scholarly journals В. Н. Татищев и вопросы улучшения экономического положения калмыцкого народа

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 910-918
Author(s):  
Maksim M. Batmaev ◽  
◽  
Pyotr M. Koltsov ◽  
Savr M. Murgaev ◽  
Semyon A. Umgaev
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. This article is devoted to the activities of Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, when Astrakhan governor (1741–1745) responsible for the affairs of the Kalmyk steppes. It is aimed to examine his projects designed to amend the impoverishment of the broad masses of Kalmyks often left without their livestock, even without horses. The question was raised by Tatishchev himself; the governor was worried about its political implications because Kalmyks without horses were of no use for the Russian Empire. Materials and methods. The article is based on archival materials, as well as the historiography that sheds light on Tatishchev as the statesman and politician. Results. The governor repeatedly discussed the issues of the worsened social-economic situation of the people with the Kalmyk namestnik (leader) Donduk Dashi, both on official occasions and in private communication. He had various explanations for their economical degradation, pointing out the difference in the nomads’ situation of the 1840s as compared with that in Khan Ayuka’s time. His involvement in the issues concerning fishing and seasonal work of the impoverished Kalmyks shows that the governor seemed to be interested in helping them, but his projects to improve the Kalmyks’ socio-economic situation were largely unsuccessful. The reasons for the failure may be found both in the resistance of the Kalmyk rulers and zaisangs and the general weaknesses of the administration when dealing with the steppe affairs.

scholarly journals On Emotional Grounds: Private Communication of Muslims in Late Imperial Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-682
Author(s):  
Alfrid Bustanov
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Self ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Generation

AbstractThis article explores the practices of private communication of Muslims at the eclipse of the Russian empire. The correspondence of a young Kazan mullah with his family and friends lays the ground for an analysis of subjectivity at the intersection of literary models and personal experience. In personal writings, individuals selected from a repertoire of available tools for self-fashioning, be that the usage of notebooks, the Russian or Muslim calendar, or peculiarities of situational language use. Letters carried the emotions of their writers as well as evoking emotions in their readers. While still having access to the Persianate models of the self, practiced by previous generations of Tatar students in Bukhara, the new generation prioritized another type of scholarly persona, based on the mastery of Arabic, the study of the Qur’an and the hadith, as well as social activism.

THE WORK OF THE ZEMSTVO SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN THE ТAURIDE PROVINCE IN THE FIRST DECADE OF ZEMSTVO ACTIVITY (1866-1875)

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Kirill G. Morgunov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

During the period of liberal reforms of Emperor Alexander II in Russia in 1864, the zemstvo reform began, which was a continuation of the peasant reform of 1861. Zemstvo institutions were introduced in the country, in the Tauride province they appear two years later - in 1866, zemstvo institutions were in charge of local social and economic issues. One of the important issues that fell on the shoulders of the zemstvos was the issue of the development of medicine. Taking care of the people's health was not one of the mandatory zemstvo duties, but the growth of infectious diseases and the high mortality rate largely prompted the zemstvo authorities to promote the development of medical affairs. The work of the zemstvo bodies was especially difficult at the very beginning of the formation of zemstvo medicine, when the zemstvos had to raise to a new level everything that they had inherited in 1866. The first decade of zemstvo activity for the development of medical science is the subject of this study. The article deals with the regional features of the districts of the Tauride province and their importance in the development of public health in the region. The relevance and novelty of the study is added by the reflection of the influence of the social composition of the county zemstvo vowels on the modernization of the social sphere of the province. In conclusion, information is provided on the results achieved by local self-government bodies by the end of the third zemstvo triennial in relation to 1866. The results of the research provide information on the state of medical affairs of the Tauride province in 1875 in relation to the rest of the zemstvo provinces of the Russian Empire.

Origins of the Russian Antarctic expedition: 1819–1821

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erki Tammiksaar ◽  
Tarmo Kiik
Keyword(s):  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Real ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Russian Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTIn 1819, the Russian government launched two expeditions: the first squadron of two ships departed to explore the southern polar areas, and the second set out for the northern polar areas. The expedition to the southern polar areas took place under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Up to the present day, very little information is available, from the Russian literature, about the initiator and main goals of the expedition. At the same time, the travels and main results of the expedition have been widely popularised, but not necessarily accurately, in Russian as well as in English. On the basis of recently discovered documents, this article attempts to establish who the initiator of these Russian expeditions was, how the expeditions were prepared, and whether the main tasks of the expeditions were realised. The conclusion is that Jean-Baptiste Prevost de Sansac, Marquis de Traversay was the initiator of the Russian Antarctic expedition, not the Russian navigators Adam Johan von Krusenstern, Otto von Kotzebue, Gavrila A. Sarychev or Vasilii M. Golovnin as stated in Soviet publications. The real aim of the expedition was to discover the Antarctic continent which would have added glory to de Traversay as well as to Emperor Alexander I and, in a wider sense, also to the Russian empire. All dates are given according to the old style calendar. The difference with the new style calendar is 12 days.

