scholarly journals Physiology of magnesium metabolism and the use of magnesium in intensive care (part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
S.V. Kursov ◽  
V.V. Nikonov ◽  
O.V. Biletskyi ◽  
O.E. Feskov ◽  
S.M. Skoroplit
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Pathological Effect ◽  
Free Radical Damage ◽  
Magnesium Metabolism

In the second part of the review, aspects of changes in magnesium metabolism under conditions of severe stress, mechanisms of anti-stress protection of the body with the participation of magnesium, features of magnesium participation in water-electrolyte metabolism at the cellular level, the anti-inflammatory effect of magnesium and the role of magnesium in the processes of detoxification of the body in acute poisoning with certain poisons are consi-dered. The main mechanisms of the body’s magnesium defence are to suppress the mechanisms of oxidative stress by limiting the production of stress hormones, the intake of ionized calcium and sodium into cells with a decrease in the severity of transmineralization and sodium retention in the body, suppressing the action of factors that initiate the development of inflammation and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, in blocking and protecting glutamate receptors. Magnesium therapy can help keep effective energy production in the body in critical conditions by maintaining the functioning of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the work of the Na+/H+-exchanger, helping reduce the severity of cellular acidosis. The mechanisms of functioning and the prescription of the sodium-magnesium antiporter are discussed. Hypertonic solutions of magnesium sulfate are being injected at a high rate to create the effect of rapid low-volume fluid resuscitation, thereby eliminating the dangerous effects of severe hyperchloremia and hypernatremia that occur when using hypertonic sodium chloride solutions. In toxico-logy, magnesium preparations are used to protect the body when exposed to heavy metals, organophosphorus compounds. They also help reduce the severity of oxidative stress caused by heavy metals, inhibit excess production of endogenous carbon monoxide, and limit free radical damage in its pathological effect. During detoxification, magnesium prevents depletion of the antioxidant system by helping maintain sufficient levels of glutathione and other antioxidants in cells.

scholarly journals Metallothionein and Glutathione Content as Biomarkers of Metal Pollution in Mussels and Local Fishermen in Abu Qir Bay, Egypt

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza A. Saad ◽  
Amany El-Sikaily ◽  
Hany Kassem
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Abu Qir Bay

Background. When heavy metals accumulate in air, soil, and water, the risk of human exposure increases among industrial workers, as well as in people living near polluted areas. Heavy metals adversely affect a variety of bodily systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. In addition, long-term exposure and accumulation of heavy metals in the body may disturb oxidative stress genes and thus increase the susceptibility to various diseases. Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the metallothionein concentration in both mussel samples from Abu Qir Bay, Egypt and the blood of local fishermen as a biomarker of exposure to metal pollution. Methods. Levels of metallothionein and heavy metals were measured in mussels. Blood levels of metallothionein and heavy metals of local fishermen were measured and compared with a control group. The effect of heavy metal exposure on oxidative stress status was investigated through the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and glutathione content. Results. The results of this study showed high concentrations of metallothionein in mussels and in fishermen's blood, accompanied by high concentrations of metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn). At the same time, a significant decrease in glutathione content and catalase enzyme activity was associated with a significant increase in the malondialdehyde concentrations in sera of fishermen. Conclusions. The present study found that the El Maadiya region is polluted with heavy metals, inducing oxidative stress in fishermen in the vicinity. These results reveal the necessity of further environmental monitoring in the study area in order to evaluate other types of pollutants and their effects on human health.

scholarly journals THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC STUDIES FOR THE BINDING OF LEAD ION BY CHELATING WITH THEOPHYLLINE 1,3-DIMETHYLXANTHINE (THERAPY DRUG)

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
HUDA N AL-ANI
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Variation Method ◽  
Lead Ion ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal

Objective: Chelating therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body; chelating agents detoxify heavy metals and toxins, converting them to inactive forms which were excreted out from the body. This work demonstrates the complication of the drug with toxic heavy metal lead (Π) ion. Methods: All the experiments were performed at different temperature (303, 308, 313, 318, and 323) °K, by spectrophotometric method. The electronic spectra of the mixture of drug and lead ion show a bathochromic (red) shift in ʎmax, the absorbance change caused by a complex arrangement between the lead ion and drug. Results: The stoichiometry of the complex formed was calculated using continuous variation method, it was found (1:2) that the durability constant was estimated that the standard thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS° were determined, the negative values of free energy changes ΔG° indicate a spontaneous complexation process. The positive values of enthalpy change indicate an endothermic process with an increase in entropy change ΔS° (positive), that means the process in an entropy driven. Conclusion: The kinetic studies of the complexation of drug and ion were found to follow the second-order reaction, which was confined by the straight line and a high rate constant.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Clinical Evidence on the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Smoking-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. BMI.S480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Csordas ◽  
Georg Wick ◽  
Günther Laufer ◽  
David Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention Strategies

