scholarly journals Socio-Economic Condition of Communities in Resolving Conflicts in the Bukit Tangkiling Conservation Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saptawartono Saptawartono ◽  
Kumpiady Widen ◽  
Hendrik Segah ◽  
Yanarita Yanarita
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City

The Bukit Tangkiling Conservation Area has great potential for natural resources, including clean water, honey bees, recreation services, and religious services. There is also potential for split stone, which had been mined by the people from the rock hills in the area. The potential utilization of these natural resources trigger conflicts between interests to maintain the function and existence of conservation areas with the interests of using split stone for the community in order to meet the development needs of the city of Palangka Raya and its surrounding regions, at the cost of damaging the existing area. As an input in managing the conservation area Bukit Tangkiling is well implemented, research is needed on the social and economic conditions of the community’s surrounding the area. The research used survey methods and respondents are determined by purposive sampling and simple random sampling, and data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. The communities around the Bukit Tangkiling conservation area are dominated by productive age (18-56 years), Banturung Village 59.00% and Tangkiling Village 54.97%. The level of education is relatively low, Banturung Village 72.96% and Tangkiling Village 73.29%. Having low education, most of the people have difficulty in finding decent work. Aside from that, most people do not understand the function of the forest or the function of the conservation area and tend to be apathetic about the existence of the Bukit Tangkiling conservation area that must be preserved. For some of these poorly educated people, the work of mining rocks is the best alternative to meeting the economic needs of the household. Income obtained from mining rock ranges from 2-4 million IRD per month.

GERAKAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG LABALUBA DESA KONTUMERE KECAMATAN KABAWO KABUPATEN MUNA TAHUN 1960-1980

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurwan Nurwan ◽  
Ali Hadara ◽  
La Batia
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Movement Process ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

ABSTRAK: Inti pokok masalah dalam penelitian ini meliputi latar belakang gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna, Faktor-faktor yang mendorong gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna, proses gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna dan akibat gerakan sosial masyarakat Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna? Latar belakang gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba yaitu keadaan kampungnya yang hanya terdiri dari beberapa kepala keluarga tiap kampung dan jarak yang jauh masing-masing kampung membuat keadaan masyarakatnya sulit untuk berkomnikasi dan tiap kampung hanya terdiri dari lima sampai dengan tujuh kepala keluarga saja. Kampung ini letaknya paling timur pulau Muna terbentang dari ujung kota Raha sekarang sampai kampung Wakuru yang saat ini. Kondisi ini juga yang menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab kampung ini kurang berkembang baik dibidang ekonomi, sosial politik, pendidikan maupun di bidang kebudayaan. Keadaan ini diperparah lagi dengan sifat dan karakter penduduknya yang masih sangat primitif. Faktor yang mendorong adanya gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna adalah adanya ketidaksesuaian antara keinginan pemerintah setempat dan masyarakat yang mendiami Kampung Labaluba pada waktu itu. Sedangkan proses gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna bermula ketika pemerintah seolah memaksakan kehendaknya kepada rakyat yang menyebabkan rakyat tidak setuju dengan kebijakan tersebut. Akibat yang ditimbulkan dari adanya gerakan sosial masyarakat Kampung Labaluba Desa Kontumere Kecamatan Kabawo Kabupaten Muna terbagi dua yaitu akibat positif dan akibat negatif.Kata Kunci: Gerakan Sosial, Factor dan Dampaknya ABSTRACT: The main issues in this study include the background of the social movement of Labaluba Village, Kontumere Village, Kabawo Sub-District, Muna District, Factors that encourage social movements of Labaluba Kampung Sub-village, Kontumere Village, Kabawo Sub-District, Muna District, the social movement process of Labaluba Village, Kontumere Village, Kabawo Sub-District Muna Regency and due to Labaluba community social movements Kontumere Village Kabawo District Muna Regency? The background of the Labaluba Kampung community social movement is that the condition of the village consists of only a few heads of households per village and the distance of each village makes it difficult for the community to communicate and each village only consists of five to seven households. This village is located east of the island of Muna stretching from the edge of the city of Raha now to the current village of Wakuru. This condition is also one of the factors causing the village to be less developed in the economic, social political, educational and cultural fields. This situation is made worse by the very primitive nature and character of the population. The factor that motivated the existence of the social movement of Labaluba Village in Kontumere Village, Kabawo Subdistrict, Muna Regency was the mismatch between the wishes of the local government and the people who inhabited Labaluba Village at that time. While the process of social movements in Labaluba Village, Kontumere Village, Kabawo District, Muna Regency began when the government seemed to impose its will on the people, causing the people to disagree with the policy. The consequences arising from the existence of social movements in Labaluba Village, Kontumere Village, Kabawo District, Muna Regency are divided into two, namely positive and negative effects. Keywords: Social Movements, Factors and their Impacts