Reflection of the Russian Empire Social Policy (1861–1914) in English-American Historiography

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Nadeshda Motorova
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social History ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The People ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes English and American researchers’ works which reflected the factors that influenced the formation of the state social policy of the Russian Empire in 1861–1914 and its individual aspects. It is noted that in studies on institutional history foreign scholars point to the problems in organizing the system of local government and self-government, which negatively affected the development of the social sphere. These drawbacks include the lack of institutional unity between the various branches of government and a single strategic purpose for the state development, the inability of various institutions of power to provide an effective solution to the problems of the population. These issues are indicated by A. Verner, N. Weissman, T. Pearson and others. The works of this direction contain negative or neutral assessments of the state internal policy, which included social policy. Its certain aspects have also received coverage in the studies on social history. In foreign historiography attention was paid to such problems as the development of charity in the Russian Empire and the situation of children, as and the healthcare system. For understanding the essence of the state social policy, the conclusions made by A. Lindenmeyr are of particular value. She points to gradual rationalization of assistance to the people in need as well as maintaining the general control of the state over its development. B. Gorshkov, analyzing the problem of child labor in the Russian Empire, for the first time affects the actual social policy of the state. He emphasizes that in this direction, state institutions and the public have managed to establish successful cooperation and achieve positive results.

Rozdzióbią nas kruki, wrony…, czyli Powstanie Styczniowe na ziemiach igołomsko-wawrzeńczyckiego powiśla / We will be pecked by ravens, crows…, or the January Uprising in the Igołomia-Wawrzeńczyce region on the Vistula River

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-233
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kozik
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Local History ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Local Farmers

The presented chapter describes the events that took place in the area of Igołomia and Wawrzeńczyce during the January Uprising of 1863–1864. These lands, being the southernmost part of the Russian Empire, bordering the Austrian Empire, witnessed in the first year of the uprising of a series of skirmishes of varying intensity. The main part of the study focuses on the presentation of military events, including the causes and courses of two battles fought at Igołomia in March and May 1863. Much space in particular is devoted to the second battle of Igołomia, from May 4, 1863, whose significance goes far beyond the issues of local history. An equally important part of the article is an attempt to present the attitudes of the peasant population towards the insurgent events of 1863–1864. Discussion of this issue was preceded by a brief description of the socio-economic situation of the former Miechów district in the pre-uprising period, with particular emphasis on the lands of the today commune of Igołomia-Wawrzeńczyce. The paper also presents the figures of two local farmers involved in activities for insurgents, an exception in the context of the general indifference of this social layer towards the idea of an uprising.

scholarly journals Inimohvritega revolutsioonisündmused Eesti linnades 1905. aastal

2020 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Lauri Kann
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Government ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
City Council ◽  
City Government ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The Revolution

The Revolution of 1905 had an enormous impact on many nations in the Russian Empire. In order to study the society of the Russian Empire during the Revolution of 1905, many aspects need to be considered. Besides political and social changes, it is also important to study how and why violence occurred during the Revolution. Violence had many sources in the Revolution of 1905 in the Russian Empire. One such source was the revolutionary political parties, whichsaw acts of violence as a means for realising their political agenda. Revolutionary parties formed armed groups, which attacked the authorities and other people. Bombs exploded in many places. Revolutionaries also gave speeches and printed various texts calling upon the masses to engage in violence against the authorities. The authorities also used violence in situations where it was unnecessary for defending themselves or protecting the lives of others. On many occasions, soldiers opened fire on political demonstrations or crowds of strikers. Although the authorities finally managed to supress the Revolution using violence, it is also evident that during the Revolution, the use of violence by the authorities played a role in the radicalisation of the revolutionary movement. It is well known that the shooting of demonstrators in St Petersburg on 9 January 1905 became a catalyst for the Revolution. Later, similar events took place in many parts of the Russian Empire. In many areas of the Empire (Poland, Latvia, etc.), large numbers of people were killed by the authorities and by the people participating in the revolutionary movement. This study reveals that almost all of the people who were killed during the Revolution of 1905 in Estonia died at the hands of the authorities. There were 102 known victims of the Revolution in Estonian towns, and all of them were killed by the authorities. Most of them died on 16 October when soldiers opened fire on a peaceful workers’ demonstration in Tallinn. There was a total of five revolutionary events in Estonian towns where people were killed. Three of them took place in Tallinn, one in Tartu and one in Narva. All five events took place during workers’ strikes. Events in the countryside need to be investigated more thoroughly, but as far as is known, it seems to have been extremely rare for revolutionaries or participants in uprisings to kill anyone in the countryside as well. We know with certainty that only one German landlord (Arthur von Baranoff) was killed in Estonia in 1905. The punitive squads that were sent to Estonia by the authorities in December of 1905 killed hundreds of people. So although the events in the countryside need further research in order to obtain more reliable data, it is clear that most of the victims of the Revolution of 1905 in the countryside were killed by the authorities. It is exceedingly difficult to point out exactly why the revolutionary movement in Estonia was less violent than in many other areas of the Russian Empire. Estonia and Latvia were in a relatively similar political situation, but the Revolution became much more violent in Latvia. This may be due to the fact that the socialist movement was not as widespread in Estonia as it was in Latvia. Socialist organisations in Estonia were also weaker than in Latvia. An event already occurred on 13 January in Riga in which soldiers opened fire on a crowd of people. It is possible that this contributed to the early radicalisation of the revolutionary movement in Latvia. Tallinn’s City Council may also have played an important role in keeping the peace. Estonians had won election to the City Council of Tallinn for the first time in 1904. It is likely that Estonian workers found it easier to communicate with the Tallinn’s municipal government than Riga workers with their local city government that was still dominated by Germans. Tallinn’s municipal government did not position itself against the workers’ movement and in some cases tried to work together with the representatives of the workers. It is possible that this also played an important role in revolutionary events in Tallinn.

