Maximizing Electrical Power Saving Using Capacitors Optimal Placement

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041-1050
Author(s):  
Ayman Agha ◽  
Hani Attar ◽  
Audih Alfaoury ◽  
Mohammad R. Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Electricity Bill ◽  
The Cost

Background: Low power factor is regarded as one of the most dedicated issues in large scale inductive power networks, because of the lost energy in term of a reactive power. Accordingly, installing capacitors in the network improves the power factor and hence decreases the reactive power. Methods: This paper presents an approach to maximize the saving in terms of financial costs, energy resources, environmental protection, and also enhance the power system efficiency. Moreover, the proposed technique tends to avoid the penalties imposed over the electricity bill (in the case of the power factor drops below the permissible limit), by applying a proposed method that consists of two stages. The first stage determines the optimal amount of compensating capacitors by using a suggested analytical method. The second stage employs a statistical approach to assess the reduction in energy losses resulting from the capacitors placement in each of the network nodes. Accordingly, the expected beneficiaries from improving the power factor are mainly large inductive networks such as large scale factories and industrial field. A numerical example is explained in useful detail to show the effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed approach and how it works. Results: The proposed technique tends to minimize the energy losses resulted from the reactive power compensation, release the penalties imposed on electricity bills due to the low power factor. The numerical examples show that the saved cost resulted from improving the power factor, and energy loss reduction is around 10.94 % per month from the total electricity bill. Conclusion: The proposed technique to install capacitors has significant benefits and effective power consumption improvement when the cost of the imposed penalty is regarded as high. The tradeoff in this technique is between the cost of the installed capacitors and the saving gained from the compensation.

scholarly journals Analisa Perhitungan Nilai Kapsitor Bank untuk Perbaikan Faktor Daya pada PT. Karya Toha Putra

eLEKTRIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Putri Dwi Lestari ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan ◽  
Ida Widihastuti
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Voltage Drops ◽  
One Step ◽  
Network Losses ◽  
Quality Of Electric Power ◽  
The Cost

<p>The use of electricity with large capacity sometimes faces various kinds of problems. These problems include network losses and voltage drops that occur in the channel. Improvement of electric power factor at PT. Karya Toha Putra is expected to improve the quality of electric power. This improvement is also expected to reduce the cost of electricity bills at PT. Karya Toha Putra. To be able to implement improvements in the quality of the electric power, it is necessary to calculate the reactive power compensated. In this case the power factor to be achieved is 0.95. After doing these calculations, the determination of the capacitor value will be used. By doing these stages, it is expected that the installation of capacitor banks can improve the quality of electric power. Bank capacitors are collections of capacitors used to provide reactive power compensation to improve the electrical power factor. From the results of the study showed that the amount of compensation needed to improve the power factor at PT. Karya Toha Putra is 50 kVAR, divided into 5 steps with one step, a capacitor of 10 kVAR.</p>

scholarly journals Reduction of Reactive Power Waste of Inductive Electrical Appliances using Power Factor Correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M.P.M Fernando ◽  
D.D.A Gamini ◽  
J.A.L Naveendra
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Power Factor Correction ◽  
Capacitor Bank ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Variable Capacitance ◽  
Standby Power ◽  
Total Impedance

Electricity is the primary source of power in most countries including Sri Lanka, and saving or minimising the waste of it has become crucial in facing the world power crisis. Electrical power is wasted in various ways including reactive power waste due to induction and capacitance of appliances, and standby power loss. These two contribute most to the waste. This paper focuses on reducing the reactive power waste of inductive electrical appliances commonly used in home and office by increasing the power factor. An attempt was made to reduce the power waste of inductive electrical appliances by connecting a capacitor bank with a variable capacitance in parallel with the appliance. Optimal capacitance and the power factor are determined using the capacitor bank. Results indicate about 30 percent of power saving could be achieved for fluorescent tube lamps using a power factor correction. A maximum power factor of 0.93 is achieved at the capacitance value of 2.99 F. It is not possible, by this method, to increase the power factor of more capacitive equipment such as CFL bulbs and ceiling fans. In this case, power minimisation could be tried connecting inductors in parallel with the equipment. Power factor and power consumption of home electrical appliances were measured for advising the general public of high power consuming equipment, especially in stand-by mode. To attain a further reduction of power waste it is proposed to measure inductance, capacitance and resistance of appliances using Hendry, Farad and Ohm meter. Total impedance can then be calculated and the power waste could be minimised using appropriate capacitors and/or inductors. Keywords: reactive power, power factor, power waste, reactive power waste, power minimisation

The Design of Medium Size Voltage Capacitor in order to Improve the Power Factor

2018 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
Nattachote Rugthaicharoencheep ◽  
Aroon Charlangsut ◽  
Chatpong Boobpa
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Electrical Power System ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Ac Motor ◽  
Analyze Data