The City, the Countryside and the Social Gospel in Late Victorian Nonconformity

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Bebbington
Keyword(s):  
Church Attendance ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The late nineteenth-century city posed problems for English nonconformists. The country was rapidly being urbanised. By 1881 over one third of the people lived in cities with a population of more than one hundred thousand. The most urbanised areas gave rise to the greatest worry of all the churches: large numbers there were failing to attend services. The religious census of 1851 had already shown that the largest towns were the places where there were the fewest worshippers, although nonconformists gained some crumbs of comfort from the knowledge that nonconformist attendances were greater than those of the church of England. Unofficial surveys in the 1880S revealed no improvement. Instead, although few were immediately conscious of it, in that decade the membership of all the main evangelical nonconformist denominations began to fall relative to population. And it was always the same social group that was most conspicuously unreached: the lower working classes, the bottom of the social pyramid. In poor neighbourhoods church attendance was lowest. In Bethnal Green at the turn of the twentieth century, for instance, only 6.8% of the adult population attended chapel, and only 13.3% went to any place of worship. Consequently nonconformists, like Anglicans, were troubled by the weakness of their appeal.

scholarly journals Attitudes of employees about conflicts in the forestry sector

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Zoran Poduška ◽  
Vlado Čokeša ◽  
Ivana Živanović
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
The People ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latent Phase

The paper presents the research results on conflicts in the forestry sector. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the belief that conflicts are a universal phenomenon. The basic constituents of conflicts are elements and aspects. The elements of conflicts are the substance, processes and relations between participants, which affect the social, cultural, institutional and economic aspects. They also include the aspect of natural resources, which is a feature of the forestry sector. Such a theoretical framework gave grounds for the analysis of employees' opinions about the type and significance and the stage in which the observed conflicts were. The opinions of the people employed in enterprises and organizations benefiting from state forests, protected areas and administrative state bodies in the forestry sector were collected through a survey. The data collected were processed using descriptive statistics. A lot of conflicting situations were identified and they were classified into 10 groups. The most serious one is the conflict between regular measures and works in the forest of nature protection. Nine participants were identified in these conflicts. It was found that some conflicts had been resolved, while some were in the latent phase, with the possibility to escalate.

scholarly journals MODAL SOSIAL PEMANTIK UNTUK KOTA KREATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Tubagus Arya Abdurachman
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Creative Cities ◽  
Creative City ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Dominant Influence

The discussion of this research is the development of creative cities in a country is the result of the efforts of the government and creative actors in the city in the country. Creative city can not be separated from the potential of social capital that is owned by the people in the city. Social capital is a social organization concept that includes network of norms and social trusts that facilitate mutual coordination and cooperation including in developing the regional economy. This research aims to (1) know the contribution of social capital in making a creative city, (2) express the social capital and creativity of individuals and communities to realize creative city, and (3) know aspects of social capital that dominant influence on a creativity of the city. The method of this research is qualitative primary data with technic observation and indepth interview, also secondary data in the form of document and archive analysis from Bandung city as one of creative city in Indonesia. Research is done during 2015-2016. Conclusions this research are (1)Social capital that form trust, tolerance, cooperation, openness, and independence of the community greatly contributes in the creation of creative city because through the braided integration of social capital that forms a norm of behavior binding for its citizens to be creative and does not require material capital,(2)Individual urban creativity formed through the process of socialization of elements of social capital in the life of society to trigger creativity of individuals and society as a whole, and (3) The form of openness, tolerance, and cooperation are the dominant elements of social capital in growing the creativity of individuals and societyKeywords: Creatif city, Social capital

scholarly journals ROMAN NAMES IN OLBIAN PROSOPOGRAPHY

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
N. O. Son
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
City Population ◽  
General Number ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The City