scholarly journals ALEKSEY PETROVICH DOBROSLAVIN AND DOMESTIC PENITENTIARY HYGIENE (HISTORICAL-MEDICAL AND HISTORICAL-LEGAL ASPECTS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-480
Author(s):  
R. U. Khabriev ◽  
Boris A. Spasennikov ◽  
L. F. Pertli ◽  
S. A. Kopytkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Care Department ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article presents the historical medical and historical legal aspects of the development of sanitary care in the domestic penitentiary system; the role of the outstanding Russian scientist, the founder and the first professor of the Department of Hygiene of the Medical-Surgical Academy, a doctor, and scientist, public figure, Professor - Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin. For ten years he headed the health care department of the Main Prison Administration of the Russian Empire. November 18, 1871, Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin read the first lecture on the course of hygiene for listeners of the 4th year of the Medico-Surgical Academy. That day, according to the authors, can be considered the day of the founding of the national hygiene science. In September 1879, the scientist headed the Health care Department of the Main Prison Administration of Russia. At this position, Aleksey Petrovich combined all his knowledge, obtained earlier - hygiene and public knowledge, medicine and law. He served science and law, the people and the State. In 80 years of the XIX century, A.P. Dobroslavin played a decisive role in the development of domestic penitentiary hygiene. He received a real opportunity not only to develop theoretical provisions of hygiene but also the possibility to implement them by his orders binding on the staff of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire. The scientist observed the implementation of his scientific provisions, generalized the experience of practical application of his research in various geoclimatic and other environmental conditions. Each of his commanding decisions is a separate, completed scientific work. He introduced the penitentiary science, which he actively developed as a scientist hygienist. Theoretical heritage of A.P. Dobroslavin for many decades determined the ways of the Russian penitentiary hygienic science.

scholarly journals The Octobrists and the right-wing political parties in the elections to the II State Duma of the Russian Empire: the attempt of the electoral Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Olga Patrikeeva
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
The Political ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right

A Majority system of elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire pushed the political parties participating in election campaigns to the conclusion of electoral blocs and agreements. The purpose of this article is to find out whether the generated block of Octobrists and reactionaries in the elections in the II State Duma? Compromised if the leadership of the “Soyuz 17 oktyabrya” the pre-election agreement with such odious political force? The methodological basis of this work was the principles of historicism, scientific credibility and objectivity, as well as traditional methods of historical research: problem-chronological, comparative. Based on the analysis of preserved in the archives of the party’s correspondence and also periodicals of the time the author comes to the conclusion that the election agreement of the “Soyuz 17 oktyabrya” with the right-wing political parties did not take place. The reason is the difference in the views of the moderate and far-right politicians to solve the “Jewish question” in Russia in the early twentieth century.

The Adyghe-Russian Historical Interaction in the Reflection of the Works of the Adyghen Enlighteners

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Marianna H. Zagazezheva
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The article examines the features of the Adyghe-Russian relations in the works of the Adyghe educators. Their lives, activities, and socio-political views indicate the complexity and ambiguity of the Adyghe-Russian relations at all stages of their historical interaction. The history of relations between the Adyghes and Russia is full of both military clashes and periods of military cooperation, processes of rapprochement and mutual cultural enrichment. The author formulated and substantiated the idea that the historical context played the main role in the development of the views of the Adyghe enlighteners. The main feature of the worldview of the representatives of the Adyghe intelligentsia - duality is revealed. This was due to the simultaneous belonging of the Adyghe enlighteners to two cultures: Adyghe and Russian. Adyghe enlighteners advocated the integration of the people into the Russian Empire, but openly criticized the military-power methods of conquering the Adyghes. They proposed a number of measures for the peaceful integration of Circassians into the territorial, political, legal and cultural space of Russia, while preserving their national identity.

Going to the People

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-236
Author(s):  
Nadieszda Kizenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Devotional Literature ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 6 examines the impact of liberalization on confession. From Alexander II on, Russian rulers started to show less interest in confession as a means of discipline. Confession discipline softened, bishops enjoined priests to show more latitude, and an ever-increasing stream of pamphlets on confession sought to reach an ever-broader literate public. Clerical outreach begun in the late 1850s anticipated the emancipation of the serfs. Both helped create a huge reading public for devotional literature. Texts by Russian writers including Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoyevsky, Goncharov, and more minor writers reflected the many aspects of the confession experience. After having been compelled to go to confession for nearly two centuries in every possible way, the Orthodox inhabitants of the Russian empire seemed finally to have internalized it.

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