scholarly journals Formulaciones del segundo principio de la termodinámica

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (56) ◽  
pp. 77-110
Author(s):  
Julián Garrido Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Internal Constraints ◽  
Constrained System ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

The second principle is usually considered as an axiom of Classical Equilibrium Thermodynamics (CET), but there are different versions of that law and the deductive relations between them are not immediately evident. That is so because the formulations were given in distinct epochs using very heterogeneous concepts, from the “mechanist" language before the stable construction of CET until the properly theoretical language of systems and states. The versions of Kelvin-Planck (KP), Clausius (C1) and Carnot (Ca) preceded the concept of entropy. That emerged tied to the formulation of the second principle given by classical entropy (SC): ΔS ≥ Σ1 ∫ dQ1/T1 (where the 1s are the systems that interchange heat with the system that varies its entropy, its heat surroundings). The law of increasing entropy (AS), that of potential entropy (PS) and the statemet of Carathéodory (Cth) are postentropic formulations of the second principle. From another point of view, the expressions KP, C1, Ca, SC and Cth can be classified as belonging to the classical developments of the theory, and the law PS as a member of the Gibbsian representations. Formulation AS could be considered as above this second clasification, since from this study it follows that it constitutes the most powerful version of the second principle, which permits the deduction equally of the Gibbsian expression (PS) as the classical ones (first SC, and on that basis the remaining four, which are more specific). The deductive tree of such diverse laws can only be realized after a systematic analysis of the basic concepts of CET, which permits a homogeneous reformulation of them all. For that task the genetic, historical and intuitive point of view should be left aside so as to adopt a purely axiomatic-deductive point of view. The results of my formulation of CET, Garrido (1983-1986), realized following the axiomatic focus designed by Bunge (1967) for factual theories, have been used in this previous conceptual analysis. On the other hand, the deductive tree of the formuIations of the second principle constructed here has as effect a modification, small but interesting, of the axiomatic base for my proposal for CET: in my previous work I considered the laws SC and AS strictly equivalent and as such interchangeable as axioms, and I had chosen precisely SC for that purpose. Now, as l argue here in detail, I have confirmed that AS is more general than SC and so should be the formulation of the second principle that appears as an axiom of the theory. Amongst the basic concepts of the domain of reference of the laws of this theory which are used here, the strangest is that of pseudoequilibrium (the state of those systems which are not in equilibrium, but whose subsystems are). In the usual statements of the theory this concept at times appears explicitly and with varying denominations (system with internal constraints, internally constrained system, etc.), and on many occasions appears in an implicit way, with no proper name (the term equilibrium is frequently used in a wide sense, covering pseudoequilibrium, but that ambiguity is a source of confusion and obscurity). Here a general and exact definition of this concept is presented and, aboye all, is systematically used, greatly easing the theoretical and homogeneous formulation of versions of the second principle, in particular that of the law of increasing entropy: (AS) For any isolated system, between two instants in which it is in a state of equilibrium or pseudoequilibrium: ΔS ≥ 0, yielding identity when in all the intermediate instants the system maintains itself in equilibrium or pseudoequilibrium. Even if this law is the most powerful expression of the second principle, it is not sufficient for the deduction of the remaining versions. It is also necessary to consider other axioma of CET, such as the first principle, the law of heat, and the postulate of isolation and equilibrium. Nevertheless, even if they are not exclusively theorems of AS, they can still be considered as (weak) formulations of the second principle, That is due to the fact that what is most peculiar about them, inequality, is deductively inherited from AS (the only axiom of the theory that contains it).

DIRECTIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONAL NAMES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Olena Karpenko ◽  
Tetiana Stoianova
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The Brain

The article is devoted to the study of personal names from a cognitive point of view. The study is based on the cognitive concept that speech actually exists not in the speech, not in linguistic writings and dictionaries, but in consciousness, in the mental lexicon, in the language of the brain. The conditions for identifying personal names can encompass not only the context, encyclopedias, and reference books, but also the sound form of the word. In the communicative process, during a free associative experiment, which included a name and a recipient’s mental lexicon. The recipient was assigned a task to quickly give some association to the name. The aggregate of a certain number of reactions of different recipients forms the associative field of a proper name. The associative experiment creates the best conditions for identifying the lexeme. The definition of a monosemantic personal name primarily includes the search of what it denotes, while during the process of identifying a polysemantic personal name recipients tend have different reactions. Scientific value is posed by the effect of the choice of letters for the name, sound symbolism, etc. The following belong to the generalized forms of identification: usage of a hyperonym; synonyms and periphrases or simple descriptions; associations denoting the whole (name stimulus) by reference to its part (associatives); cognitive structures such as “stimulus — association” and “whole (stimulus) — part (associative)”; lack of adjacency; mysterious associations. The topicality of the study is determined by its perspective to identify the directions of associative identification of proper names, which is one of the branches of cognitive onomastics. The purpose of the study is to identify, review, and highlight the directions of associative identification of proper names; the object of the research is the names in their entirety and variety; its subject is the existence of names in the mental lexicon, which determines the need for singling out the directions for the associative identification of the personal names.

