scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF PREVALENCE RATE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AMONG CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH ACUTE DIARRHEA IN KANO, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
JA’AFAR S ADAM ◽  
MUSA G YAHAYA ◽  
FAROUK S NAS ◽  
LURWAN MU’AZU ◽  
MUHAMMAD ALI
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Age Category

Background: Diarrhea is a major contributor to childhood mortality and morbidity in the developing world. Objective: The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica among children diagnosed with acute diarrhea in Kura General Hospital Kano, from February to August 2017. Methodology: A total of 236 stools samples were collected from children within the age group of 0 – 5 years diagnosed with acute diarrhea attending the Hospital. The stool samples were examined for Entamoeba Histolytica cysts and trophozoites using direct wet preparation and Formol Ether concentration techniques. Results: The result showed that 23 samples which accounted for 9.75% of the samples were found to be positive for the parasite. Highest incidence of the parasite was found among children within the age category of 4 - 5 years. The results also indicated that males (56.5%) were more infected than females (43.5%). However, there is no statistical difference in the rate of infection among the sex and age group of the patients at p< 0.05. Conclusion: In conclusion, maintenance of personal hygiene and improved sanitation of the environment will indeed prevent contamination of food and water sources.

scholarly journals Clinical Profile of Acute Poisoning in Children at a Teaching Hospital in Lalitpur

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Dhakal ◽  
D Shrestha ◽  
A Shakya ◽  
SC Shah ◽  
H Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Poisoning In Children

Introduction: Acute poisonings are one of the common cause of emergency visits and hospital admissions and is potentially preventable cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. The objectives of this study were to identify the common type of poisoning in children, to determine types of poisoning according to age and to find out the common age group in which the incidence of poisoning was high.Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive observational study done in a teaching hospital in Lalitpur, Nepal in patients aged 1 month to 18 years who visited the emergency department and were admitted to hospital with history of alleged poisoning from 2009 July to 2014 January.Results: Fifty patients were included. Drugs, kerosene and organophosphorus were most common cause of poisoning. Drugs and kerosene below 10 years of age and organophosphorus and drugs above 10 years of age were common types of poisoning. Maximum numbers (50%) of children with poisoning cases were below five year of age. Mean duration of hospital stay was 2.1days and mean age of poisoning was 7.8 years with a male(54%) predominance. Majority of poisoning occurred at home (84%) and 68% of patients were symptomatic at presentation to hospital with 84% of patients presenting to hospital within six hours.Conclusion: This study showed that drugs, kerosene and organophosphorus were most common forms of poisoning. Young children were most vulnerable for acute poisoning.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i2.10139J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(2):100-103 

scholarly journals Detection and Enumeration of the Commonest Stool Parasites Seen in a Tertiary Care Center in South India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vani Chandrashekar
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
South India ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Tertiary Care Center ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Stool Samples

The aim of this study was to identify common stool parasites in patients attending a tertiary care centre in South India. We evaluated 2355 stool samples and parasites were detected in 7.9% of samples. 41.1% of our patients were in the 45–58-year age group. Protozoal infections were the commonest seen in 7.8% of samples. Entamoeba histolytica was the commonest protozoa (4.6%) followed by Entamoeba coli (1.2%) and Giardia (0.8%). Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli were together seen in 0.63%, and they were the commonest organisms seen in samples with multiple-organism infection. Both were equally detected in diarrheal samples.

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in Children in Kadhmiyah Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Amjed Qays Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Infectivity Rate ◽  
Stool Samples

In this study we collect 1520 stool samples during the period from September to December 2010 from children whom their ages between 1 month - 12 years. The results showed that the total infection of Entamoeba histolytica was 9.80% , and Giardia lamblia was 1.77%. And the male ratio that infected with Entamoeba histolytica was 9.83% , while the female ratio was 9.74%; and the male infected with Giardia lamblia was 1.51% , while the female ratio was 2.18%. The result showed that the high average of infection with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in age group from 1 month to 2 years. And there is no significance difference between gender and infectivity rate of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia under P≤0.05. Also it showed that there were significant relation between Age group and infectivity rate of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF Entamoeba histolytica INFECTION AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN FIVE SELECTED COMMUNITIES OF WUSHISHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-667
Author(s):  
Adamu Mohammed Saba ◽  
A. Muhammad ◽  
J. Baba ◽  
A. Mustapha ◽  
H. B. Hussaini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
School Children ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Histolytica Infection

