scholarly journals Effects of Enhancement with Phosphate or Sodium Bicarbonate on the Eating Quality of Five Beef Muscles Prepared as Fajita Meat

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bendele ◽  
A. J. Garmyn ◽  
N. G. Hardcastle ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
The Us ◽  
Enhancement Method ◽  
Texas Tech University

ObjectivesThe Australian meat industry exports over 70% of its beef, with a large portion going to the US. Due to the popularity of fajita meat in the US, there is an opportunity to export value-added fajita cuts from Australia to the United States. A consumer study was conducted to measure sensory differences between five muscles subjected to two different enhancement solutions.Materials and MethodsFive muscles were collected from cattle at a commercial abattoir in Rockhampton, Australia. The muscles included were top round cap/gracilis (n = 81), inside skirt/transversus abdominis (n = 81), outside skirt/diaphragm (n = 95), flank/rectus abdominis (n = 81), and sirloin flap/obliquus externus abdominis (n = 81). The muscles were vacuum packaged and shipped refrigerated to Texas Tech University for processing. All muscles were cut into equal halves, and then assigned to no enhancement (CON), phosphate enhancement (PHOS), sodium bicarbonate (SBC) enhancement. Muscles were vacuum tumbled to 115% of green weight with their respective solution. Muscles were cooked and sliced into 1.3-cm strips, 5-cm long, and kept warm until serving. The samples were cooked to a medium degree of doneness (71°C) and evaluated for juiciness, flavor liking, and overall liking on 100-mm line scales. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS using MSA carcass grade, muscle, enhancement, and their interactions as fixed effects (α = 0.05).ResultsNo interactions were detected for any eating quality traits (P > 0.05). MSA grade only influenced tenderness (P = 0.04), where Classic (4*) had greater (P < 0.05) tenderness scores than Premium (5*) and ungraded cuts but did not differ (P > 0.05) from Selected (3*). Muscle influenced all palatability traits (P < 0.0001). The sirloin flap (obliquus abdominis internus) steaks had the highest tenderness score (73.7), juiciness score (66.7), flavor score (67.5) and overall liking score (68.6), differentiating itself from the other 4 cuts (P < 0.0001). The top round cap/gracilis had the lowest tenderness scores (49.2), juiciness score (44.7) and overall liking score (51.2) (P < 0.01). Also, enhancement method influenced tenderness and juiciness (P < 0.0001). Between the phosphate enhancement, sodium bicarbonate enhancement and non-enhanced samples, the sodium bicarbonate samples were rated the highest for tenderness 64.1) (P < 0.0001). Moreover, clean enhanced fajita samples rated highest for overall liking (64.0), with phosphate being similar (63.2). The control samples were ranked the lowest in tenderness (46.7), juiciness (42.7), flavor (44.2) and overall liking (43.9).ConclusionThe sirloin flap/obliquus externus abdominis samples were rated highest in all palatability scores, while the top round cap/gracilis had the lowest tenderness, juiciness and overall liking scores. Between the 3 enhancement treatments, the sodium bicarbonate enhancement was significantly the highest rated on tenderness and juiciness. The sirloin flap/obliquus externus abdominis samples that are enhanced with the sodium bicarbonate treatment could maximize the highest palatability scores from consumers. The innovation muscle, the top round cap/gracilis, was rated the lowest of the five muscles in every palatability category but could improve scores through a sodium bicarbonate enhancement.

Collusion-enhancing effects of the own- and cross-price demand elasticities in merging multiproduct food industries: The case of chicken and red meat in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagiotou
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Price Demand

The recent wave of megamergers sweeping the US food industry has raised significant concerns regarding “conglomerate” market power. Beef processors have been merging with pork and/or poultry processors (and vice versa). Concurrently, consumers have changed their attitude toward diet and health. The poultry industry has been more responsive to the changes in consumers’ lifestyles than the red meat industry by providing products which address health concerns. As a consequence, consumers exhibit stronger preference for chicken and are more willing to substitute chicken for red meat. The objective of this study is to examine the sustainability of collusion between multiproduct meat processing firms, under different values of the own-price demand flexibility of chicken as well as cross-price elasticities of demand between the markets of chicken and red meat. The findings indicate that the less (more) responsive demand for chicken gets to changes in its own price (price of red meat), the easier it gets for firms to sustain collusion.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Recent Estimates From Large National Databases in the United States, 2007–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Ye ◽  
Sudhakar Manne ◽  
William R Treem ◽  
Dimitri Bennett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
National Databases