THE CONCEPT AS THE OBJECT OF STUDY OF LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
K. Galiyeva ◽  
◽  
S. Isakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Scientific Fields

The article is devoted to the definition of concept in modern linguistics. Various points of view and definitions of the basic concepts are considered: "concept", "conceptual sphere", "content". The aim of the article is to describe and explain such a complex unit as a concept from the point of view of linguistics. The object of research is studied in its various manifestations, the combination of verbal and nonverbal means of information expression in the conceptual sphere is revealed. the relevance of this topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the concept of concept based on the works of prominent scientists and linguists. Researchers treat the concept as a cognitive, psycholinguistic, linguocultural, cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The concept is an umbrella term because it "covers" the subject areas of several scientific fields: primarily cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.

scholarly journals Związek między zasadą równości a zasadą sprawiedliwości społecznej w polskiej Konstytucji i orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Próba spojrzenia ogólnego

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Jolanta Blicharz
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Constitutional Tribunal ◽  
The Law ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE POLISH CONSTITUTION AND THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL. AN ATTEMPT OF A GENERAL ANALYSISThe definition of a justice as the obligation of specificactions in relation to other persons from the point of view of equality results from the fact that by implementing of the principles of justice, it is realised the moral imperative of solidarity with people who are worse off , especially for reasons that are not caused by them. It follows the conclusion that the principle of equality before the law not only corrects, but also concretises the more general principle of social justice.

scholarly journals [Basic Concepts and Principles of Manufacturing According to Islam] Konsep Asas dan Prinsip Pembuatan Menurut Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Saiful Bahri Mohamed ◽  
Abdul Hakim Abdullah ◽  
Hurun Ain Ab. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
The West ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