Prosopographical data is one of the most important sources for the study of ethnic structure of the Ancient Greek population in the Northern Pontic area. It should be noted that prosopography reflects mostly wealthier and usually socially privileged strata, the representatives of city elite and the officials whose names are recorded in epigraphic records. Roman names from Greek and Latin inscriptions of the first centuries AD in the lapidary epigraphy from Olbia are presented in the paper. The names are put in the order according not to their traditional classification but to another approach basing on the name structure. Consequently the Roman names are divided into three groups: 1 — names with Greek structure; 2 — names with Roman structure and 3 — those composed of a single name. Each group consists of subgroups in which the ethnic origin of name is determined. Greek names with Roman structure, Roman (Latin) names with Greek structure, as well as mixed names including the elements of various ethnic and linguistic origin fit into this classification well. According to the name structure it can be already suggested that the bearers of the names of first group did not have the Roman citizenship, while the names of the second group belonged to the Roman citizens. Having received the Roman citizenship the names of new citizens should have consisted of three or two parts, not always Latin, but the name structure had to become traditional Roman one. The classification proposed the possibility to understand fundamental Greek traditions and new phenomena in prosopography of the first centuries AD. The list of names with short information is presented in the Appendix. Nineteen Roman names with Greek structure (personal name and patronymic in the genitive case) and twenty four names with Roman structure are recorded in the Olbian lapidary epigraphy. They appeared in the city onomastics comparatively late: in the first half of the 2nd century. There are only four names with Roman elements in the group of names of Greek structure. They have mostly mixed nature and compound Greek and Roman, Greek, Roman and Iranian, Roman and Iranian elements. The group of names with Roman structure and Roman components contain mostly names consisting of two parts, peculiar for the Late Roman period onomastics. The subgroup of names with mixed elements contains the spesimens of two and three parts of Greek and Roman, Roman and Iranian and Roman and Thracian origin. It should be also noted that each single individual name cannot be considered the direct representation of ethnicity of its bearer. The third group of Roman prosopography in Olbia is represented by a single name. Such names do not clearly indicate the social position of their bearers: they could be either socially depended or full citizens. Consequently, there are 52 names with at least one Roman element. If we proceed from the fact that the Olbian onomastics of the first centuries AD is represented by 299 names, the Roman names make approximately 17.4 % and the people with Roman citizenship was approximately 8.4 % of general number of the Olbiopolites whose names are recorded in epigraphic monuments of Olbia. Unlike Chersonesos and Tyras the members of Olbian civic community rarely received the rights of Roman citizenship and the percentage of names with Roman elements was lower here. This fact indicates first of all a certain peculiarity of Roman-Olbian relations in the general Roman policy towards North Pontic region. This circumstance reasoned the later and relatively weak Roman provincial influence on the city population which reflected in the prosopographical material from Olbia.

Environmental and social follow-up costs of traffic in cities: A case study of the city of Augsburg differentiated by means of transport

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Oebel ◽  
Dr. Tobias Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City

