EFFECT OF FRYING TEMPERATURE/FRYING CYCLES ON trans-FATS AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF GROUNDNUT OIL - CARDIAC RISK FACTORS

Objective: Frying process leads to oxidative deterioration and generation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in fats/oils resulting in elevated cardiac risk. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of frying temperatures and the number of frying cycles on TFA and primary/secondary oxidative indices of groundnut oil used for preparing French fries.Methods: TFA (by gas chromatography) and other chemical parameters (by American Oil Chemists’ Society official methods) were estimated at varying temperatures (160°C, 180°C, 200°C, 220°C and 230°C) and frying cycles (1st, 4th, 8th 16th and 32nd).Results: With soaring frying temperatures and progressive frying cycles, mean cis-unsaturated fatty acids decreased while mean saturated fatty acids and TFA increased. Temperature variation indicated increase in mean TFA from 0.13±0.02 g/100 g (160°C; 32nd cycle) to 1.88±0.04 g/100g (230°C;32nd cycle) (p<0.05). With successive frying cycles, TFA increased from 0.10±0.01 g/100 g (1st cycle) to 0.13±0.02 g/100 g (32nd cycle) when oil was heated to 160°C; and 1.16±0.02 g/100 g (1st cycle) to 1.88±0.04 g/100 g (32nd cycle) when oil reached 230°C. Acid value, p-anisidine value and total oxidation value demonstrated a significant increase at varying frying temperatures across the frying cycles (p<0.05); however, peroxide value (PV) indicated an inconsistent trend.Conclusion: TFA and oxidative parameters increased with elevating frying temperatures and progressive frying cycles; however, PV demonstrated inconsistency. Food safety agencies need to formulate policies, stringent food laws and impose necessary regulations to curb oil abuse during frying. There is a dire need to raise consumer awareness regarding deleterious health effects of TFA and oxidative deterioration of edible oils.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF FRYING TEMPERATURE/FRYING CYCLES ON trans-FATS AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF GROUNDNUT OIL - CARDIAC RISK FACTORS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v12i1.30474 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 452

Author(s):

Akanksha Jain ◽

Santosh Jain Passi ◽

William Selvamurthy ◽

Archna Singh

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Value ◽

Cardiac Risk ◽

Groundnut Oil ◽

Total Oxidation ◽

Oxidative Deterioration ◽

Frying Process

Download Full-text

Changes in Higher Fatty Acids and Related Biochemical Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco during Aging

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0718 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 315-319

Author(s):

Z Daheng ◽

H Jinfeng ◽

G Chunyun ◽

C Rui

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Natural Aging ◽

Acid Value ◽

Biochemical Characteristics ◽

Initial Stage ◽

One Year ◽

Higher Fatty Acids

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in higher fatty acids and related biochemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco during the process of aging. The concentration of total lipids in flue-cured tobacco decreased gradually during natural aging, but the concentration of individual principal higher fatty acids in flue-cured tobacco changed much differently during aging. Myristic acid (C14:0) increased constantly during the whole aging process. Stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) increased at the initial stages of aging and reached maximum contents after one year of aging, but decreased thereafter. Palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) decreased constantly throughout aging, especially the linolenic acid content which decreased drastically. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1; C18:2; C18:3) and saturated fatty acids (C14:0; C16:0; C18:0) decreased continuously during aging, from 1.00 at the initial stage to 0.43 at the end of aging, when it seemed to be stabilized. The maximum rate of decrease of the ratio was between 12 to 18 mo during aging. The activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) and peroxidation value (POV) initially increased and reached their highest levels after 6 mo of aging, but steadily decreased thereafter. The acid value (AV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased during the first 12 mo of aging, then decreased rapidly after 12 and 18 mo, respectively.

Download Full-text

Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Improvement of Angelica dahurica cv. Yubaizhi Essential Oil on Sunflower Oil during High-temperature Storage

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8040403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 403

Author(s):

Dongying Wang ◽

Yudong Meng ◽

Chenxin Wang ◽

Xuede Wang ◽

Francesca Blasi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Temperature ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Angelica Dahurica ◽

Total Oxidation ◽

High Temperature Storage ◽

Temperature Storage

The oxidative state of sunflower oil during high-temperature storage has been facing large challenges. In the study, the antioxidant effect of the essential oil of Angelica dahurica cv. Yubaizhi (ADEO) in sunflower oil was explored. In the high-temperature storage for 24 days at 65 °C, ADEO (800 ppm) was able to markedly inhibit the development of the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AnV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total polar compounds (TPC), and the absorbance at 232 and 268 nm (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) of sunflower oil and to prominently inhibit the transformation between unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). Interestingly, the synergistic effect of ADEO (400 ppm) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ, 100 ppm) was demonstrated. Furthermore, the sensory attributes such as flavor, taste, and overall acceptability of oxidized sunflower oil added by ADEO at 200, 400, and 800 ppm were memorably elevated (p < 0.05). Besides, one of its main compounds, myrcene, was demonstrated to be its active compound during the whole investigation. Consequently, TBHQ at 200 ppm could be substituted by ADEO at 800 ppm and myrcene at 69.8 ppm in the high-temperature storage at 65 °C of sunflower oil.

