scholarly journals Variation in wood physical properties within stems of Guazuma crinita, a timber tree species in the Peruvian Amazon

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lady L. Tuisima-Coral ◽  
Joel E. Odicio-Guevara ◽  
John C. Weber ◽  
David Lluncor-Mendoza ◽  
Bohdan Lojka
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Transport And Transformation ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Old Trees

An understanding of wood physical properties and the interrelationships that govern them is required for efficient utilization of timber tree species. Guazuma crinita is a fast-growing timber tree of agroforestry systems in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of this study was to assess variation in wood physical properties within the G. crinita stem. Wood samples were obtained from the base, middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-year-old trees from six provenances in order to determine wood moisture content, density, specific gravity, radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage and the coefficient of anisotropy. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. The highest basic density was 459 kg/m3 from Tournavista provenance. Mean basic density and specific gravity were 430 kg/m3 and 0.45 respectively. There was statistically significant variation (p ≤ 0.05), due to stem level within the trees. The moderate values of density and anisotropy coefficient (1.56) suggest that G. crinita is a stable wood; these are important advantages in terms of costs of the processes of transport and transformation. Given the variation found in the limited tree samples of this study, we recommend further analysis with larger samples from different provenances and planting zones.Variación de las propiedades físicas en troncos de Guazuma crinita, una especie maderable en el Amazonas Peruano El entendimiento de las propiedades físicas de la madera y de las interrelaciones que las gobiernan es necesario para el uso eficiente de las especies maderables. Guazuma crinita es una especie arbórea de rápido crecimiento en sistemas agroforestales del Amazonas peruano. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación de las propiedades físicas de la madera en el fuste de árboles G. crinita. Las muestras de madera fueron obtenidas de la base, parte media y parte superior del tronco de 12 árboles de ocho años de edad aleatoriamente seleccionados, de seis lugares de procedencia. Con ellas se determinó: contenido de humedad, densidad, densidad relativa, contracciones radial, tangencial y volumétrica y coeficiente de anisotropía; se determinaron también las correlaciones de Pearson entre las propiedades físicas. La densidad básica mayor fue 459 kg/m3, de la procedencia de Tournavista. Las densidades básica y relativa promedio fueron 430 kg/m3 y 0.45, respectivamente. Se encontró variación estadísticamente significativa (p ≤ 0.05) entre alturas en el fuste. La madera moderadamente densa y el coeficiente de anisotropía (1.56) sugieren que G. Crinita es una madera estable, lo que representa importantes ventajas en términos de costos por transporte y proceso de transformación. Debido a la variación encontrada en las limitadas muestras de árboles de este estudio, se recomienda la realización de más análisis con mayores muestras y de diferentes sitios y plantaciones.

scholarly journals SIFAT FISIK BATANG DAN CABANG KAYU MAKADAMIA

PERENNIAL ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Andi Detti Yunianti
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Tangential Shrinkage

Since there have been a big difference between wood production and industrial need, wood diversification plays an important role in handling wood deficiencies. Wood raw material diversification could developed and increased throughout the use of whole parts of the tree including branch. The current study was aimed at understanding stem and branch physical properties (basic density, air-dry specific gravity, air-dry moisture content and shrinkage) of macadamia wood as quality indicators for efficient utilization in the future. For the purpose of the study, parts of stem and branch of the tree were taken from a macadamia tree. Test specimens of stem were cut 50 cm from the ground while that of branch were selected from the largest diameter at 10 cm distance from the main stem of the tree. All samples were tested for their physical properties according to ISO standards, 1975. Results showed that the basic density, air dry specific gravity and longitudinal shrinkage of the branchwood of macadamia were higher than those of the stem. The air-dry moisture content, radial and tangential shrinkage were low on the branchwood. Keywords : Wood Physical Properties, Branchwood , Macadamia Wood

Carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Peruvian Amazon

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Solis ◽  
G. Vallejos-Torres ◽  
L. Arévalo ◽  
J. Marín-Díaz ◽  
M. Ñique-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Abstract Agroforestry systems can play an important role in mitigating the effects of climate change given their capacity to increase tree diversity and to store more carbon than conventional farming. This study aims at assessing carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Northeast Peruvian Amazon. Carbon stocks in trees were estimated by field-based measurements and allometric equations. Carbon stocks in dead wood, litter and soil (upper 60 cm) were determined using field sampling and laboratory analysis. The diversity analysis drew on the Shannon–Weiner diversity index, and focus groups were used to obtain information about the local use of shade trees. The total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded coffee system was 189 t C/ha, while the Inga-shaded and unshaded systems totalled 146 and 113 t C/ha, respectively. The soil compartment contributed the largest carbon stock in the coffee growing systems and contained 67, 82 and 96% of the total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded, Inga-shaded and unshaded coffee systems, respectively. The Shannon–Weiner index and tree species richness values were highest for the polyculture-shaded coffee system, with a total of 18 tree species identified as important sources of fodder, food, wood, firewood and medicine. Therefore, coffee agroforestry systems play a significant role in carbon storage, while promoting conservation of useful trees in agricultural landscapes in the Peruvian Amazon.

scholarly journals VARIATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD FROM Ochroma pyramidale IN THE LONGITUDINAL AND RADIAL SENSE OF THE SLEW

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Rafaela Stange ◽  
Rodrigo Buss ◽  
Luana Muller De Souza ◽  
Natalia Durigon Melo ◽  
Thiago Campos Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Longitudinal Position ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Potential Use

The work aimed to characterize the wood of the species Ochroma pyramidale in the longitudinal and radial direction of the tree. For the study, five six-year old trees were used. Discs were removed at different heights of the stem. The samples were obtained from each disk in different regions between the pith and bark. The preparation and the anatomical analysis of the permanent and temporary slides, chemical analyzes, and basic density measure of the stem wood were carried out according to technical standards. As a result, it was observed that the highest averages for pore diameter and fiber length were found in the region close to the bark at all heights. Regarding to the rays, it was noted that there was an interaction between the longitudinal x radial factors for most of the parameters evaluated, except for the width of the rays. For fiber lumen diameter and vessel length, the same trend line was found, the highest average observed in the region close to the pith. In the chemical analyzes, it was possible to observe that there was no significant difference in the longitudinal direction of the wood except for solubility in cold water. For basic density, there was an increase in the region closer to the pith compared to the region closer to the bark. However, in relation to the longitudinal position of the bole, the highest values were found at the base of the bole. It could be seen that the Ochroma pyramidale species has potential use for products linked to thermal and acoustic insulation, production of particleboards and pulp and paper production.

KARAKTERISASI SIFAT FISIKA DAN KIMIA CUKA KAYU DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizka Karima
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Wood Vinegar ◽  
And Chemical Properties

There’s so many pal solid waste or palm empty fruit bunches, but the utilization is not maximized, this research its to optimized utilization of palm solid waste to be wood vinegar and want to know the composition physical properties and chemical properties of wood vinegar from palm empty fruit bunches. Total yield of wood vinegar from palm empty fruit bunches its 15,94 % and total yield of charcoal its 64,58 %. GCMS result showing chemical properties from wood vinegar of burning < 100oC its obtained 19 compound and burning >100 oC its obtained 6 compound. The result physichal properties testing from crued wood vinegar its obtained specific gravity 1,0005 and 1,0010, pH value are 3,233 and 3,186, TAT content are 9,36 % and 11,12 %, phenol content its 0,44 %. The result physical properties testing from wood vinegar which has decolorizatin by activated carbon its obtained specific gravity are 0,9987 and 0,999, pH value are 3,036 and 3,012, TAT content are 8,29 % and 9,27 % and phenol content its 0,01 %.Keywords: palm bunches, wood vinegar, liquid smoke

scholarly journals Effect of tree species identity and related habitat parameters on understorey bryophytes – interrelationships between bryophyte, soil and tree factors in a 50-year-old experimental forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Rola ◽  
Vítězslav Plášek ◽  
Katarzyna Rożek ◽  
Szymon Zubek
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Habitat Factors ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Habitat Parameters

