scholarly journals PHYSICAL STABILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY OF A NANOEMULSION GEL FORMULATION CONTAINING TOCOTRIENOL

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Mentari Mayang Suminar ◽  
Mahdi Jufri

Objective: Tocotrienols have an antioxidant potential higher than that of tocopherols. Nanoemulsion gel can deliver tocotrienols into the skin toprevent skin damage caused by free radicals and improve the stability of the dosage form. The present study aimed to determine the physical stabilityand antioxidant activity of a nanoemulsion gel formulation containing tocotrienol.Methods: The tocotrienol nanoemulsion was made using tocotrienols, oleic acid, Tween 80, 96% ethanol, and propylene glycol. The gel base was madeusing a carbomer and triethanolamine. A physical stability test was conducted at three different temperatures, namely, low temperature (4±2°C),room temperature (27±2°C), and high temperature (40±2°C). The antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methodfor determining inhibitory concentration (IC50) values.Results: Formula 1 demonstrated the best physical stability, with a pH of 6.2. The droplet size of the tocotrienol nanoemulsion gel was 596 nm, witha zeta potential value of −27.1 nm. The IC50 of the tocotrienol nanoemulsion gel was 6252.14 ppm.Conclusion: The nanoemulsion gel formulation retained antioxidant activity and was physically stable for 8 weeks.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 099-105
Author(s):  
Nita Tirmiara ◽  
Anayanti Arianto ◽  
Hakim Bangun

Vitamin E merupakan salah satu bahan yang dapat melindungi kulit dari berbagai kerusakan kulit yang disebabkan radikal bebas seperti kulit menjadi kering dan berkeriput yang dapat menyebabkan penuaan dini. Bentuk sediaan nanoemulsi gel sangat bermanfaat digunakan sebagai anti-aging kulit karena memiliki kestabilan yang tinggi dengan ukuran partikel yang kecil dan penetrasi dari bahan aktif ke kulit yang lebih mudah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan vitamin E dalam sediaan nanoemulsi gel dan mengevaluasi aktivitas anti-aging kulit dari sediaan. Nanoemulsi gel diformulasi dalam 3 formula yaitu F1, F2 dan F3 dengan variasi jumlah vitamin E (1%, 3%, dan 5%), sebagai fase minyak adalah minyak zaitun, Tween 80 sebagai surfaktan dan sorbitol sebagai ko-surfaktan dengan basis gel karbopol 940. Evaluasi stabilitas sediaan nanoemulsi gel meliputi uji sentrifugasi, homogenitas, pengukuran viskositas, pH, pengamatan organoleptis dan pengukuran ukuran partikel dan evaluasi aktivitas anti-aging sediaan nanoemulsi gell dari formula terpilih, Semua formula nanoemulsi gel berwarna kuning transparan, stabil selama penyimpanan 12 minggu pada suhu kamar dan formula F3 menunjukkan ukuran partikel yang paling kecil yaitu 129,90 nm dan 492,93 nm setelah penyimpanan 12 minggu pada suhu kamar dan tetap stabil, sedangkan emulsi gel terjadi pemisahan fase (tidak stabil). Hasil aktivitas anti-aging sediaan nanoemulsi gel lebih baik dibandingkan sediaan emulsi gel dalam hal peningkatan kadar air, pengecilan pori, pengurangan noda dan jumlah keriput pada kulit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah sediaan nanoemulsi gel vitamin E lebih stabil dan memiliki aktivitas anti-aging yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sediaan emulsi gel.   Vitamin E is acompound that can protect the skin from various skin damage caused by free radicals such as dry and wrinkled skin which can cause premature aging. Nanoemulsion gel dosage form is very useful to be used as anti-aging skin because it has high stability with small particle size and easier penetration of active ingredients to the skin.This study aimed to formulate vitamin E in nanoemulsion  geldosage form and evaluate its skin anti-aging activity. Nanoemulsion gel was formulated in 3 formulas namely F1, F2 and F3 with various amount of vitamin E (1%, 3% and 5%), as oil phase was olive oil, Tween 80 as surfactant and sorbitol as co-surfactant with carbopol gel base 940.The stability evaluation of nanoemulsion gel dosage form included centrifugation, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, organoleptic observation and particle size measurement and evaluation of anti-aging activity of nanoemulsion gel from selected formulas, all transparent nanoemulsion gel formulas were yellow in colour, stable for 12 weeks storage at temperature rooms and F3 formulas showed the smallest particle size of 129.90 nm and 492.93 nm after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature and remain stable, while the  emulsion gel was separated (unstable).The results showed that anti-aging activity of nanoemulsion gel were better than emulsiongel in terms of increased moisture content, pore reduction, reduction of stains and the amount of wrinkles on the skin. It can be concluded that that the vitamin E nanoemulsion gel is more stable and has better anti-aging activity compared to the emulsion gel.