Malaysia has been practising manufacturing practices brought by the West and East which aim purely for materialism. This phenomenon causes a variety of problems in the manufacturing sector in this country, such as the erosion of the humanity, environmental pollution and exploitation of human labor. Manufacturing practices that are not based on the Islamic concept lead to many things that neither conform to sharia compliance nor suitable to the needs of the Muslim society. This study has two objectives. Firstly, to identify the principles of manufacturing from Islamic point of view. Secondly, to formulate a definition of Islam manufacturing as a fundamental procedure that can be used as a basis of manufacturing practices that abide to sharia, taharah, barakah and can eliminate shubhah. This qualitatif study uses document analysis as its instrument. It involves inductive and comparative analysis of data generated from Quran, hadith and Islamic scholars’ writing. This study found that there are 4 fundamentals of Islam manufacturing: tauhid, man as khalifah, akhlak and quality of product. Meanwhile the principles of Islam manufacturing are associated with owners, capitalization, staff, premises, equipment, materials, work processes, and product documentation. The study concluded that Islamic manufacturing is a balanced and integrated process of transforming the source of material which is syariah compliant, taharah and barakah towards the elimination of shubhah for the welfare of the community in this world and hereafter. Keywords: Islamic manufacturing, syariah compliance, taharah, barakah, shubhah.   Negara Malaysia telah di sebati dengan amalan pembuatan yang dibawa oleh barat dan timur yang bermatlamatkan kebendaan semata-mata. Fenomena ini mengundang pelbagai masalah dalam sektor pembuatan di negara ini seperti materialisme, hakisan nilai kemanusiaan, pencemaran alam sekitar, pembaziran dan eksploitasi tenaga manusia. Amalan pembuatan yang tidak dikawal dengan konsep Islam menyebabkan banyak perkara yang terlibat dalam proses pembuatan tidak menepati kepatuhan syariah serta tidak bersesuaian dengan keperluan masyarakat Islam. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti prinsip-prinsip pembuatan dari pandangan Islam dan merumuskan satu definisi pembuatan Islam sebagai satu usaha untuk mengasaskan teori pembuatan Islam yang boleh dijadikan dasar kepada amalan pembuatan Islam yang menepati kepatuhan syariah, taharah, barakah dan boleh menghapuskan shubhah. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan analisis dokumen sebagai instrumen kajian. Ia melibatkan analisis data secara induktif dan komparatif terhadap sumber-sumber muktabar Islam iaitu al-Quran, hadith dan penulisan para sarjana Islam. Kajian ini mendapati asas-asas pembuatan Islam meliputi tauhid, manusia sebagai khalifah, akhlak dan produk yang berkualiti. Sementara itu, prinsip-prinsip pembuatan Islam merangkumi komponen-komponen yang melibatkan pemilik perusahaan, permodalan, pekerja, premis, peralatan, bahan, proses kerja, pendokumentasian dan produk. Berasaskan pandangan Islam tentang asas pembuatan serta prinsip-prinsip pembuatan Islam yang diterokai, maka kajian ini merumuskan pembuatan Islam ialah satu proses yang bersepadu dan seimbang dalam mentransformasikan sumber bahan yang menepati kepatuhan syariah (syariah compliance), taharah dan barakah ke arah penghapusan shubhah demi kesejahteraan ummah di dunia dan akhirat.   Kata kunci: Pembuatan Islam, kepatuhan syariah, taharah, barakah dan shubhah.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF COMPREHENDING A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL DOCTRINE IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Kateryna Holovko ◽  
Svitlana Levchenko ◽  
Oleg Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Analytical Monitoring ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the research of the nature and essence of some aspects of the new constitutional doctrine in Ukraine. Attention is paid to the basic constitutional and legal concepts actualized at the present stage of development of Ukraine as a democratic, legal, social state and building a civil society in it. Emphasis is placed on the issue of constitutional changes in Ukraine that have taken place over the last decades, both in the form of modernization and reform. The author concludes that qualitative and substantial upgrading of the theoretical and methodological base should be an integral part of constitutional and legal reform. The positions of the leading constitutionalist scientists on the essence of the category of "constitutional and legal doctrine" are analyzed, the significance of the dualism of approaches to its definition and peculiarities of influence on the rulemaking processes and enforcement are revealed. In addition, the importance of not only the process of forming a modern doctrine of constitutional law, the clear definition of basic concepts and general problems that operate and exploring the constitutional law of Ukraine as a science and as a leading branch of national law, but also the process of renewal the categorical apparatus, the introduction of the legal circulation of new categories capable of creating a more solid scientific basis for constitutional law, is proved. The subject of the research is the theoretical and applied aspects of comprehending the latest constitutional doctrine in Ukraine. The purpose is a study of the nature and essence of transformational changes in the constitutional and legal doctrine of Ukraine in view of the transformation processes in society at the present stage. The methodological basis of the research is a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The methodological construction is based on a systematic analysis that determined its directions. The systematic approach in some issues was supplemented by an axiological (ideological) approach. In order to identify trends, patterns and features of the development of constitutional law as a branch of law in the system of national law of Ukraine such empirical methods as observation, description, comparison and inductive generalization were used. Logical and semantic method was used for formulation and in-depth study of the conceptual apparatus. The dialectical cognition method allowed us to explore the problems associated with the definition of particular theoretical constructs, basic concepts and categories used in the Ukrainian constitutional and legal doctrine. The application of methods of modeling, analysis, synthesis, generalization and analogy made it possible to formulate the conclusions of the research. The conclusions of the research is that the author found that the content of the constitutional reform cannot be reduced to the problems of renewal of the Constitution as a normative legal act or its separate provisions, because its implementation goes beyond the procedural issues and tasks of the legal technique. At the same time, an essential component a qualitative and substantial renewal of the categorical and terminological apparatus of the branch of constitutional law should be part and parcel of the constitutional and legal reform of Ukraine. Special attention also needs to be paid to scientific and analytical monitoring of the state of the introduced changes and forecasting of the socio-political and legal consequences of the transformations, which will allow to expeditiously identify and correct possible mistakes, as well as to make recommendations on further perspectives of the development of the constitutional and legal branch. The practical implications. The results of the research will help to better understand the basic aspects of the latest constitutional doctrine in Ukraine and can be used in the research branch to further study the issue of transformational changes in the constitutional and legal branch.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN DIKSI PADA PASAL 480 TENTANG POLEMIK RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG KUHP (RUU KUHP) DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Ririn Indraswari
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Husband And Wife

The rejection of the RKUHP is voiced throughout the country. In the demands of students, the RKUHP was canceled. The emergence of RKUHP became a controversy so there was a lot of resistance from the community. One of the bills is expanding the definition of rape. In RKUHP, rape occurs as long as there is male to female violence. "Including rape and criminal offenses as referred to in paragraph (1) includes acts of: a. Intercourse with someone with his consent, because the person believes that the person is a legitimate husband / wife". Thus reads Article 480 paragraph 2 ". That definition, a husband can rape his wife. With the condition that the wife does not want to have intercourse and the husband will use violence When compared to the Criminal Code used today, there has been a shift in the definition of rape. Because, "rape" in the RKUHP can be done by a legitimate partner. While in the Penal Code, rape occurs when the perpetrators and victims are not bound by marriage. The method used is the use of diction in the written language. Formulation of the problem 1) How is the husband and wife's response to the polemic of RKUHP article 480. 2) How is the use of the rape diction in the Law? The results of the study can be concluded that, the responses of some respondents with the status of husband and wife are not supportive of the ratification of the Act, because there is no word of rape in marital ties, and has been regulated by the law on sexual violence in the household. The use of diction section article 480 in terms of accuracy, accuracy, harmony is not fully applied to the criteria for using diction. In the controversy article 480 verse 2 that uses the word multi-interpretation it should be reviewed. The word rape, including the popular diction, is inappropriate for article 480 paragraph 2. According to the government RKUHP article 480 paragraph 2 is an article that protects women. But the reader's point of view, in the relationship of husband and wife there is no term raping.

