scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF LEAF EXTRACT OF VITEX NEGUNDO AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
POONGUZALI J ◽  
KALAIVANI M
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Vitex Negundo ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Repeated Use

Objective: Mosquitoes are one of the most significant vectors among arthropods. Infection due to mosquito plays a major health problem in developing countries. Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control has disrupted natural biological control systems and led to resurgences in mosquito populations. Plants may be an alternative source of mosquito control, potential as insecticide. Controlling of mosquitoes at the larval stage is easy, as target specificity of the larvicide used can be ensured. Methods: The present study has assessed the role of larvicidal activity of aqueous, chloroform, and methanol leaf extracts of Vitex negundo plant against first, second, third, and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Mortality rates were recorded after 24 h and 48 h to evaluate the larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus. Results: Among the three extracts, the methanol extract was found to be the most effective providing 86.67% mortality at 200 ppm concentration against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, when compared with aqueous and chloroform extracts, where the mortality rate is 83.33% and 70.00%, respectively. Conclusions: The results therefore clearly indicate that V. negundo leaf extracts possess larvicidal activity against the larvae and could be a possible source of mosquito larvicides.

scholarly journals LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA INDICA AND VITEX NEGUNDO ON CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Rathnasagar K ◽  
Thiyagaraj Anand
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Vitex Negundo ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Sterol Binding

Objectives: The activity of two different leaf extracts of Lantana indica and Vitex negundo is tested against the 3rd and 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to evaluate the potency of the extracts as a larvicide and to find an ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides. A bioinformatics screening approach was performed to evaluate the in vivo results.Methods: The obtained larvae’s from nearby water sources were tested with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) as the positive control which is the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the solvents used for the respective plant extracts act as the negative control. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and an aqueous (AQ) extract were prepared for both L. indica and V. negundo extracts, and its larvicidal activity was tested. A docking based approach was used to study the inhibitory effect of known active compounds from L. indica and V. negundo against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and sterol binding protein as targets.Results: On comparing the results between three plants extract for its larvicidal activity, the EA extract of V. negundo and L. indica is found to be potent with a low LC50 value. Further, the docking studies between active compounds of L. indica and V. negundo with AChE and Sterol binding protein as targets showed that the compound tangeritin-1 had a good docking score compared to DEET and could be a natural alternative for larvicidal activity in the mosquito.Conclusion: Individual activity of tangeritin-1 could be further studied with mosquito mortality studies and molecular simulations and develop tangeritin-1 as a potential larvicidal compound for commercial use.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Enzyme Inhibition and Repellent Activity of Red Mangrove Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) Leaf Extracts and Their Biomolecules against Three Medically Challenging Arthropod Vectors

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3844
Author(s):  
Sengodan Karthi ◽  
Karthic Uthirarajan ◽  
Vinothkumar Manohar ◽  
Manigandan Venkatesan ◽  
Kamaraj Chinnaperumal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Repellent Activity ◽  
Rhizophora Mucronata ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Red Mangrove

The larvicidal potential of crude leaf extracts of Rhizophora mucronata, the red mangrove, using diverse solvent extracts of the plant against the early fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors was analyzed. The acetone extract of R. mucronata showed the greatest efficacy: for Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.13 mg/mL; LC90 = 2.84 mg/mL), An. stephensi (LC50 = 0.34 mg/mL; LC90 = 6.03 mg/mL), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 0.11 mg/mL; LC90 = 1.35 mg/mL). The acetone extract was further fractionated into four fractions and tested for its larvicidal activity. Fraction 3 showed stronger larvicidal activity against all the three mosquito larvae. Chemical characterization of the acetone extract displayed the existence of several identifiable compounds like phytol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, eicosanoic acid etc. Enzyme assay displayed that R. mucronata active F3-fractions exert divergent effects on all three mosquitos’ biochemical defensive mechanisms. The plant fractions displayed significant repellent activity against all the three mosquito vectors up to the maximum repellent time of 210 min. Thus, the bioactive molecules in the acetone extract of R. murconata leaves showed significant larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory activity and displayed novel eco-friendly tool for mosquito control.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Efficacy and GC-MS Analysis of Hyptis suaveolens Leaf Extracts against Anopheles Species

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Y. D. Dakum ◽  
C. N. Amajoh ◽  
A. Ombugadu ◽  
G. Istifanus ◽  
F. Agwom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract

Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects in terms of public health importance, which transmit serious human diseases. The continuous application of synthetic insecticides to control these mosquitoes causes development of resistance in vector species, and an adverse effect on environmental quality and non-target organisms including human health. Therefore, the use of active toxic agents from plant extracts as alternative mosquito control strategy cannot be over emphasized, as these are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show target - specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of H. suaveolens against the fourth instars larvae of Anopheles species. Standard WHO protocols was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated at concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L. The larval mortality was observed after 24 and 48hours bioassay. The results are mean of three replicates and the mortalities recorded were subjected to chi-square test and probit analysis to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50). TheGC-MS analysis ofthe methanolic leaf extract of the plantrevealed the presence of twelve compounds on the chromatogram. Among the major compounds areOleic Acid (33.33%), Octadecanoic acid (13.52%), 1,3-Cyclohexadiene-1-methanol,alpha.,2,6,6-(10.42%), 1,3-Cyclopentanediol, trans (9.60%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (9.01%) and 4-Hepten-3-one, 4-methyl (7.0%).The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of the plant revealed the presence of Tannins, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycoside and resins. The LC50 values estimated were 316.22mg/Lfor methanol extract and 323.59 mg/L for aqueous extract. The differences between the two extracts were however not significantly different at P>0.05. The findings also revealed that mortality was concentration dependent and both extracts showed promising larvicidal activity against Anopheles species larvae. Therefore, the crude leaf extract of the plant is recommended to be used as alternative to synthetic larvicides and further research is needed to test the activity of the plant on non-target organisms.

scholarly journals Precision Preventive Medicine of Relapse in Smoking Cessation: Can MRI Inform the Search of Intermediate Phenotypes?

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Yolaine Rabat ◽  
Sandra Chanraud ◽  
Majd Abdallah ◽  
Igor Sibon ◽  
Sylvie Berthoz
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Prevention Therapy ◽  
Cessation Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Chronic tobacco smoking remains a major health problem worldwide. Numerous smokers wish to quit but most fail, even if they are helped. The possibility of identifying neuro-biomarkers in smokers at high risk of relapse could be of incredible progress toward personalized prevention therapy. Our aim is to provide a scoping review of this research topic in the field of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and to review the studies that investigated if MRI defined markers predicted smoking cessation treatment outcome (abstainers versus relapsers). Based on the available literature, a meta-analysis could not be conducted. We thus provide an overview of the results obtained and take stock of methodological issues that will need to be addressed to pave the way toward precision medicine. Based on the most consistent findings, we discuss the pivotal role of the insula in light of the most recent neurocognitive models of addiction.

scholarly journals A Review of Nutritional Factors in Hypertension Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ha Nguyen ◽  
Olaide A. Odelola ◽  
Janani Rangaswami ◽  
Aman Amanullah
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Dietary Modification ◽  
Hypertension Management ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Nutritional Factors

Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide. Its attendant morbidity and mortality complications have a great impact on patient’s quality of life and survival. Optimizing blood pressure control has been shown to improve overall health outcomes. In addition to pharmacological therapies, nonpharmacological approach such as dietary modification plays an important role in controlling blood pressure. Many dietary components such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium have been studied substantially in the past decades. While some of these nutrients have clear evidence for their recommendation, some remain controversial and are still of ongoing study. Dietary modification is often discussed with patients and can provide a great benefit in blood pressure regulation. As such, reviewing the current evidence will be very useful in guiding patients and their physician and/or dietician in decision making. In this review article of nutritional factors in hypertension management, we aim to examine the role of nutritional factors individually and as components of whole dietary patterns.

scholarly journals Endothelial Dysfunction and Neutrophil Degranulation as Central Events in Sepsis Physiopathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6272
Author(s):  
Marta Martín-Fernández ◽  
Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco ◽  
Rocío Aller ◽  
Hugo Gonzalo-Benito ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
New Biomarkers

Sepsis is a major health problem worldwide. It is a time-dependent disease, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. In this sense, an early diagnosis is essential to reduce these rates. The progressive increase of both the incidence and prevalence of sepsis has translated into a significant socioeconomic burden for health systems. Currently, it is the leading cause of noncoronary mortality worldwide and represents one of the most prevalent pathologies both in hospital emergency services and in intensive care units. In this article, we review the role of both endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil dysregulation in the physiopathology of this disease. The lack of a key symptom in sepsis makes it difficult to obtain a quick and accurate diagnosis of this condition. Thus, it is essential to have fast and reliable diagnostic tools. In this sense, the use of biomarkers can be a very important alternative when it comes to achieving these goals. Both new biomarkers and treatments related to endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil dysregulation deserve to be further investigated in order to open new venues for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of sepsis.