1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Tirmiara ◽  
Julia Reveny ◽  
Jansen Silalahi

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the moringa seed oil (MSO) nanoemulsion gel using high-energy emulsification method. Methods: Nanoemulsion gel formulated by high-energy emulsification method using the comparison of surfactant (tween 80) and cosurfactant (sorbitol) concentration with the variation of moringa seed oil concentration. Evaluation of the stability of the nanoemulsion gel preparation includes centrifugation test, viscosity, pH, organoleptic observation (odor, color, clarity, and phase separation), and particle size measurement during 12 weeks storage at room temperature. Results: The results showed that all nanoemulsion gel preparations are transparent yellow, characteristic odor, type weights 1.0888–1.1193 g/ml, and stable for 12 weeks storage at room temperature. The smallest particle size produced by the nanoemulsion gel preparation in a formula of the concentration of 5%, which 52.25 nm. Conclusions: Moringa seed oil can be formulated as a nanoemulsion gel by high energy emulsification method. MSO  with a 5% concentration was very stable for 12 weeks storage.    


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Ce Cheng ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Liqiang Zou ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  

There is growing interest in developing biomaterial-coated liposome delivery systems to improve the stability and bioavailability of curcumin, which is a hydrophobic nutraceutical claimed to have several health benefits. The curcumin-loaded rhamnolipid liposomes (Cur-RL-Lips) were fabricated from rhamnolipid and phospholipids, and then chitosan (CS) covered the surface of Cur-RL-Lips by electrostatic interaction to form CS-coated Cur-RL-Lips. The influence of CS concentration on the physical stability and digestion of the liposomes was investigated. The CS-coated Cur-RL-Lips with RL:CS = 1:1 have a relatively small size (412.9 nm) and positive charge (19.7 mV). The CS-coated Cur-RL-Lips remained stable from pH 2 to 5 at room temperature and can effectively slow the degradation of curcumin at 80 °C; however, they were highly unstable to salt addition. In addition, compared with Cur-RL-Lips, the bioavailability of curcumin in CS-coated Cur-RL-Lips was relatively high due to its high transformation in gastrointestinal tract. These results may facilitate the design of a more efficacious liposomal delivery system that enhances the stability and bioavailability of curcumin in nutraceutical-loaded functional foods and beverages.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Deryl Nii Okantey Kuevi ◽  
Noble Kuntworbe ◽  
Enoch Ayertey

Dispersed systems such as emulsions are easily destabilised during processing and storage since they are thermodynamically unstable systems. It is for this reason emulsifiers/stabilisers are frequently employed in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations to increase their short- and long-term kinetic stability. This current study seeks to investigate the potential emulsifying property of gums obtained from Khaya senegalensis (family: Meliaceae) trees. Gums were collected, authenticated, oven-dried, milled, filtered, and purified using 96% ethanol. The microbial quality of the gum was assessed following the BP (2013) specifications. The purified gum was free from some selected pathogenic microorganisms, rendering the gum safe for consumption. The emulsifying property was investigated by formulating emulsions using castor oil and employing the dry gum method. The ratios of oil-to-water-to-gum for the formulation of a stable emulsion were determined. The stability of the emulsion was evaluated, and an effort was made to improve the stability by incorporating Tween 80, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and xanthan gum. From the results, it can be inferred that Tween 80 (0.5%) was able to stabilise the emulsion. Addition of xanthan gum worsened the creaming. The effects of pH (4.0, 5.5, 7.2, 9.0, and 11.0) and electrolytes (0.1 M of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) on the physical stability of oil-in-water emulsions were studied during 12 weeks of storage. Percentage creaming volume and whether there was phase inversion were the criteria used as the evaluation parameter. From the percentage creaming volume data, emulsions formulated with both gums showed the lowest creaming volumes at pH of 7.2, followed by the acidic regions (pH 4.0, 5.5), with the basic regions (pH 9.0, 11.0) recording the highest creaming volumes. The effects of the various electrolytes at a constant concentration of 0.1 M on the o/w emulsions were found in this order NaCl < KCl < CaCl2. This study proves that Khaya senegalensis gum can successfully be employed as an emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical formulations.