<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> External costs, mobility, environmental costs, social costs, monetarization</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study provides a methodology to evaluate the environmental and social costs, which arise from traffic in the German city of Augsburg. Social costs are driven by air pollutants such as nitric oxides or particulate matter, causing health damages. Environmental follow-up costs are driven by the emission of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, approaches for a successful transformation towards a car-free city are shown.</p> <p><strong>Method: </strong>Based on traffic data from the Augsburg Civil Engineering Office, as well as traffic shares from the German Federal Motor Transport Authority, the average emission factors of vehicles on Augsburg´s streets and, subsequently, the total traffic emissions on municipal roads in the city are quantified. The environmental as well as the social consequences are monetarized using the cost rates by Matthey and Bünger (2019) and van Essen et al. (2019). Social costs are additionally assessed using to the DALY approach. Therefore the DALYs lost due to air pollutants are determined and costs per DALY are calculated using the willingness to pay-approach by Cropper and Khanna (2014) and Spengler (2004) additionally to a method by Daroudi et al. (2019) assessing health care expenditures.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Applying this framework to the case study of Augsburg, results show, that environmental costs of 140.6 Million € arise from traffic in the city per year. These costs are entirely attributable to car traffic (77.7%), truck traffic (19.8%) and motorcycle traffic (1.9%), as public transport in Augsburg is climate neutral. Further, traffic on municipal roads in Augsburg causes a loss of 212.3 DALYs per year, which equals to annual social costs of 27.2 Million €. Cars account for 63.2% of those, trucks for 33.8%, motorcycles for 2.3% and buses for 0.2%, respectively. With a proportion of passenger kilometers of 90.4% from cars, 6.1% from motorcycles and 3.6% from buses, it is evident that cars contribute disproportionately to the environmental and social costs of Augsburg's traffic.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The social and economic follow-up costs of transport in the city of Augsburg are currently not borne by the polluter. Their great amount encourages measures, such as reinforcing the use of bicycles or public transport, eventually facilitating a change towards sustainable traffic in Augsburg.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Cropper, Maureen; Khanna, Shefali (2014): How Should the World Bank Estimate Air Pollution Damages? In Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, pp. 14–30.</p> <p>Daroudi, Rajabali; Faramarzi, Ahmad; Akbari Sari, Ali; Nahvijou, Azin (2019): Cost Per Daly Averted in Low, Middle and High Income Countries: Evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study to Estimate the Cost Effectiveness Thresholds. In SSRN Journal.</p> <p>Matthey, Astrid; Bünger, Björn (2019): Methodenkonvention 3.0 zur Ermittlung von Umweltkosten – Kostensätze. Edited by Umweltbundesamt. Available online at https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-02-11_methodenkonvention-3-0_kostensaetze_korr.pdf, checked on 10/29/2020.</p> <p>Spengler, Hannes (2004): Kompensatorische Lohndifferenziale und der Wert eines statistischen Lebens in Deutschland. In Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung-Journal for Labour Market Research 37 (3), pp. 269–305.</p> <p>van Essen, Huib; van Wijngaarden, Lisanne, Schroten, Arno; Sutter, Daniel; Bieler, Cuno; Maffii, Silvia; Brambilla, Marco et al. (2019): Handbook on the external costs of transport. Edited by CE Delft. Available online at https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/studies/internalisation-handbook-isbn-978-92-79-96917-1.pdf, checked on 10/29/2020.</p>

scholarly journals Battling "the bane of our cities": Class, territory, and the prohibition debate in Toronto, 1877

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
M. P. Sendbuehler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Option ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Working

In the nineteenth century, the tavern was an important institution in urban working-class life. Because of the social ills associated with alcohol abuse and public drinking, there were frequent attempts to lessen the tavern's importance or to eliminate it entirely. This paper examines several tavern-related issues that emerged in Toronto in the 1870s and 1880s. The Crooks Act, passed in 1876, employed powerful measures to deal with political and temperance questions simultaneously. The intersection of class, politics, temperance, and urban life led to a territorial solution to the liquor question. These issues were dealt with by the people of Toronto in 1877, when they declined to prohibit public drinking in the city via the Dunkin Act, a local option prohibition statute of the Province of Canada.

scholarly journals Rural's Reinvention in Rio de Janeiro: Café na Roça Experience in Campo Grande Neighborhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-408
Author(s):  
Maria Amalia Silva Alves de Oliveira ◽  
◽  
Ingrid Almeida de Barros Pena ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
The West ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The City