scholarly journals Regulation of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congjian Shi ◽  
Hongqin Yang ◽  
Zhengchao Wang ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Common Malignancy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of endogenous nanoscale vesicles that are secreted by various cell types. Based on their biogenesis and size distribution, EVs can be broadly classified as exosomes and microvesicles. Exosomes are enveloped by lipid bilayers with a size of 30–150 nm in diameter, which contain diverse biomolecules, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Exosomes transport their bioactive cargoes from original cells to recipient cells, thus play crucial roles in mediating intercellular communication. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and remains a major health problem worldwide, diagnostic strategies and therapies aimed at breast cancer are still limited. Growing evidence shows that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, including tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. Here, we provide a straightforward overview of exosomes and highlight the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, moreover, we discuss the potential application of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic tools in breast cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Activity of Some Plants Extracts and Their Partitioned Fractions against Culex quinquefasciatus

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Funmilayo G. Famuyiwa ◽  
Francis B. Adewoyin ◽  
Oluyemi J. Oladiran ◽  
Oluwatosin R. Obagbemi
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Powdered Material ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Highly Active

Aim: The methanol extracts of fifteen plants and their partitioned fractions were screened for larvicidal activity against the fourth instar of larvae Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis with a view to identifying the active ones. Methodology: The plant parts were collected, separately dried and milled. Each powdered material was extracted in methanol at room temperature for 3 days, with agitation. The extract was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Each extract was tested against the fourth instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The methanol extracts were suspended in water and successively partitioned into n-hexane and ethylacetate. Each partitioned fraction was also tested against the fourth instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results: About fifty six percent (56.3%) of the tested extracts had moderate larvicidal activity after 48 hours. The fruit extract of Thevetia neriifolia and the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera and Solanum macrocarpon were the most active. After partitioning the methanol extracts, each of the plant extracts had one or two highly active partitioned fractions after 48 hours. The n-hexane fractions of S. macrocarpon (0.78 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and Spondias mombin (0.81 ± 0.03 mg/mL) were the most active. Conclusion: The non-polar fractions of S. macrocarpon and S. mombin were the most active. Purification of these highly active fractions could lead to the isolation of potent larvicidal compounds that could be used in the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito.

scholarly journals Exploring the Possible Role of Nature in Curing Leishmaniasis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ravinder Sharma ◽  
Vikas Gupta ◽  
Viney Chawla ◽  
Pooja Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Number Of Plant Species

Background: Communicable diseases have always been a threat to mankind since times immemorial. Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease caused by protozoan of various species of leishmania, is a major health problem spreading across 98 countries and about 350 million people stand the risk of this infection worldwide. Medical research has struggled a lot to combat this disease. Objective: Among the various approaches available for treatment of Leishmaniasis, many are costly so there is a need to develop effective but economical and easily available antileishmanial agents. Methods: Natural products are important source of various new medicaments and their derivatives can be used for synthetic modification and bioactivity optimization. Therefore, in order to fulfil the need for novel, economical, more effective and safer chemotherapeutic agents, scientists have explored Mother Nature in detail. Results: A number of plant species possess inhibitory activity against certain types of parasites such as Leishmania major, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania donovani. Moreover natural products are economical, safer, more effective and without considerable side effects. Conclusion: The present review highlights the leishmanicidal activity of various natural products with an insight in to their possible mechanism.

scholarly journals Infeksi Chlamydia Trachomatis pada Penderita Karsinoma Serviks Terinfeksi Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) tipe 16 di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Indri Ramayanti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Radical Mechanism ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Papilloma Virus

Cervical carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasm amongwomenin developing countries and remains as a major health problem world wide. In Indonesia,the incident of cervical carcinoma are around 180.000 new cases per year or 90-100 nevvcancers among 100.000 communities. Several studies have reported the role of HPV as anSTD agent (Sexually Trasmitted Disease). Cofactor in the HPV infection accelerate up thedevelopment of infection into cancer One of the STD cofactor is co infection with C.trachomatis. Infection ofC. trachomatis is perceived as cofoctor that synergatedwith HPVthroughfree radical mechanism and immune system.The objective of the study is to know the presence of C. trachomatis infection hadpotencyfor being cofactor HPV I 6 in cervical carcinoma patients.Twentylhree sample of cervical smeati cervical carcinoma biopsies and freshtissue obtained from surgerydep, from DR. Sardjito Hospital, Yogtalurta. The DNAisolated of samples were amplified by PCR using primer (E6for-vvard and reversed) fromORF E6 HPV I 6. Sample with positive DNA HPV I 6 was then ampli/ied C. trachomatis genus i ng p ri m er (C C 3 / C C Q from th e s e q uen c e of cry ptic C hl amy dia p I asmid.The research showed thatfrom 23 cases of cervical carcinomawere obtained HPVpositive type 16 with 16 cases (69,5%o). From 16 cases of HPV type 16 positive cervicalcarcinoma, 15 cases were examined to know the presence of C. trachomatis and wereobtained 8 cases (53,j%o) as C. trachomatis positive.

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