2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yi Hsu ◽  
Chao-Chen Yang

The conductivities of the binary room-temperature molten salt (RTMS) systems ZnCl2-N-nbutylpyridinium chloride (BPC), ZnCl2 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and ZnCl2 - benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) have been measured at different temperatures and compositions by a d.c. four-probes method. The conductivities of the three RTMS are in the order ZnCl2-EMIC > ZnCl2-BPC > ZnCl2-BTEAC. In ZnCl2-BPC the conductivity at 70 to 150 °C, is maximal for 40 mol% ZnCl2. In ZnCl2 - EMIC, the conductivity below 130 °C is almost constant for 30 to 50 mol% ZnCl2 and has the lowest activation energy 25.21 kJ/mol. For these two systems, the conductivities decrease rapidly beyond 50 mol% ZnCl2 owing to the rapid increase in cross-linking and resultant tightening of the polyelectrolyte structure. As to the ZnCl2-BTEAC system, the conductivities at 110 - 150 °C decrease slowly for 30 - 60 mol% ZnCl2. The conductivities of the ZnCl2-EMICmelt are compared with those of the AlCl3-EMIC melt previously studied. The stability of the ZnCl2-EMIC melt system is explored by the effect of the environment on the conductivity and the Far Transmission Infra Red (FTIR) spectrum. It reveals that the effect is slight, and that the ZnCl2-EMIC melt may be classified as stable.


Author(s):  
Sunee Chansakaow ◽  
Panee Sirisa-ard ◽  
Ruttiros Khonkarn

Objective: The aim of this study was to incorporate xanthone into Making (Hodgsonia heteroclita) microemulsions and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulations.Methods: Making oil was obtained from the seed of Hodgsonia heteroclite by a screw press machine. The solubility of xanthone in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was investigated. Stable Making microemulsion and microemulsion-based gel were simultaneously loaded with xanthone. Finally, an in vitro xanthone release study was carried out and antioxidant activity was determined.Results: The optimal formulations of the Making microemulsion consisted of Making oil, capryol 90, tween 80, propylene glycol, and water. The average droplet size of xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion was around 110–130 nm. It was found that the stability of the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion-based gel was higher than the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion. Besides, the release of xanthone from the Making microemulsion-based gel was lower than that of the Making microemulsion. Moreover, it was found that the antioxidant activity of both xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion (TEAC and EC values of 9.8 mmol/mg and 14.8 mmol/mg, respectively) and microemulsion-based gel (TEAC and EC values of 9.4 mmol/mg and 18.5 mmol/mg, respectively) remained high even after extended storage conditions.Conclusion: It was concluded that Making oil is an attractive material to deliver xanthone in pharmaceutical applications.


2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barkat Ali Khan ◽  
Naveed Akhtar ◽  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Valdir de Andrade Braga

The objective of this study was to develop a pharmaceutical O/W emulsion containing plant-derived polyphenol extracts and evaluate its stability and antioxidant activity. O/W emulsions were prepared using ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80®). The odorwas adjusted with few drops of blue sea fragrance. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts alone and emulsions containing these extracts. Physical stability was assessed by submitting the emulsions to storage at 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 70% RH (relative humidity) for two months. Various physical characteristics of emulsions monitored, include color, creaming, liquefaction, centrifugation and pH. Brookfield rotational rheometer was used to determined viscosities and rheological behavior of emulsions. Different types of emulsion were determined microscopically, while pH values of emulsions were measured by a pH meter. Electrical conductivity data confirmed that the outer phase was water. Samples presented an acceptable pH value for an external topical use. Shear thinning behaviour was observed for all emulsions. The polyphenol-rich-plant-derived extracts alone and the extract containing emulsions showed good antioxidant activities. This research confirmed that the method used was suitable for preparing emulsions with Hippophae rhamnoids and Cassia fistula extracts, suggesting that those emulsions are suitable for topical use.