Abstract Background The latest estimate of the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States was based on 2009 data, which indicates a need for an up-to-date re-estimation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of all forms of IBD including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), and IBD unspecified (IBDU). Methods Pediatric (age 2–17) and adult (age ≥18) IBD patients were identified from 2 large claims databases. For each year between 2007 and 2016, prevalence was calculated per 100,000 population and standardized based on the 2016 national Census. A fixed-effects meta-analytical model was used for overall prevalence. Results The pediatric prevalence of IBD overall increased by 133%, from 33.0/100,000 in 2007 to 77.0/100,000 in 2016. Among children, CD was twice as prevalent as UC (45.9 vs 21.6). Prevalence was higher in boys than girls for all forms of IBD, in contrast to the adult population where the prevalence was higher in women than men. We also found that the 10–17 age subgroup was the major contributor to the rising pediatric IBD prevalence. For adults, the prevalence of IBD overall increased by 123%, from 214.9 in 2007 to 478.4 in 2016. The prevalence rates of UC and CD were similar (181.1 vs 197.7) in 2016. Conclusions Inflammatory bowel disease continues to affect a substantial proportion of the US population. In 2016, 1 in 209 adults and 1 in 1299 children aged 2–17 were affected by IBD. Prevalence of IBD has been increasing compared with previously published 2009 data.

scholarly journals Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6873
Author(s):  
Danielle Wallace ◽  
John M. Eason ◽  
Jason Walker ◽  
Sherry Towers ◽  
Tony H. Grubesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Staff ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
Strong Conclusion ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated individuals, and the general population in the county where the prison is located among federal prisons in the United States. Methods: We employed population-standardized regressions with fixed effects for prisons to predict the number of active cases of COVID-19 among incarcerated persons using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for the months of March to December in 2020 for 63 prisons. Results: There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 prevalence among staff, and through them, the larger community, and COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons in the US federal prison system. When staff rates are low or at zero, COVID-19 incidence in the larger community continues to have an association with COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, suggesting possible pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission by staff. Masking policies slightly reduced COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, though the association between infections among staff, the community, and incarcerated persons remained significant and strong. Conclusion: The relationship between COVID-19 infections among staff and incarcerated persons shows that staff is vital to infection control, and correctional administrators should also focus infection containment efforts on staff, in addition to incarcerated persons.

scholarly journals Exploring Consumer Palatability of Australian Beef Fajita Meat Enhanced with Phosphate or Sodium Bicarbonate

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Garmyn ◽  
Nicholas Hardcastle ◽  
Clay Bendele ◽  
Rod Polkinghorne ◽  
Mark Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Brine Solution ◽  
Beef Muscles ◽  
Control Samples

The objective of this study was to determine the consumer eating quality of five Australian beef muscles (outside skirt/diaphragm, inside skirt/transversus abdominis, inside round cap/gracilis, bottom sirloin flap/obliquus abdominis internus, and flank steak/rectus abdominis) served as fajita strips. All the muscles were divided in half and enhanced (12%) with a brine solution containing either phosphate, a “clean label” ingredient sodium bicarbonate, or not enhanced. Muscle and enhancement independently influenced (P < 0.01) tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall liking. Overall, the bottom sirloin flap was liked the most (P < 0.05) when compared with all the other muscles, while the inside round cap was liked less but did not differ (P > 0.05) from the inside skirt or flank steak. Samples enhanced with sodium bicarbonate were the most (P < 0.05) tender and juicy; samples enhanced with phosphate were intermediate, and the control samples were the least tender and juicy, regardless of the muscle. Flavor and overall liking were similar (P > 0.05) between clean and phosphate-enhanced samples, and both were liked more than the control samples. Enhancement was necessary for acceptable eating quality of all the muscles evaluated in this study; however, the inside round cap was the least suitable. These results indicate that a “clean label” enhanced fajita product is possible without compromising cooking yield or consumer satisfaction.

Learning from one another's mistakes: investment trusts in the UK and the US, 1868–1940

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janette Rutterford
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Investment Trust ◽  
Investment Trusts ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Asset Size

AbstractThis article explores the development of the closed-end investment trust in both the UK and the US, in the context of the investment management strategies adopted and whether they provided value-added services for investors. Although US investment trusts of the 1920s boom years were heavily influenced by their earlier UK counterparts, they differed from British investment trusts in a number of key ways, in particular, size, capital structure, tax and accounting practices, management, and costs. These differences led to their relatively much worse performance in the stock market crash of the late 1920s and early 1930s. This poor US trust performance led directly to the creation of the US open-ended ‘fixed trust’, marketed as an antidote to the generally poor management of conventional closed-end investment trusts. As confidence in mutual funds slowly returned in the United States, open-ended funds were gradually given more flexibility, but US investment trust companies, with share prices at a steep discount to liquidation value, and partly blamed for the crash, were encouraged to convert to mutual fund status by the 1936 Revenue Act. By 1944, open-end funds had overtaken investment trusts in terms of asset size, a phenomenon that did not occur in Britain for another 30 years.

