: Current Data and Limitations

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Dolci ◽  
Nicolas H. Hart ◽  
Andrew Kilding ◽  
Paola Chivers ◽  
Ben Piggott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Future Research Directions

Soccer is an intermittent team-sport, where performance is determined by a myriad of psychological, technical, tactical, and physical factors. Among the physical factors, endurance appears to play a key role into counteracting the fatigue-related reduction in running performance observed during soccer matches. One physiological determinant of endurance is movement economy, which represents the aerobic energy cost to exercise at a given submaximal velocity. While the role of movement economy has been extensively examined in endurance athletes, it has received little attention in soccer players, but may be an important factor, given the prolonged demands of match play. For this reason, the current review discusses the nature, impact, and trainability of movement economy specific to soccer players. A summary of current knowledge and limitations of movement economy in soccer is provided, with an insight into future research directions, to make this important parameter more valuable when assessing and training soccer players’ running performance.

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