Intuition: Inferential Heuristic or Epistemic Mode?

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver W. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Type Indicator ◽  
Completely Reducible ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cognitive Mode ◽  
Meyers Briggs Type Indicator

This study attempts to evaluate psychological concepts of intuition. Of the many definitions of intuition, two extremes emerge. One holds intuition to be an inferential heuristic, and the other defines it as a cognitive mode capable of immediate, non-inferential, holistic processing. Three inventories were administered that purport to measure intuition. The Intuitive Problem Solving Scale corresponds to the definition of intuition as inferential heuristic. The Psycho-Epistemological Profile and the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator define intuition as a non-inferential epistemic mode. Scores on these scales are correlated with scores on various inferential tasks, as well as with scores on measures of three traits usually associated with intuition (originality, private self-awareness, and creativity). Results indicate that intuition is not completely reducible to inference.

Problem solving and the development of cognitive structure

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Thomas C. O'brien ◽  
Bernard J. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Ideas ◽  
Basic Purpose ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Concrete Operations

A basic purpose of teaching mathematics is to develop a learner's problemsolving behavior. On the other hand, knowledge of mathematical ideas can evolve from problem-solving activities of the learner. As indicated by Piaget, the building of cognitive structure is a process of evolution by stages from sensorimotor activities through concrete operations to formal operations (mental operations not directly rooted in physical experience). The purpose of the following introduction is to consider two of the many implications that Piaget's findings have for educational practice, and then to relate these implications to a problem-solving activity that the teacher may wish to try with his class.

scholarly journals An approach to human–machine collaboration in innovation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony McCaffrey ◽  
Lee Spector
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solvable Problem ◽  
Simple Observation ◽  
Mathematical Arguments ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
Verbal Problem ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Computably Enumerable

AbstractIf a solvable problem is currently unsolved, then something important to a solution is most likely being overlooked. From this simple observation we derive the obscure features hypothesis: every innovative solution is built upon at least one commonly overlooked or new (i.e., obscure) feature of the problem. By using a new definition of a feature as an effect of an interaction, we are able to accomplish five things. First, we are able to determine where features come from and how to search for new ones. Second, we are able to construct mathematical arguments that the set of features of an object is not computably enumerable. Third, we are able to characterize innovative problem solving as looking for a series of interactions that produce the desired effects (i.e., the goal). Fourth, we are able to construct a precise problem-solving grammar that is both human and machine friendly. Fifth, we are able to devise a visual and verbal problem-solving representation that both humans and computers can contribute to as they help counteract each other's problem-solving weaknesses. We show how computers can counter some of the known cognitive obstacles to innovation that humans have. We also briefly discuss ways in which humans can return the favor. We conclude that a promising process for innovative problem solving is a human–computer collaboration in which each partner assists the other in unearthing the obscure features of a problem.

Ageing Accidents: Suggestion for a Definition and Examples From Damaged Platforms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Ersdal ◽  
John Sharp ◽  
David Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Offshore Installations ◽  
Structural Failures ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structural Engineers

An increasing number of offshore installations are in the life extension stage of life, resulting in a growing concern among structural engineers about ageing related issues. However, structural engineers are often asked if there is experience of any ageing accidents or if there are examples of such. A safety conscious person would then reply that theory points towards a growing failure rate and hence that ageing accidents will eventually occur. Good engineering practice would then imply that there is no point in waiting for the accident to occur. As responsible engineers we should investigate the hazards and avoid accidents without having to wait for a potentially fatal accident to lead to action. The other possible answer is to question the term “ageing accident”. What is the definition of an “ageing accident”? This paper will investigate into the term “ageing accident” and will propose a definition of this term. Further, this paper will describe some examples of ageing accidents, in particular the many structural failures that have occurred in the Gulf of Mexico hurricanes.

Current Issues in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Executive Function Skills

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Michael Willoughby ◽  
Kesha Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Current Measurement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Problem ◽  
Definition Of

Executive functions (EF) are domain general cognitive processes that contribute to individual learning, problem solving, and planning across the lifespan. Multidisciplinary interest in EF skills stems from their broad relevance to functionally important outcomes. However, this multidisciplinary interest in EF has also resulted in a large literature that is not internally consistent. In this chapter, we characterize historical shifts in the conceptualization and definition of EF skills. We describe quantitative and qualitative aspects of developmental change in EF skills. Finally, we highlight discrepancies that exist between current measurement approaches. The inconsistencies and discrepancies that we highlight are not surprising given the maturity of the EF literature. By drawing attention to these issues, we aim to provide readers a broad vantage from which they can critically evaluate the other chapters in this volume.

scholarly journals The Romantic subject as an absolutely autonomous individual

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-85
Author(s):  
Miljana Cunta
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Mystical Experience ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Treat All

This essay deals with the Romantic subject as a philosophical and literary category. Recog­ nizing the diversity and complexity of literary production in the Romantic period, this study does not attempt to treat all the many aspects of this subject, but it instead focuses upan a few: the role of nature, the status of imagination, and the subject's relation to the transcendental reality. In its rela­ tion to these issues, the Romantic subject appears as an absolutely autonomous individual, one who finds no satisfaction in claims to transcendental certainty made by any source outside the self, but relies on his immanent powers to achieve the self-awareness that is the only sure access to truth. Special attention is given to the Romantic mystical experience, whereby the subject eames into relation with the transcendental reality. Here what are termed mystical feelings are contrasted with religious feelings proper so as to stress the peculiarities of the Romantic religious experience. In providing a theoretical framewok for the religious experience, we have recourse to Rudolf Otto's definition of the "numinous," which denotes the feeling response of the subject to the divine aspect of reality. In comparison with the true religious experience, the Romantic type is seen as pseudo­- religious, thus confirming the proposed definition of the Romantic subject as a truly autonomous individual. The essay's second part contains an interpretation of selected poems by Samuel Taylor Coleridge with a view of extrapolating from them some aspects of the Romantic subject.