Ameobiasis is an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which is a serious problem especially in developing countries and ranks third among the parasitic infections that lead to death mostly in primary age children.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of E. histolytical in young children.Three hundred (300) children aged 0-14 years were sampled for E. histolytica infection in five rural communities in Wushishi Local Government Area, Niger State, North Central Nigeria.   The stool samples were examined for cysts of E. histolytica using saline and iodine preparations. The prevalence rate of 17 % was recorded. The prevalence by sex had a higher infection rate in males (19.3 %) than females (14.6%) which was not significantly (P>0.05). The prevalence of the infection in relation to age was highest (23%) in 7 to 10 year age group, while the least infection of 12 (12%) was recorded in 11 to 14 year age group A significant association was found between the sources of drinking water and prevalence of E. histolytica (P<0.05).  The highest was recorded in those using stream/pond (89.2%) and least recorded from Borehole/Tap (40.3%). Therefore, it become necessary need for improved sanitation, personal hygiene, health education  policy and a proper deworming scheme amongst school children in the study areas in order to decrease infections rate.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Ascariasis among Primary School Pupils in Two Communities of Kebbi State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
M. M. Galamaji ◽  
D. D. Attah
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Primary School Pupils

This study was carried out to determine the incidence of Ascariasis among primary school pupils in Jega and Maiyama of Kebbi state, Nigeria. Four hundred (400) stool samples were examined for Ascaris infections using formal-ether concentration techniques. The result of this study revealed 11.75% prevalence of the parasite. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the prevalence of Ascariasis among pupils examined from various schools. Statistical analysis shows that the prevalence of the infection was associated with community (O.R = 1.55) and gender (O.R = 1.72). The result also show that the infection increase with increase in age of the pupils. Improved sanitation, personal hygiene, deliberate policy for regular deworming of school children by the government will decrease the rate of ascariasis.

scholarly journals Rotavirus A in Brazil: Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance during 2018–2019

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meylin Bautista Gutierrez ◽  
Alexandre Madi Fialho ◽  
Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão ◽  
Fábio Correia Malta ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Impact

Rotavirus A (RVA) vaccines succeeded in lowering the burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, especially preventing severe disease and mortality. In 2019, Brazil completed 13 years of RVA vaccine implementation (Rotarix™) within the National Immunization Program (NIP), and as reported elsewhere, the use of Rotarix™ in the country has reduced childhood mortality and morbidity due to AGE. Even though both marketed vaccines are widely distributed, the surveillance of RVA causing AGE and the monitoring of circulating genotypes are important tools to keep tracking the epidemiological scenario and vaccines impact. Thus, our study investigated RVA epidemiological features, viral load and G and P genotypes circulation in children and adults presenting AGE symptoms in eleven states from three out of five regions in Brazil. By using TaqMan®-based one-step RT-qPCR, we investigated a total of 1536 stool samples collected from symptomatic inpatients, emergency department visits and outpatients from January 2018 to December 2019. G and P genotypes of RVA-positive samples were genetically characterized by multiplex RT-PCR or by nearly complete fragment sequencing. We detected RVA in 12% of samples, 10.5% in 2018 and 13.7% in 2019. A marked winter/spring seasonality was observed, especially in Southern Brazil. The most affected age group was children aged >24–60 months, with a positivity rate of 18.8% (p < 0.05). Evaluating shedding, we found a statistically lower RVA viral load in stool samples collected from children aged up to six months compared to the other age groups (p < 0.05). The genotype G3P[8] was the most prevalent during the two years (83.7% in 2018 and 65.5% in 2019), and nucleotide sequencing of some strains demonstrated that they belonged to the emergent equine-like G3P[8] genotype. The dominance of an emergent genotype causing AGE reinforces the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance to assess the impact of mass RVA immunization as well as to monitor the emergence of novel genotypes.

scholarly journals Determination of antibiotics susceptibility profile of Shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 054-058
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Diso Sani U ◽  
Abdullah Muhammad S ◽  
Mu’azu Lurwan ◽  
Nas Farouk S
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Diarrheal diseases continue to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determining the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella sp associated with acute diarrhea among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria. A cross sectional study was conducted among children less than 5 years diagnosed with acute diarrhea and admitted to paediatric ward of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. Stool samples from a total of 37 (20 male and 17 female) subjects were used to isolate and identified the pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The result showed 12 out of 37 samples were positive for Shigella sp which accounted for 32.4%. Higher incidence of Shigella sp was found among subjects of age between 2 – 3 years. The isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin. High resistance was also observed in Amoxicillin (83.33%), Chloramphenicol (58.33%) and Tetracycline (25%). The isolates are 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 66.7% to Levofloxacin and Gentamicin each and 58.33% to Erythromycin. Three (3) isolates were resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, 5 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin while 2 isolates were resistance to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin. It is concluded that Shigella sp is one of the etiological agent of diarrhea in children. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and Gentamicin are drugs of choice for treating diarrhea caused by Shigella sp.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica amongst infants with diarrhoea visiting the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
B. Balarabe-Musa ◽  
K. D. Onyeagba
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The University