Abstract Aim Overstorey tree species influence both soil properties and microclimate conditions in the forest floor, which in turn can induce changes in ground bryophyte communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tree species identity and the most important habitat factors influencing understorey bryophytes. Methods We assessed the effect of 14 tree species and related habitat parameters, including soil parameters, vascular plant presence and light intensity on bryophytes in monospecific plots covered by nearly fifty-year-old trees in the Siemianice Experimental Forest (Poland). Results The canopy tree species determined bryophyte species richness and cover. The strongest differences were observed between plots with deciduous and coniferous trees. Soils with a more acidic pH and lower content of macronutrients supported larger bryophyte coverage. We also found a positive correlations between vascular plants and availability of light as well as bryophyte species richness. Conclusion Tree species identity and differences in habitat conditions in the forest floor lead to changes of ground bryophyte richness, cover and species composition. Consequently, the changes in the dominant tree species in the stand may result in significant repercussions on ground bryophyte communities. We indicated that the introduction of alien tree species, i.e. Quercus rubra, has an adverse effect on bryophyte communities and suggested that the selection of tree species that contribute to the community consistent with the potential natural vegetation is highly beneficial for maintaining ground bryophyte biodiversity.

scholarly journals PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION AND HARVEST INTERVALS INFLUENCE ENERGETIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES AND LARGE BRANCHES OF MATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delmar Santin ◽  
Marcelino Breguez Gonçalves Sobrinho ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Eliziane Luiza Benedetti ◽  
Nairam Félix de Barros
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Energetic Properties ◽  
Harvest Intervals

ABSTRACT In mate crop, the commercial part consists of leaves and thin branches, while the large branches (LB) are considered unused residues and left in the field, although they may have potential for use as energy. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus fertilization and harvest interval in productivity of mate large branches and in their physical and energetic properties, as well as in derived briquettes. In a seven-year-old plantation, doses of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 were applied considering harvest intervals of 12, 18 and 24 months. Dry mass, average diameter, P content, and physical and energetic properties of LB were determined. With LB, after its transformation into particles and briquetting, physical and energetic properties were determined, as well as P availability in soil. The phosphorus fertilization increased LB productivity in larger harvest intervals, increasing the amount of energy produced per unit of area, but did not change basic density and gross calorific value of wood. Mate harvest intervals did not affect the apparent density and calorific value of briquettes produced by LB. LB harvested at intervals of 18 and 24 months produced wood with higher basic density and gross calorific value. LB or briquettes have adequate energetic and physical properties, being technically a plant residue with great potential for use as energy.

scholarly journals Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Chaerani ◽  
DEDE J SUDRAJAT ◽  
ISKANDAR Z SIREGAR ◽  
ULFAH J SIREGAR
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Pilodyn Penetration

Abstract. Chaerani N, Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ. 2019. Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2295-2301. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of growth and wood quality in white jabon progeny test at 54 months old in Parung Panjang, Bogor. The 105 half-sib families obtained from 12 provenances were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Wood quality was assessed both in a non-destructive way using a pilodyn and by destructive method using wood sample taker. Results indicated that the mean value ranged from 5.10 to 10.15 m for height, 6.67 to 15.30 cm for diameter, 2.30 to 3.62 cm for pilodyn penetration, 0.66 to 0.82 g/cm3 for wood density, 0.33 to 0.50 for specific gravity, and 66 to 111 % for moisture content, respectively. There were significant differences among 105 families for all traits except moisture content. The high heritability estimate was found for height (0.4-0.69) and basic density (0.27-0.59). Applying 80% selection intensity on diameter and leaving 84 best families in each block will produce a high total genetic gain. Pilodyn penetration had negative correlation with diameter, wood density, and specific gravity.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF METABOLITES IN WOOD-FORMING TISSUES FROM EIGHT COMMERCIAL TIMBER TREE SPECIES OF HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE IN CHINA