scholarly journals A Recursive Definition of Goodness of Space for Bridging the Concepts of Space and Place for Sustainability

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Space ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Recursive Definition ◽  
Christopher Alexander ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New View

Conceived and developed by Christopher Alexander through his life’s work, The Nature of Order, wholeness is defined as a mathematical structure of physical space in our surroundings. Yet, there was no mathematics, as Alexander admitted then, that was powerful enough to capture his notion of wholeness. Recently, a mathematical model of wholeness, together with its topological representation, has been developed that is capable of addressing not only why a space is good, but also how much goodness the space has. This paper develops a structural perspective on goodness of space (both large- and small-scale) in order to bridge two basic concepts of space and place through the very concept of wholeness. The wholeness provides a de facto recursive definition of goodness of space from a holistic and organic point of view. A space is good, genuinely and objectively, if its adjacent spaces are good, the larger space to which it belongs is good, and what is contained in the space is also good. Eventually, goodness of space, or sustainability of space, is considered a matter of fact rather than of opinion under the new view of space: space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living, or more sustainable or less sustainable. Under the new view of space, geography or architecture will become part of complexity science, not only for understanding complexity, but also for making and remaking complex or living structures.

scholarly journals The Subject Matter of the Lawsuit as a Feature Individualizing the Lawsuit

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
V. N. Ivakin
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legitimate Interest ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Substantive Law

The question concerning the concept of the subject matter of the claim, which is one of the features that individualize the claim, is one of the most disputable and unsettled in the doctrine devoted to the claim. A number of legal scholars define the subject matter of the lawsuit as the substantive law claim of the plaintiff against the defendant. However, this definition cannot be accepted as correct, since, first, petitioners bring claims that cannot meet the above requirement (for example, claims for recognizing transactions as invalid), and, second, the statements of claim filed with the court contain demand (request) for the court, rather than a claim against the defendant.According to another point of view, the subject matter of the claim should be understood as the subjective right indicated by the plaintiff and the corresponding obligation or civil legal relationship in general, about which the court must make a decision. It is also impossible to agree with the above definition of the subject matter of the lawsuit in view of the fact that, as A. A. Dobrovolsky correctly noted, the law provides that the statement of claim must indicate the plaintiff’s claim rather than the disputed legal relationship. We should also agree with the argument given by G. L. Osokina, according to which the logic and practice of the statement of claim for the defense dictate the need to include a subjective right or legitimate interest in the basis of the claim, and not in its subject matter. According to the point of view of K. S. Yudelson, the subject matter of the claim is the requirement to the court to protect the right in the form that corresponds to the stated requirement. However, since this definition is too general, it cannot be used to resolve the issue of the equivalence of claims. The definition of the subject matter of the claim as protection (V.N.Scheglov) or a method of protecting the right (G.L. Osokina) also have the similar drawback. The most correct is the definition of the subject matter of the claim as the protection of a subjective right, freedom or legitimate interest through the specific application of one of the methods provided for by law or the direct exercise of the right that the plaintiff asks the court about.

scholarly journals NARRATIVE STRUCTURE OF DINA RUBINA'S NOVEL "LEONARDO'S HANDWRITING"

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (79(1)) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
A.S. Golubtsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Narrative Space ◽  
Modern Writer ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the narrative structure of the novel «Leonardo's Handwriting» by the modern writer Dina Rubina. It examines the basic concepts of narratology (author, narrator, subject of speech, etc.) based on the works of B.O.Korman, V. Schmid. Scientific novelty lies in the analysis and definition of the functions of a complex system of narrative units in the text which is studied. The novel "Leonardo's Handwriting" is characterized by different ways of organizing the narrative space, each of which performs an important function for the perception of the novel. The author of the article classifies the chapters of the novel in terms of their narrative structure, analyzes individual episodes of the novel in which narrators are identified, reveals cases of intersection of narrators in a narrow narrative space and events that are considered from the point of view of different narrators. As a result of the study, it was determined that the narrative structure of Dina Rubina's novel «Leonardo's Handwriting» is complex and polyphonic, which allows performing many functions that are important for a work of art (revealing characters, indicating the concept of the novel, etc.).

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

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