This article presents theory of The design of medium sized voltage capacitor in order to improve the Power Factor Value to AC motor. In present, the electrical power system has focus on improving the Power Factor significantly because it is the major key to increase or decrease the applicable expenses. The power system that has low power factor will have a lot of loss to system, especially when electrical voltage is on voltage medium. When power factor has been adjusted, the system can take more loads and electrical power loss is decreased. It also decreases voltage in power line and decreases electrical bills at the same time. This article presents the theory to analyze data from motor that needs to adjust a power factor so that it pass electricity authority standard by considering the efficiency of the motor so that the consumers do not have to pay the penalty of the Power Factor Value differences to the Electricity Authority. Furthermore, it can help decrease the bills of unstandardized electrical power which occurred in the system and enable the system to take more loads at the same time.

scholarly journals Novel Approach For Minimal Injected Harmonics At Distribution Level – Svc

2011 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
V. Lakshmi Devi ◽  
T. Phanindra
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
The Cost

Electrical distribution system suffers from various problems like reactive power burden, unbalanced loading, voltage regulation and harmonic distortion. Though DSTATCOMS are ideal solutions for such systems, they are not popular because of the cost and complexity of control involved. Phase wise balanced reactive power compensations are required for fast changing loads needing dynamic power factor correcting devices leading to terminal voltage stabilization. Static Var Compensators (SVCs) remain ideal choice for such loads in practice due to low cost and simple control strategy. These SVCs, while correcting power factor, inject harmonics into the lines causing serious concerns about quality of the distribution line supplies at PCC. This paper proposes to minimize the harmonics injected into the distribution systems by the operation of TSC-TCR type SVC used in conjunction with fast changing loads at LV distribution level. Fuzzy logic system and ANN are going to be used solve this nonlinear problem, giving optimum triggering delay angles used to trigger switches in TCR. The scheme with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is attractive and can be used at distribution level where load harmonics are within limits. Verification of the system and by using mat lab / simulink with proper modeling.

scholarly journals Three Phase Enhanced Electrical Energy Metering System

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Core Losses

This paper presents a practical solution for two existing problems in traditional electrical energy measurements. The first problem is the manual electrical billing system; so far, some countries are still adopting a manual technique with a high percentage of human errors and much complains from the consumers’ side and a lot of work from the authorities’ side. The second problem is having a low power factor at most of the domestic loads and some main commercial ones. Low power factor causes more current to flow in the network leading to an overheating of transformers and cables, and an increase of the core losses of transformers; in addition, less power factor means more burned fuel and more environment pollution. In This study, an automated solution for both problems is introduced, where two control units are added to the already existing three phase energy meters. The first unit solves the problem of manual billing by automatically calculating the monthly bill and sending monthly SMS messages to the consumers as well as authorities. The second unit solves the problem of low power factor by injecting reactive power using capacitor bank at the end load points to maintain a power factor of 0.95 at all load cases. A penalty will be added to the monthly calculated bill once the above value is violated. A prototype was implemented proving the capability of introducing both solutions using existing meters with a reasonable added cost

Control Method of Inverter for Large-Scale Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation System

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 2507-2510
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Hong Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Feedback Linearization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Dynamic Feedback ◽  
Photovoltaic Array ◽  
Grid Connected Inverter ◽  
Photovoltaic Plant

A grid-connected inverter control method to analyze dynamic process of large-scale and grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power station is proposed. The reference values of control variables are composed of maximum power output of the photovoltaic array in the photovoltaic power plant and power factor specified by dispatching. Control strategy of dynamic feedback linearization is adopted. Nonlinear decoupling controller is designed for realizing decoupling control of real-and reactive-power. The cascade PI regulation is proposed to avoid inaccurate parameter estimation which generates the system static error. Simulation is carried out based on the simplified power system with large-scale photovoltaic plant model, the power factor, and solar irradiation, and bus fault are considered for the further research. Its demonstrated that the parameter adjustment of PI controller is simple and convenient, dynamic response of system is transient, and the stability of the inverter control is verified.

Progress in Microbial Fuel Cells Energy Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Degrenne ◽  
Francois Buret ◽  
Bruno Allard ◽  
Jean Michel Monier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Power Densities

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) harness the natural metabolisms of microbes to produce electrical power from almost any kind of organic matter. In addition to the low power densities (about 1mW for a 1-liter reactor), MFCs are presently built with expensive membrane and electrodes. The payback time of MFCs is therefore very long (evaluated to 25000 years for our lab prototype). Progresses in designing low-cost MFCs are necessary before conceiving large scale energy production.

scholarly journals Analisis Perencanaan Capacitor Bank Untuk Perbaikan Faktor Daya Pada Pusat Perbelanjaan Blitar Square

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Sulistyowati Sulistyowati ◽  
Muhammad Fahmi Hakim ◽  
Heri Sungkowo ◽  
Ikfi Asmaul Husna
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Capacitor Bank ◽  
Shopping Center ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Capacitor Banks ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Quality Of Electric Power ◽  
The Cost