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-761
Author(s):  
JIANGTAO SHI ◽  
JUNYI PENG ◽  
CHONGYANG XIA ◽  
JIAN LI
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Species Specific

Four coniferous and four deciduous commercial tree species from Northeastern ofChina were selected to investigate the differences ofmetabolites in wood-forming tissues bygas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the identified metabolites mainly consisted of neutral sugars, lipids, and organic acids. The mean contents of both arabinofuranose and 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid were higher in coniferous trees thanin deciduous ones. Similarly, the D-fructose and D-glucose content was significantly higherin coniferous trees than deciduous trees, but the total contents of these two sugars was roughly equal among most tree species. The mean content of lactic acid, glycerol and malic acid was lowerin coniferous trees than deciduous trees. The malic acid content decreased in later-stages of wood formation than in early-stagefor all tree species. The content of L-proline and myo-inositol was greater in later-stage of wood formation than early-stage.The contentof octadecanoic acid, D-fructose and D-glucose decreased in later-stage of wood formationfor most tree species. All of thissuggested that the metabolites in wood-forming tissues showed the significance of species-specific and seasonal dynamic differences among the eight tree species.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Arang Tempurung Kelapa Pada Tanah Lempung Terhadap Hasil Uji Kompaksi

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Brigita Suzanna ◽  
Irwan Lie Keng Wong ◽  
Monika Datu Mirring Palinggi
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Coconut Shell Ash ◽  
American Society ◽  
Index Value

The purpose of this research is to determine the physical properties of clay soil and to analyze the effect of adding coconut shell charcoal ash to the clay soil. The soil samples used in this study came from Tanralili District, Maros Regency, two sample points were taken and the variations in the levels of addition of coconut shell charcoal ash is 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. The test method used refers to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials). The tests carried out were testing the physical properties of the soil in the form of moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg boundaries, filter analysis, and hydrometer analysis, then a compaction test was carried out to determine the maximum soil density. The results of the test obtained a moisture content value of 28.811%, a specific gravity of 2.58 g / cm3 so that it is classified as organic clay. As well as the plasticity index value of 9.926% with moderate plasticity from the 7% -17% interval. Then from the test results of soil compaction testing with the addition of coconut shell ash, the dry density (gdry) equal to 0.862, 0.886, 0.914, 0.943, 0.962, this means that the soil sample experienced an increase in dry density (gdry) of 11.60%. From the research results it can be concluded that the addition of coconut shell charcoal ash can increase the value of soil dry density so that it can be used to increase the value of the carrying capacity of clay soil.

scholarly journals Does Mixing Tree Species Affect Water Storage Capacity of the Forest Floor? Laboratory Test of Pine-Oak and Fir-Beech Litter Layers

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Anna Ilek ◽  
Małgorzata Szostek ◽  
Anna Mikołajczyk ◽  
Marta Rajtar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Organic Debris

During the last decade, tree species mixing has been widely supported as a silvicultural approach to reduce drought stress. However, little is known on the influence of tree species mixing on physical properties and the water storage capacity of forest soils (including the forest floor). Thus, the study aimed to analyze the effect of mixing pine needles and oak leaves and mixing fir needles and beech leaves on hydro-physical properties of the litter layer during laboratory tests. We used fir-beech and pine-oak litter containing various shares of conifer needles (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) to determine the influence of the needle admixture on bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, water storage capacity, the amount of water stored in pores between organic debris and the degree of saturation of mixed litter compared to broadleaf litter (oak or beech). We found that the admixture of fir needles increased the bulk density of litter from 7.9% with a 5% share of needles to 55.5% with a 50% share (compared to pure beech litter), while the share of pine needles < 40% caused a decrease in bulk density by an average of 3.0–11.0% (compared to pure oak litter). Pine needles decreased the water storage capacity of litter by about 13–14% with the share of needles up to 10% and on average by 28% with the 40 and 50% shares of pine needles in the litter layer. Both conifer admixtures reduced the amount of water stored in the pores between organic debris (pine needles more than fir needles).

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