Amoebiasis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries because of lack of safe portable water and low level of hygiene. In Nigeria, amoebiasis is prevalent and widespread. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence ratio of E. histolytica among infants aged 1 to 59 months admitted at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja. The distribution of the infection was reported to relate more with inadequate environmental sanitation, poor personal hygiene and climate. The epidemiology, clinical features and causative agents of diarrhoea were investigated in 100 children aged 1-59 months visiting the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital. One hundred stool samples were collected and examined. The use of direct smear and floatation methods were employed to analyze the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in diarrhoeal illness across gender, age, weight and stool appearance of the patients. Out of the one hundred stool samples screened 12% were positive for the parasite. Females were more infected (12.5%) than the males (11.4%), but there was no significant association between prevalence and gender (P>0.05). Children within the age group of 1 to 12 months old had the highest prevalence rate (20.0%). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica among the age groups (p< 0.05). Children that weighed less than 15kg had the highest prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica (25.0%). There was a positive correlation between the prevalence and weight (p<0.05). Prevalence rate of 16.0% was recorded for watery and bloody stool. There was a positive correlation between the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and stool characteristics (p < 0.05). Hence this study analyzes the pattern, morbidty, occurrence and the preventibve measures to enact in tackling diarrhoeal illnesses. This study also aims to enlighten the public especially nursing mothers on the need to maintain proper hygiene in other to prevent contamination of diarrhoeal illness. Entamoeba histolytica can be a re-emerging serious infection when it finds favorable environmental conditions and host factors which are mainly attributed to poor hygiene in this study. This may occur in any area of the world with the same risk factors. Owing to the findings of this research, public health interventions such as the provision of clean water, community health education, observation of food hygiene, and maintenance of functioning sanitation systems are recommended towards controlling the infection.

scholarly journals Respiratory and diarrhoeal pathogens in Malawian children hospitalized with diarrhoea and association with short-term growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mphatso Nancy Chisala ◽  
Pui-Ying Iroh Tam ◽  
Wongani Nyangulu ◽  
James Nyirenda
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Repeated Analysis ◽  
Reverse Relationship ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the leading causes of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recurrence of these common infections are one of the immediate causes of malnutrition, which puts children at risk of further infection. While studies have focused on how gut microbiota is broadly protective against respiratory infection, there has been less attention paid to the reverse relationship, of respiratory microbiota and pathogens influencing the gut, and subsequent association with growth. Methods: In this sub-study of a prospective cohort study, 27 children (2-24 months) who tested positive for Cryptosporidium were followed up over 8 weeks. Respiratory and stool pathogens were detected using quantitative molecular methods. Nutritional outcomes were assessed as length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-length (WLZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores. Changes over the study period were compared using repeated analysis of variance and mixed effects model analysis. Results: In this period,104 sputum and stool samples were collected. All stool samples had at least one pathogen detected, with an average of 5.1 (SD 2.1) stool pathogens, compared to 84% of the sputum samples with an average 3.5 (SD1.8). Diarrhoeagenic E. coli were the most common stool pathogens (92%), followed by Cryptosporidium (52%) and Campylobacter pan (39%). In sputum, S. pneumoniae was most prevalent (84%), seconded by Rhinovirus (56%) and M. catarrhalis (50%). There was a significant change in WAZ over the follow-up period. Children who had ≥3 GI pathogens had significantly a lower LAZ mean score at enrollment (-1.8 (SD 1.4)) and across the follow-up period. No relationship between respiratory pathogens and short-term growth was observed. Out of 49 sputum samples that had ≥3 pathogens, 42 (85%) simultaneously had ≥3 GI pathogens. Conclusion: Among young children hospitalized with diarrhoea, multiple gut and respiratory pathogens were prevalent over an 8-week follow-up period. The presence of more GI, but not respiratory, pathogens was significantly associated with reduced short-term growth.

scholarly journals Malaria and soil-transmitted helminthes coinfection in a rural community of Kwara State, North Central Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebube Charles Amaechi ◽  
Chidiogo Comfort Nwadike ◽  
Abiodun Lukman Musa ◽  
Carmelita Chima Ohaeri ◽  
Onyinye Mkpola Ukpai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
North Central ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Group 1

Malaria and soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) are common in most developing countries especially Nigeria. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of occurrence of Plasmodium falciparum and STHs coinfection and to determine the associated risk factors. A community based study was conducted on 300 individuals living in Oke-Oyi a rural community in Kwara State, North Central Nigeria, between January and June 2014. Blood samples were collected by finger prick to determine malaria parasitaemia using thick and thin film method while stool samples were processed using formalin-ether sedimentation technique and examined microscopically for intestinal parasites. Well structured questionnaire was administered to ascertain socio-economic characteristics of the subjects. The prevalence of malaria was 56.7% while the prevalence of STHs/malaria coinfection was 40.1%. The age group 1-10 was found to be the most infected (74.3%) while males (60.7%) were more infected than females (51.8%). Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758 was the most prevalent (60.5%) STHs infection followed by Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) (57.6%). Multiple infections were more pronounced in the age group 1-10 (40.1%). Subjects that were farmers were more prone to coinfection. Intestinal parasitic infection and malaria coinfection is a serious health challenge in Oke-Oyi Area of Kwara State, North Central Nigeria. Therefore, concerted efforts such as mass deworming, improved sanitation, provision of toilet facilities and health education is encouraged.

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