Power factor is the ratio between active power (W) and apparent power (VA). In an electrical installation, the quality of electric power can be said to be good if the value of the power factor is above a predetermined standard of 0.85 according to the Minister (ESDM) Number 30 of 2012 [1]. From the research that has been done at the Blitar Square Shopping Center, it was found that the power factor value is still below the standard with an average value of 0.711. With the low power factor value, this shopping center gets a penalty from PT. PLN (Persero) due to the use of reactive power. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the power factor by installing a capacitor bank. The installation of this capacitor bank is expected to be able to increase the power factor value with a power factor target of 0.98 and reduce the charge for reactive power usage penalties. The calculation results show that global compensation requires 12 capacitor banks with a rating of 10.4 kVAR, while sectoral compensation on the chiller load panel requires 7 capacitor banks with a rating of 10.4 kVAR and the foodmart load panel requires a capacitor bank with a rating of 10. 4 kVAR is 6 pieces. In simulating the installation of a capacitor bank using the ETAP application, it is known that the installation of a capacitor bank can increase the power factor value. In addition, the installation of a capacitor bank also results in an increase in the voltage value in the system, this voltage increase is still below the permissible standard of ± 5%. The simulation of installing a capacitor bank on global compensation can improve the power factor value from 72.99% to 96.97%, with a voltage increase of 0.479% from the initial value of 397 V to 398.9 V, and a decrease in the current value of 24.645% from the initial value. 330.7 A to 249.2 A. While the simulation of installing a capacitor bank in sectoral compensation can improve the power factor value from 72.99% to 93.57%, with a voltage increase of 0.401% from the initial value of 397 V to 398.6 V , and a decrease in the value of current by 21.593% from the initial value of 330.7 A to 258.1 A. The cost of installing a capacitor bank in global compensation was Rp. 189,897,500 while the sectoral compensation is Rp. 211.305.600. It can be concluded that the installation of a capacitor bank using the global compensation method is more effective.

scholarly journals Design a New DC-DC Converter for a Grid Connected Photovoltaic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Hassen Kaddour ◽  
Abderrahmane Dib
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Control System ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Optimal Switching ◽  
Svm Model

This paper presents a recent technique for photovoltaic grid connected systems based on the use of the (DPC-SVM) to select the optimal switching states to apply to the inverter, where the extended reactive power is used instead of reactive power. This technique allows achieving an optimal control of the inverter which manifests in controlling the converters using an MPPT algorithm instead of controlling each part separately. This yields to a reduced global control system on a large scale. In this context, we suggest a DC-DC boost converter circuit to ensure better behavior of the system. The FMV technique is used to inject specific harmonics in order to eliminate or minimize the undesired harmonics. The SVM model has also been developed for optimal control of the inverter to prove the high performance of the proposed method. All the results are analyzed theoretically. The simulation has shown that this strategy gives satisfactory performances, improvement of the power factor and a reduction of the THD by 37%.

Up-and Down-Conversion,and Multi-Exciton Generation for Improving Solar Cells:A Reality Check

2008 ◽  
Vol 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagay Shpaisman ◽  
Olivia Niitsoo ◽  
Igor Lubomirsky ◽  
David Cahen
Keyword(s):  
Band Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Detailed Balance ◽  
Single Junction ◽  
Photon Management ◽  
Pv Cell ◽  
Detailed Balance Limit ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Down Conversion

AbstractBecause conventional photovoltaic (PV) cells are threshold systems in terms of optical absorption, “photon management“is an obvious way to improve their performance.Calculations to optimize photon utilization in a single-junction PV cell show ˜1.4 eV to be the optimal bandgap for terrestrial solar to electrical power conversion. For Si, with a slightly sub-optimal gap, continuous efforts have yielded single-junction laboratory cells, quite close to the theoretical limit.One of the repeatedly proposed directions to improve photon management is that of up- and down-conversion of photon energy. In up-conversion two photons with energy hv < EG (the band gap) create one photon with hv > EG, while in down-conversion one photon with energy hv > 2EG, yields two photons with energy hv > EG.Multi-exciton generation (MEG), although not a "photon management" process, can achieve effects like down-conversion, which, though, is more limited than MEG. In MEG one photon with energy hv > nEG yields n electron-hole pairs with energy EG. Because MEG has clear advantages over down-conversion, in the following we will, instead of considering both, consider MEG.We find that a straightforward analysis of this approach to “photon management” for a single junction cell under the detailed balance limit shows clearly that, even if we assume (highly unrealistic) 100% efficient up-conversion and MEG, a new theoretical PV conversion limit of 49 %, instead of 31% is arrived at, a maximum possible gain of ≈60%. The main attractive feature of the combination of up-conversion and MEG is a significant broadening of the optimal band-gap range. Rough estimates for the very highest possibly feasible efficiencies for up-conversion and MEG (25% and 70% respectively), yield at most slightly less than 40% PV conversion efficiency, i.e., only a ˜25% gain over conventional single band gap semiconductor.These results show that up-conversion or MEG are fascinating scientific areas of research, whose implementation can indeed improve PV cell performance. However, truly formidable challenges need to be met to have UC + MEG lead to the type of radical decrease in the (cost)/ (efficiency × lifetime × yield) ratio that we need to allow large-scale economic introduction of PV cells. Parallel pursuit of alternative approaches to improved photon management, such as, for example, lowering the costs of arrangements with multiple solar absorbers and/or multi-junction systems, appears, therefore, critical for the future of PV.

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