Download Full-text

Perbedaan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas Pada Minyak Goreng Yang Mengalami Pemanasan Ulang Dengan Penambahan Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa) Dan Bawang Putih (Allium Sativum)

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i2.146 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Gervacia Jenny Ratnawati ◽

Hendra Budi Sungkawa

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

P Value ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Frying Process ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Study Results ◽

Higher Temperature

Abstract: Cooking oil generally can be used for 3-4 times frying. If it used repeatedly, oil will be changed in color. When frying process, double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids will break and formed saturated fatty acids. A qualified oil was contained unsaturated fatty acid more than its saturated fatty acids. The use of oil many times will lead the oil double bond oxidized and form the peroxide group and cyclic monomer, such oil reported damage and harm our health. A higher temperature and a longer time of heating, saturated fatty acids level will be increased. Beside repeatedly frying, oil can be damaged by wrong storage for certain period, consequently triglyceride bond broke and form into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA). Red onion and garlic contain high antioxidant. The benefits that make them become phenomenal in medical research is their potency in against cancer and other dangerous diseases. They also can be used as crucial antioxidant sources in the fight against free radicals in body. Based on study results showed that the average of free fatty acids (FFA) in used cooking oil that added by garlic was 5,29% and red onion was 5,22%. Statistical test gained by computerized data processing with t-test p value>0,05 so it can be concluded that Ha refused by meaning that there was not a difference between number of FFA in used cooking oil which added garlic and red onion. Abstrak: Minyak goreng biasanya bisa digunakan hingga 3 - 4 kali penggorengan. Jika digunakan berulang kali, minyak akan berubah warna. Saat penggorengan dilakukan, ikatan rangkap yang terdapat pada asam lemak tak jenuh akan putus membentuk asam lemak jenuh. Minyak yang baik adalah minyak yang mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan kandungan asam lemak jenuhnya. Penggunaan minyak berkali-kali akan membuat ikatan rangkap minyak teroksidasi membentuk gugus peroksida dan monomer siklik, minyak yang seperti ini dikatakan telah rusak dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Suhu yang semakin tinggi dan semakin lama pemanasan, kadar asam lemak jenuh akan semakin naik. Selain karena penggorengan berkali-kali, minyak dapat menjadi rusak karena penyimpanan yang salah dalam jangka waktu tertentu sehingga ikatan trigliserida pecah menjadi gliserol dan asam lemak bebas. Bawang merah dan bawang putih sangat tinggi akan kandungan antioksidannya. Manfaat bawang merah dan bawang putih yang membuatnya fenomenal di dunia medis adalah kemampuannya dalam memerangi kanker dan berbagai penyakit berbahaya. Ia juga dapat dijadikan sumber antioksidan yang sangat ampuh untuk memerangi radikal bebas di dalam tubuh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kadar rata-rata kadar asam lemak bebas pada minyak goreng bekas yang ditambahkan bawang putih sebesar 5,29% dan bawang merah sebesar 5,22%. Hasil uji statistic diperoleh pengolahan data secara komputerisasi melalui uji-t diperoleh nilai p > 0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha ditolak yang artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar bilangan asam lemak bebas pada minyak goreng bekas yang ditambahkan bawang putih dan bawang merah.

Download Full-text

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s ◽

10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

A. Levitsky ◽

A. Lapinska ◽

I. Selivanskaya

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

White Rats ◽

Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.4.1.31-39 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Siwitri Kadarsih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords :

Download Full-text

Differential Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Composition and Adiposity

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401314666181010100002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 142-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hadi Emamat ◽

Zahra Yari ◽

Hossein Farhadnejad ◽

Parvin Mirmiran

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fats ◽

Total Body

Recent evidence has highlighted that fat accumulation, particularly abdominal fat distribution, is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. It is also well-recognized that the metabolic responses to variations in macronutrients intake can affect body composition. Previous studies suggest that the quality of dietary fats can be considered as the main determinant of body-fat deposition, fat distribution, and body composition without altering the total body weight; however, the effects of dietary fats on body composition have controversial results. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids are more obesogen than unsaturated fatty acids, and with the exception of some isomers like conjugate linoleic acid, most dietary trans fatty acids are adiposity enhancers, but there is no consensus on it yet. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indicate that higher intake of the n-3 and the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be beneficial in attenuating adiposity, and the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition is contradictory. Accordingly, the content of this review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the potential effects of the different types of dietary fatty acids on body composition and adiposity. It also refers to the putative mechanisms underlying this association and reflects on the controversy of this topic.

Download Full-text

Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02952-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lihong Ma ◽

Xinqi Cheng ◽

Chuan Wang ◽

Xinyu Zhang ◽

Fei Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Gene Network ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Time Points ◽

Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

Download Full-text