The socioeconomic, political and cultural integration process of the region known as Zona Oeste [West Zone], in the city of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil], was built on agricultural vocation conceiving. The spatial analysis of this work is Rio da Prata, a neighborhood of Campo Grande, in the West Zone. Using desk and field methods, the methodological orientation is given by the theoretical framework of Social Memory. A contextualization of the region is presented in a historical perspective, seeking to dialogue in an interdisciplinary way with issues inherent to representations about the urban-rural from a perspective reoriented towards to the environmental bias, and also about the notions of 'tourism' and 'leisure'. It is hypothesized that the increase of visitation in natural areas, allied to the tendency of turistification of rural communities’ lifestyle changed the people flow in the neighborhood and produced symbolic goods. This work discusses the nuances presented in the turistification process and highlights that it is the memory of what remained in the social representation as rural that draws up the local attractiveness.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Dakwah melalui Program Kuliah Subuh di Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries Kango ◽  
Jefri Jefri
Keyword(s):  
External Evaluation ◽  
Work Program ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
The People ◽  
Systematic Planning ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Efficient Work

<p><em>Abstract</em><br /><em>Da'wah needs to be developed in a systematic, systematic, planning, organizing, directing, and supervising process, which in the modern context is called Da'wah management. One of the da'wah activities is the dawn lecture organized by Muhammadiyah Gorontalo City. The organization certainly aims to achieve better results and not fail. Therefore it needs to be well organized. On this basis the researchers conducted research related to the effectiveness of da'wah through the dawn lecture program organized by Muhammadiyah Gorontalo City. This research is a descriptive qualitative study using a da'wah approach, sociology and management. Data collection techniques are done through observation, interviews and documentation. While the validity of the data uses triangulation techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the da'wah process in the Muhammadiyah dawn lecture program in Gorontalo City, and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of this program. The results of the study that preaching through the dawn lecture program in the City of Gorontalo Muhammadiyah based on the Qur'an and Hadith. The program has a planning flow that is deliberating in forming an effective and efficient work program, organizing in accordance with the organizational structure in general, there are two parts in the preaching of dawn lectures in the Muhammadiyah City of Gorontalo, namely internal and external, evaluation in general a process for determining or making decisions to what extent program objectives have been achieved. The inhibiting factors are only found in unfavorable weather and difficult to find addresses, because the people who ask are different so the addresses are different. The supporting factors are the commitment of the organizers of the Gorontalo City Muhammadiyah organization, the members of the dawn lecture itself and the cost / funds, as well as from the local government.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: Da'wa, management functions, Muhammadiyah.</em></p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Dakwah perlu dikembangkan dengan proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penyusunan, pengarahan dan pengawasan yang sudah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu secara sistematis, yang dalam konteks modern dinamakan manajemen dakwah. Aktivitas dakwah salah satunya yakni kuliah subuh yang diselenggarakan oleh Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo. Organisasi tentu bertujuan mencapai hasil yang lebih baik dan tidak gagal. Oleh karena itu perlu terorganisir dengan yang baik. Atas dasar ini peneliti melakukan penelitian terkait efektivitas dakwah melalui program kuliah subuh yang diadakan oleh Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan dakwah, sosiologi dan manajemen. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, interview dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan keabsahan data mengunakan teknik triangulasi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui keefektifan proses dakwah pada program kuliah subuh Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo, serta untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat program ini. Hasil penelitian bahwa dakwah melalui program kuliah subuh di Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo berdasarkan Al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Adapun program ini memiliki alur perencanaan yaitu bermusyawarah dalam membentuk program kerja yang efektif dan efisien, pengorganisasian sesuai dengan struktur organisasi pada umumnya, penggerakkan dalam dakwah kuliah subuh di Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo ada dua bagian yakni internal dan eksternal, evaluasi secara umum suatu proses untuk menentukan atau membuat keputusan sejauh mana tujuan program yang telah tercapai. Adapun factor penghambat hanya terdapat pada cuaca yang kurang mendukung dan alamat yang sulit untuk ditemukan, karena yang meminta orang berbeda sehingga alamat pun berbeda-beda. Adapun faktor pendukung terdapat pada komitmen para pengurus organisasi Muhammadiyah Kota Gorontalo, jamaah kuliah subuh itu sendiri dan biaya/dana, serta dari kalangan pemerintah setempat.</p><p>Kata kunci: Dakwah, fungsi manajemen, Muhammadiyah.</p>

scholarly journals Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Abbas Abbas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Research Data ◽  
American People ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.

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