The number of fatalities due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be far ahead of loss of human life caused by any other type of disease worldwide. According to the WHO, the annual global tobacco death toll is already 8.4 million and will reach 10 million by the year 2025. However, in contrast to other modifiable primary risk factors for CVD such as obesity, primary prevention strategies for smokers unable to quit are not available to date. This Review, by adopting the principles of evidence-based medicine, summarizes the most recent clinical studies on CVD in smokers, and concludes by suggesting a novel primary prevention strategy for CVD in smokers unable to quit. Evidence gathered from mechanistic studies involving basic research as well as large population-based approaches point to oxidative stress as the major insult imposed by cigarette smoke (CS), and a state of systemic inflammation, as signified by increased hs (high sensitivity) CRP levels in smokers, as the decisive pro-atherogenic response of the body to the initial insult. Since we identified oxidative stress induced by heavy metals as a significant pro-atherogenic activity of CS, strategies aimed at detoxifying heavy metals and combating inflammation appear as plausible approaches to counteract the accelerated onset of CVD in smokers. For this purpose, we discuss metal chelating agents and statins as promising novel primary prevention strategies in smokers unable to quit.

scholarly journals Biomedical Implications of Heavy Metals Induced Imbalances in Redox Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bechan Sharma ◽  
Shweta Singh ◽  
Nikhat J. Siddiqi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Synthetic Antioxidants ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

Several workers have extensively worked out the metal induced toxicity and have reported the toxic and carcinogenic effects of metals in human and animals. It is well known that these metals play a crucial role in facilitating normal biological functions of cells as well. One of the major mechanisms associated with heavy metal toxicity has been attributed to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which develops imbalance between the prooxidant elements and the antioxidants (reducing elements) in the body. In this process, a shift to the former is termed as oxidative stress. The oxidative stress mediated toxicity of heavy metals involves damage primarily to liver (hepatotoxicity), central nervous system (neurotoxicity), DNA (genotoxicity), and kidney (nephrotoxicity) in animals and humans. Heavy metals are reported to impact signaling cascade and associated factors leading to apoptosis. The present review illustrates an account of the current knowledge about the effects of heavy metals (mainly arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) induced oxidative stress as well as the possible remedies of metal(s) toxicity through natural/synthetic antioxidants, which may render their effects by reducing the concentration of toxic metal(s). This paper primarily concerns the clinicopathological and biomedical implications of heavy metals induced oxidative stress and their toxicity management in mammals.

scholarly journals Antioxidants level assessment in the diet of workers contacting with heavy metals at industrial enterprise

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
T. V. Mazhaeva ◽  
Svetlana E. Dubenko ◽  
I. A. Chirkova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Brown Bread ◽  
High Level ◽  
Low Activity

The main occupational pathologies in the Sverdlovsk region are diseases induced by the exposure to industrial aerosols containing heavy metals. One of the reasons of the toxic effect of the heavy metals is oxidative stress induced by the latter, namely, the process of damaging the body cells as a result of the oxidation reactions. The quantitative assessment of the antioxidant consumption in foods composing the diet of heavy metal industry workers was performed. The diet was revealed to be not various in terms of the foods containing antioxidants and the main quantity of the latter was administered into the body from the brown bread, tea, apples, chocolates and sweets having low activity according to the ORAC index but consumed in the great amounts. In the meantime, foods with the high level of the antioxidant content and bio-correction properties (fruits, vegetables, spices) were lacking in the diet and this fact could probably influence on the decline of the body’s reserve of detoxification.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE COW ORGANISM IN STRESS SYNDROME CAUSED BY EXTREMITIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. МАТВЕЕВА ◽  
Э.О. САЙТХАНОВ
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diene Conjugates ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Peroxidation Processes ◽  
External Stimuli