US proposals threaten NAFTA’s regional auto sector

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rules Of Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
Auto Parts

Subject The North American auto sector. Significance The third round of talks over the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ended in Ottawa on September 26, following relatively unproductive and tense rounds in Washington and Mexico City. A point of particular contention is Washington’s proposal to tighten rules of origin (RoO) for the automotive sector and potentially to introduce national content requirements for cars to enter the US market duty-free. Impacts Disrupting NAFTA automotive value chains would ultimately benefit lower-cost auto parts producers in China and South-east Asia. Greater auto sector trade between China and Mexico would encourage closer bilateral ties. Carmakers will respond to any need to increase value-added in the United States by ramping up automation, minimising gains for US workers.

scholarly journals RACIAL DISPARITIES IN RURAL-URBAN MORTALITY GAP IN THE UNITED STATES: A 24-YEAR LONGITUDINAL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S733-S733
Author(s):  
Nasim Ferdows ◽  
Soroosh Baghban Ferdows ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Racial Gap ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Although overall life expectancy in the US has improved rapidly over the course of the 20th century and the racial gap in all-cause mortality has declined in recent decades, geographical disparities in mortality have increased in the last three decades. This research aims to study racial and geographical disparities by comparing the race and sex-specific mortality trends of the US rural and urban populations. We created a longitudinal county level analytic file of the US population 65 years and older, over the period of 1968 to 2015 obtained from CDC-WONDER and Area Health Resources Files. First, we used an OLS regression of age-adjusted mortality rate onto year indicators interaction with race and gender to depict the race and sex-specific trend in age-adjusted mortality rates. We also estimated the change in in mortality rate over time, for each race and gender, relative to values in 1968. Finally, we estimated race and sex specific trend in rural-urban mortality gap using state fixed effects regression. Our results indicate that racial gap in mortality rates has only declined in urban areas. Mortality rates of the whites in rural areas declined more rapidly than their Black counterparts, resulting in a gap that has been widening in the last three decades. The racial gap has increased considerably for males residing in rural counties not adjacent to an urban county. Thus, racial disparity in mortality has increased in rural areas, with a considerable widening between white and black male population living in the more remote rural areas.

The Socioeconomic and environmental effects of free trade agreements: a dynamic CGE analysis for Chile

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAÚL O'RYAN ◽  
CARLOS J. DE MIGUEL ◽  
SEBASTIAN MILLER ◽  
MAURICIO PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Eu

ABSTRACTThis paper undertakes a quantitative analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of different trade agreements for Chile. A dynamic general equilibrium model is used to compare the consequences of unilateral liberalization and trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). The results show that economic gains under the trade agreements are only significant if foreign investment increases or value added taxes are modified. Winners and losers depend on the agreement; however, unskilled labor-intensive sectors always progress. Consequently, these agreements seem to be good for the poorest groups. Some natural resource intensive sectors significantly increase their production with the EU and the US agreements, also increasing the environmental pressures. CO2 and PM-10 emissions are not very different under these agreements as compared to business as usual – under which environmental pressures increase significantly. The results show the importance of economy-wide analysis of trade agreements in developing contexts.

scholarly journals The USA, Russia and China as a Center of Influence in Global Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09009
Author(s):  
Irina Minakova ◽  
Tatyana Bukreeva ◽  
Olga Solodukhina ◽  
Artyom Golovin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Issues

Research background. Due to the significant role that the United States, Russia and China play in the world political and economic processes, US-Russia-China relations can be recognized as the most important interstate relations in the world, setting the direction for the transformation of the international system. Nowadays, the study of these trilateral relations is a relevant scientific task. The authors, on a systematic basis, have investigated the aspects of interaction between the USA, Russia and China in the modern economy, which opened the way for solving the key issues of international relations. The authors have published several papers on this issue in Russia and abroad, including publications in Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals. Purpose of the article is to analyse the US-Russia-China relations and to determine the directions of their development in the context of globalization of the world economy. Methods. To analyse the interests, a systematic method was used that allows considering the interests of the United States, China and Russia as an holistic, complex mechanism with elements constantly interacting with each other. Findings & Value added. Despite geographical, linguistic, religious, and other distinctions, the United States, China, and Russia have a lot in common. There were historical periods of active and positive cooperation between these three major superpowers. In our opinion, in spite of the current contradictions between the parties, Russia, China and the United States have a mutual concern in harmonizing trilateral interests. However, the existed contradictions are not insoluble.

scholarly journals Use of Project-Based Learning of Adults at Corporate Universities in The US and Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Iryna Lytovchenko ◽  
Olena Ogienko ◽  
Olena Terenko
Keyword(s):  
Action Learning ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
Personnel Development ◽  
Corporate University ◽  
Corporate Universities ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
The Us

AbstractObjective: The article defines features of formation and development of corporate universities in the USA and Canada.Methodology: The article analyzes the dependence of successful functioning of the corporate universities on the choice of adequate training technologies; explores the essence and potentials of project-based learning as action learning which is focused on personnel development, business development and effective management of changes.Findings: There is a close relationship between the performance of the functions of the corporate university and the forms, methods, learning technologies that are used in the learning process. Project-based learning is widely used in corporate universities in the United States and Canada; it provides an opportunity to gain managerial experience in real time, solves an important task of personnel development – formation of the ability to learn.Value Added: The results of the research give ground to conclude that the corporate university in the US and Canada is a structural unit of a company, which performs certain functions that promote business efficiency.Recommendations: The project topic should be related to current or future changes in the company. The solution of the problem should include diagnosing of the problem, analysis, recommendations, implementation phase, as also cooperation with members of the company.

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