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Sedjati ◽  
Ali Ridlo ◽  
Endang Supriyantini

Mikroalga Spirulina sp. memiliki kandungan fikosianin yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pewarna alami, namun fikosianin tidak stabil terhadap suhu, cahaya, pH, dan oksigen, sehingga perlu ditambahkan pengawet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengawet gula terhadap kestabilan fikosianin yang diekstraksi dari Spirulina sp.  Spirulina sp  diekstraksi dengan akuades dan larutan buffer fosfat pH 7. Efek penambahan gula diamati selama 14 hari penyimpanan pada suhu kamar (30±30C). Stabilitas pigmen diamati berdasar nilai konsentrasi relatifnya (CR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar fikosianin Spirulina sp. yang diekstraksi dengan aquades adalah 45,16±1,13 mg/g dw, sedangkan untuk ekstrak dengan pelarut buffer fosfat pH 7 adalah 760,51±0,11 mg/g dw. Penambahan gula fruktosa 5% memberikan hasil yang paling efektif selama 14 hari penyimpanan suhu kamar 30±30C, konsentrasi relatif yang tersisa sebesar 19,39 %, sedangkan  tanpa pengawet konsentrasi relatif hanya 10,57 %. Secara umum penambahan gula (sukrosa, fruktosa dan glukosa 5% dan 10% b/v) mampu meningkatkan konsentrasi relatif menjadi 12,12-19,39%. Kata kunci : Fikosianin,  Spirulina sp,  gula, Aktivitas Antioksidan Microalga Spirulina sp.  has a high content of phycocyanin. Phycocyanin has potential as a natural blue colorant. Phycocyanin is not stable against temperature, light, pH and oxygent. Preservatives are food additives commonly used to preserve unstable food. The purpose of this research was to screening sugar preservatives for phycocyanin. The effect of selected sugar preservatives, sucrose, glucose and fructose on the stability of phycocyanin at room temperature (30±30C) was studied in aqueous solution for 14 days.    Pigment stability after 14 days storages was observed from concentration relative (CR) value.  The result showed that phycocyanin content in aquadest extract was 45,16±1,13 mg/g dw. The CR value remained at approximately 12,12-19,39% after storage for 14 days at room temperature when sugar preservatives (sucrose, glucose and fructose  5% and 10% w/v) was added, while without preservatives CR value decreased to 10,57%. The highest stability of the phycocyanin solution was found in adding fructose 5% (CR value = 19,39%). Keywords : Phycocyanin, Spirulina sp., Sugar, Antioxidant Activity 


2014 ◽  
Vol 1060 ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Thapani Noi-Ang ◽  
Anusorn Charoensin ◽  
Aksiporn Warangkanagool ◽  
Athid Kulkong ◽  
Nattaporn Soonthornsit ◽  
...  

This study aimed to develop oral microemulsions (MEs) containing M. alba extract. The stability study of the extract incorporated in the ME was also included. First, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed using caprylic/capric triglyceride (oil), PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (S), polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate (CoS). Propylene glycol (PG) was used as a cosolvent. Then, the formulations were chosen to incorporate MSE and subjected to stability testing at 4o C, room temperature (RT) and 45o C at 75% RH for 8 weeks. Physical stability of the formulations was assessed by visual observation on the precipitation, phase separation and cloud point. Chemical stability was determined by quantitative analysis of oxyresveratrol using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that with increasing the ratio of S/CoS, the area of ME existing region in phase diagrams increased. The addition of PG into aqueous phase at ratio 1:1 slightly affected the formation of MEs. Physical stability was not affected by temperature but was influenced by the components of the formulations. However, degradation of the extract was affected by both temperature and components of the formulations. The extract was stable at 4o C and RT. However, at 45o C, it degraded about 16-57%, depending on the components of the formulations. The best ME formulation consisted of 10% caprylic/capric triglyceride, 80% PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides and polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate (4:1), and 10% water and PG (1:1).


2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Élise D’Huart ◽  
Jean Vigneron ◽  
Alexandre Charmillon ◽  
Igor Clarot ◽  
Béatrice Demoré