Цель исследований заключалось в изучении клинико-физиологического состояния и оценке интенсивности процессов перекисного окисления липидов у коров с патологиями конечностей в сравнении со здоровыми. Работа проводилась в СПК «Вышгородский» Рязанского района Рязанской области, мы проводили физикальное обследование для определения клинически здоровых коров и коров с заболеваниями конечностей. В контрольную и опытную группы включались коровы голштинской породы, массой 550-650 кг, 3-4-й лактации. В опытную группу 2 включались коровы с заболеваниями конечностей: язвы Рустергольца, абсцесса венчика, пальцевого пододерматита, гнойного пододерматита. Определяли продукты перекисного окисления: количество диеновых конъюгатов, малонового диальдегида, кетодиенов; определяли содержание холестерина в сыворотке крови. У коров с заболеваниями конечностей и находящихся в стрессовом состоянии в крови повышаются глюкокортикостеройды – гормон кортизол, вследствие этого запускается процесс перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ), что приводит к деградации гормонов стресса, и организм начинает усилено отвечать кортикотропной функцией гипофиза. В процессе перекисного окисления липидов накапливается значительное количество продуктов ПОЛ, у коров нарушается процесс глюкогенеза, нарушается гомеостаз. При патологических процессах, а именно при патологиях конечностей, возникает окислительный стресс в организме коров, который сопровождается процессами перекисного окисления липидов, что сопровождается повышением в крови количества конъюгированных диенов, кетодиенов, малонового диальдегида; на фоне повышения продуктов перекисного окисления снижается содержание холестерина у больных коров. При окислительном стрессе вследствие возникших патологических процессов конечностей у коров происходит изменение клинико-физиологических показателей: снижение активности, аппетита, реакции на внешние раздражители; повышается температура тела, частота пульса. The aim of the research was to study the clinical and physiological state and assess the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in cows with limb pathologies in comparison with healthy ones.The work was carried out in the farm of the Ryazan region in the SEC "Vyshgorodsky" of the Ryazan region, we conducted a physical examination to determine clinically healthy cows and diseases of the limbs. The control and experimental groups included cows of the Holstein breed, weighing 550-650 kg, 3-4 lactations. The experimental group N2 included cows with diseases of the extremities: Rustergolts ulcer, corolla abscess, digital subdermatitis, purulent subdermatitis. Peroxidation products were determined, namely: the amount of diene conjugates, malondialdehyde, ketodienes, and serum cholesterol was also determined. Glucocorticosteroids, namely the cortisol hormone, increase in cows with limb diseases and in a stressed state, namely, the lipid peroxidation process, which leads to the degradation of stress hormones and the body begins to respond more intensely to the corticotropic function of the pituitary gland. In the process of lipid peroxidation, a signifi cant amount of lipid peroxidation products is accumulated, the process of glucogenesis is disrupted in cows, and homeostasis is disrupted. In pathological processes, namely in pathologies of the extremities, oxidative stress arises in the body of cows, which is accompanied by lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes, which is accompanied by an increase in the number of conjugated dienes, ketodienes, malondialdehyde in the blood, while cholesterol content decreases in the presence of increased peroxidation products sick cows. With oxidative stress due to the arising pathological processes of the limbs in cows, there is a change in clinical and physiological parameters, there is a decrease: activity of cows, appetite, reaction to external stimuli; rises: body temperature, pulse rate.

scholarly journals Metal fumes: exposure to heavy metals, their relationship with oxidative stress and their effect on health

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Diana Gómez Marrugo ◽  
Deisy León Méndez ◽  
Jorge Puello Silva ◽  
Clemente Granados Conde ◽  
Glicerio León Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Mixtures ◽  
Chemical Risk ◽  
Metal Parts ◽  
Metalworking Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Welding Processes

Metalworking industry, especially welding processes, is one of the most economically active in the world. Transformation and joining of metal parts are used in many labor activities, such as construction. Welding uses different metal mixtures to carry out bonding through various processes. The greatest chemical risk associated with welding is the emission of metallic fumes, which enter the body mainly through the respiratory system, producing effects in all systems of the human body. Therefore, studies are needed to support the control of exposures to these chemicals in the workplace, as well as the limitation of emissions to the environment, by governments, employers, and workers.

scholarly journals Prognosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of the Postoperative Complications in Diabеtic Cataract Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Mariya Aleksandrovna Kovalevskaya ◽  
Lilya Filina
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Lens Fiber ◽  
Free Radical Damage ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complicated Cataract