A Multiagent Approach for Configuring and Explaining Workflow of Semantic Web Services

2011 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Vasco Furtado ◽  
Leonardo Ayres ◽  
Gustavo Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Web Services ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Web Services ◽  
Customer Order ◽  
Service Execution ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Web

In this paper, we describe a multiagent approach that configures semantic Web services following a design problem solving method. For that, a propose-and-revise strategy was modeled and implemented in OWL-S. The other contribution of the approach is the extension of OWL-S for recording the service execution flow followed by the agent. The trace of the agent’s reasoning is stored in node sets represented in a proof markup language which make up a framework for explanations on the Web. The proposed approach is shown to be useful in the context of e-business where the workflow definition of services is automatically performed by the agents in order to configure a computer from a customer order.

scholarly journals Science Education as an Instrument for the Enhancement of National Security in Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Regina I. E.
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
National Security ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
National Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

Education is conceived to be a life-long learning process that begins with the birth and ends with the death of a person. Education has equally been defined as a process by which individuals are assisted formally through proper direction and guidance to develop their capacities for their own benefit and that of the society. Science education on the other hand is a field of study that exposes learners to the contents as well as the methodology (processes) of acquiring scientific knowledge for practical application in relevant and applicable areas of life endeavours.This paper critically examined the dimensions of national security in Nigeria, the essence of government vis-à-vis citizens expectation, the definition of national security, the issue of insecurity, the many security challenges bedeviling the country and how Science education as an instrument can be used for the enhancement of national security in Nigeria. Since national security is important for national development, it is therefore meaningless to talk of development in the absence of national security. In otherwords, insecurity in a nation is a treat to development. In a state of insecurity, development is as elusive as a mirage. Useful recommendations were also made.

scholarly journals Poder, incerteza e heurísticas: contribuições da psicologia cognitiva para o estudo da tomada de decisões nas Relações Internacionais

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-384
Author(s):  
Bruno Maciel Santos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Rationality ◽  
Formal Concept ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Decision Heuristics ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

A falta de consenso sobre uma definição de poder e sobre como lidar com a incerteza nas Relações Internacionais são problemas antigos nessa disciplina. Este artigo apresenta algumas contribuições da psicologia cognitiva relacionadas ao uso de heurísticas decisórias para as discussões acerca do conceito de poder e relacionadas à incerteza no campo das Relações Internacionais. Para tanto, realiza-se uma revisão das visões divergentes acerca do conceito do poder e da incerteza entre os três paradigmas mais influentes nas Relações Internacionais, apresentando como cada um deles define esses dois conceitos e quais as implicações teóricas dessas visões. Apesar de várias definições operacionais, é possível que o conceito formal de poder apresentado por Dahl (1957) seja utilizado como referência para as quatro faces do poder apresentadas. No entanto, essa definição implica necessariamente algum grau de incerteza nas relações de poder, relacionadas à informação, seja pela sua disponibilidade, pela sua confiabilidade, pela ambiguidade ou pela sua subjetividade. Sendo assim, apresenta-se as heurísticas decisórias como forma de lidar com a tomada de decisão em situações de incerteza envolvendo relações de poder, a partir de uma racionalidade circunscrita e ecológica. Essa abordagem é uma, dentre várias possíveis, e não busca impor termos absolutos para a discussão, nem negar as várias contribuições teóricas feitas pelas demais abordagens discutidas, mas sim destacar alguns pontos negligenciados e apresentar novas possibilidades de análise no campo das Relações Internacionais.     Abstract: The lack of agreement about a definition of power and how to deal with uncertainty in the International Relations are long known problems of the discipline. This article presents some contributions from cognitive psychology related to the use of decision heuristics to the discussions about the concept of power and related to uncertainty in the field of International Relations. For this, it revises the different visions about the concept of power and uncertainty among the three most influential paradigms in International Relations, presenting how each one of them defines these two concepts and what are the theoretical implications for these visions. Despite the many operational definitions, it is possible that the formal concept provided by Dahl (1957) be taken as a reference for the four faces of power presented here. Nonetheless, this definition necessarily embeds some degree of uncertainty in power relations as a matter of information, be it because of its availability, its reliability, its ambiguity or its subjectivity. In this sense, decision heuristics are presented as a way to deal with decision-making under uncertainty related to power relationships, from a bounded and ecological rationality perspective. This approach is just one, among many, and does not seek to impose absolute terms to the discussion, nor denies the many theoretical contributions made by the other approaches discussed here, but points out new possibilities for analysis and shed light to neglected terms for debate in the field of International Relations. Keywords: Power; Uncertainty; Decision-Making; Bounded Rationality; International Relations Theories.     Recebido em: outubro/2018. Aprovado em: junho/2019.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Religious Narrative

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Armin Geertz
Keyword(s):  
Special Issue ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Religious Narrative ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

This introduction to the special issue on narrative discusses various ways of approaching religious narrative. It looks at various evolutionary hypotheses and distinguishes between three fundamental aspects of narrative: 1. the neurobiological, psychological, social and cultural mechanisms and processes, 2. the many media and methods used in human communication, and 3. the variety of expressive genres. The introduction ends with a definition of narrative.

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