ABSTRACTBackground: In severe infections, high-concentration vancomycin may be administered by continuous infusion. The dosage of vancomycin may reach 60 mg/kg per day. Objectives: To study the feasibility of preparing high-concentration vancomycin solutions (40 to 83.3 mg/mL), to study the effect of an electric syringe pump on the physical stability of high-concentration vancomycin, and to study the stability of vancomycin 62.5 and 83.3 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl) or 5% dextrose in water (D5W) with storage up to 48 h at room temperature. Methods: The following sets of syringes were prepared: (1) 4 syringes of vancomycin in 0.9% NaCl for each of 5 concentrations between 40 and 83.3 mg/mL (total 20 syringes); (2) 6 syringes at 83.3 mg/mL in 0.9%NaCl and 6 syringes at 83.3 mg/mL in D5W; and (3) 30 syringes at 83.3 mg/mL in D5W. Visual inspection was performed for all 3 syringe sets, and subvisual inspection for sets 1 and 2 (for periods of 24 h for set 1 and 48 h for sets 2 and 3). One syringe of vancomycin 83.3 mg/mL with each solvent was inserted into an electric syringe pump, and samples from the infusion line and collected after transit through the pump were inspected visually. Chemical stability was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and physical stability, pH, and osmolality were investigated. Results: For all sets of syringes, no physical modification was observed over time, nor were any changes observed after transit through the electric syringe pump. In 0.9% NaCl, vancomycin 62.5 and 83.3 mg/mL retained more than 90% of the initial concentration after 48 and 24 h, respectively; however, for the 83.3 mg/mL solution, precipitate was visible after 48 h. In D5W, vancomycin at 62.5 and 83.3 mg/mL retained more than 90%of the initial concentration after 48 h. Conclusion: It was feasible to prepare high-concentration solutions of vancomycin. The electric syringe pump did not cause any precipitation. Vancomycin in D5W at 62.5 and 83.3 mg/mL was stable over 48 h at room temperature. Precipitation occurred in 0.9% NaCl. D5W is therefore recommended as the solvent for this drug.RÉSUMÉContexte : En cas d’infection grave, de la vancomycine à forte concentration peut être administrée par perfusion continue à une dose pouvant atteindre 60 mg/kg par jour. Objectifs : Mener une étude de faisabilité portant sur la préparation de solutions de vancomycine à forte concentration (de 40 à 83,3 mg/mL); étudier l’effet d’un pousse-seringue électrique sur la stabilité physique de la vancomycine à forte concentration; et étudier la stabilité de la vancomycine (62,5 et 83,3 mg/mL) dans une solution de chlorure de sodium à 0,9 % (NaCl à 0,9 %) ou dans une solution aqueuse de dextrose à 5 % (D5W) après 48 h à la température ambiante.Méthodes : Trois ensembles de seringues ont été préparés : (1) quatre seringues de vancomycine dans une solution de NaCl à 0,9 %, à chacune des cinq concentrations comprises entre 40 et 83,3 mg/mL (20 seringues au total); (2) six seringues à 83,3 mg/mL dans une solution de NaCl à 0,9 % et six seringues à 83,3 mg/mL dans une solution de D5W; et (3) 30 seringues à 83,3 mg/mL dans une solution de D5W. Une inspection visuelle des trois ensembles de seringues et une inspection « sous-visuelle » des ensembles 1 et 2 ont eu lieu (période de 24 h pour l’ensemble 1 et de 48 h pour les ensembles 2 et 3). Une seringue contenant de la vancomycine à 83,3 mg/mL mélangée à chaque solvant a été insérée dans un pousse-seringue électrique, et les échantillons prélevés dans le tube de perfusion et ceux recueillis après leur passage dans la pompe ont été inspectés visuellement. La stabilité chimique a été évaluée par chromatographie liquide à haute performance et la stabilité physique, le pH ainsi que l’osmolalité ont eux aussi été étudiés. Résultats : Les trois ensembles de seringues n’ont présenté aucune modification physique avec le temps. Aucun changement n’a non plus été observé après le passage dans le pousse-seringue électrique. Dans la solution de NaCl à 0,9 %, la vancomycine à 62,5 et à 83,3 mg/mL a conservé plus de 90 % de sa concentration initiale respectivement après 48 et 24 h. Cependant, le précipité de la solution à 83,3 mg/mL était visible après 48 h. Dans la solution de D5W, la vancomycine à 62,5 et à 83,3 mg/mL a conservé plus de 90 % de sa concentration initiale après 48 h. Conclusion : La préparation de solutions de vancomycine à forte concentration est faisable. Le pousse-seringue électrique n’a pas causé de précipitation. La vancomycine dans la solution de D5W à 62,5 et à 83,3 mg/mL est restée stable pendant plus de 48 h à la température ambiante. Les précipitations se sont produites dans les solutions de NaCl à 0,9 %. On recommande donc la solution de D5W comme solvant pour ce médicament.


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