The concept of "metabolic syndrome" in ophthalmology can include the entire set of interrelated metabolic abnormalities predisposing to the development of vitreoretinal complications of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). Based on the definition, the researches of local changes in markers of metabolic processes, particularly in complicated cataract, are relevant for the prediction of the results of surgical treatment. Such a method for detecting marker proteins in tear was introduced by us in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of local changes in metabolism in complicated (cataract caused by changes of the lens in response to background disturbances of metabolism) and age-related cataract. The mechanism of development of complicated cataracts is similar to cataractogenesis with age-related cataracts, but in complicated cataract processes of change in the lens is more intensive and faster under the influence of a violation of the immunological balance, oxidative processes and biochemical changes that occur in the body and locally on a background of concomitant diseases and diseases of the eye. At the present stage it is believed that one of the triggers is cataractogenesis depletion of the antioxidant capacity of the lens and the development of oxidative stress. This manifests itself in the early stages cataractogenesis fluctuations in the level of glutathione in the lens and the accumulation of free radical oxidation products. Following this, a reduction in the number of negative charges on the main protein of lens fiber - crystallin. This fact is interpreted as a violation of protein phosphorylation within the fibers of the lens due to discoordination cascade regulation systems due to their free radical damage. In turn, decrease the water solubility of proteins leads to the adsorption of proteins on the uncharged cell membranes, resulting in increasing lens violation regular stacking membranes. Light scattering by surfaces of folded membranes lens fiber is considered as the main cause of lens opacity with cataract. We examined 136 patients with cataracts of various origins (272 eyes) aged 62 ± 3,2 years. Among those surveyed were women (74 people). All patients underwent detailed clinical, ophthalmological examination of the complex and as a result were divided into groups with a diagnosis of cataracts of various origins. We have developed an algorithm for determining the prognosis of outcome of surgical intervention in the oxidative stress on the content of antioxidant enzymes tears justified selective choice of preparations of local and systemic antioxidant action to prevent and stabilize the clouding of the lens. The greatest number of complications arise in the extraction of complicated cataract, because its development is already associated with the presence of an underlying disease (a disorder of metabolism, endocrine disorders), additional ocular pathology (uveitis syndrome Fuchs, secondary glaucoma), the influence of external factors. This kind of state characterized by the presence of pathological changes in the immune, circulatory system, metabolic disorders, entailing and cause various postoperative complications (hyphema, postoperative iridocyclitis, exudative inflammatory response (EVR), epithelial-endothelial corneal dystrophy, macular edema with the outcome in macular degeneration). It becomes apparent that the creation of methods of forecasting and prevention of post-operative complications, as well as specific algorithm scheme of preoperative preparation, at various kinds of complicated cataract, is an important and urgent problem of modern ophthalmology.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

Polymorphism of p-450 cytochrome detoxication genes in adolescents depending on the degree of contamination of the organism by heavy metals

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-482
Author(s):  
N. P. Setko ◽  
A. G. Setko ◽  
Ekaterina V. Bulycheva ◽  
A. V. Tyurin ◽  
E. Yu. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Cyp2b6 Gene ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Gene Cyp1a1 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction. Changes in the body of children and adolescents aimed at adapting to environmental factors are determined by genetic polymorphism in xenobiotic biotransformation genes, determining the degree of susceptibility of the child’s body to pollutants, which is the basis of modern personalized preventive medicine when managing risks to the health of the child population under the influence of environmental factors. Material and methods. Trace elements, including heavy metals, lead and cadmium, were determined in the hair of 256 practically healthy teenagers by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Depending on the level of content of the latter, two groups of adolescents were formed to determine six genes of the cytochrome P-450 family. Group 1 consisted of adolescents whose cadmium lead content exceeded the average Russian indices. The second group included adolescents whose heavy metals were above the level of average Russian standards. Results. Studies have shown that in adolescents of the 1st group, compared with the data of adolescents of the 2nd group, an increase in the number of carriers of two mutant alleles at the locus rs 1048943 (gene CYP1A1) is 3.08 times, rs 464621 (gene CYP1A1) is 1. 8 times; locus rs 2069522 (CYP1A2 gene) 3.63 times; locus rs 1799853 (CYP2C9 * 2 gene) 4.5 times; locus rs 1057910 (gene CYP2C9 * 3) 3.8 times and locus rs 2279343 (gene CYP2B6) 4.25 times. Moreover, carriers of two normal alleles in adolescents of the first group at the locus rs 1048943 (gene CYP1A1) were 5.14 times; locus rs 2279343 (CYP2B6 gene) was 6.5 fold less than among adolescents of the 2nd group; and at the locus rs 464621 (gene CYP1A1), rs 2069522 (gene CYP1A2), rs 1799853 (gene CYP2C9 * 2), rs 1057910 (gene CYP2C9 * 3) there were no carriers of normal homozygotes. Conclusion. Group 1 adolescents with heavy metal contamination of the body are carriers significantly in a greater number of pathological mutations in the genes of the cytochrome P-450 detoxification system in comparison with data from group 2 adolescents.

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