scholarly journals Keefektifan beberapa teknik pengendalian untuk menekan intensitas penyakit busuk buah (Phytophthora palmivora) di lapang Several technique to control the intensity of cocoa pod rot disease (Pytophthora palmivora) in the field

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
La Ode Santiaji BANDE ◽  
Irma KRESNAWATY
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractVarious factors causing the decreasing in the cocoa  production, and one of them is the infection of cocoa pod disease (CPD) caused by the pathogen of  Phytophthora palmivora. Plastic covered and coating with biokaolin can be used as techniques for the prevention of the diseases. The aim of  the research was to evaluate several techniques to control cocoa pod disease in order to reduce disease incidence, disease severity and yield loss of 100 seeds cocoa. This research was conducted in the village of Tokai, District of Poli-Polia, East Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi, from April to August 2013. The research was conducted according completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and four groups in order to obtain 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of  20 trees which each has five fruits so in total each unit consist of 100 fruit samples. The treatments tested were as follows; control (M0), biokaolin application every two weeks (M1), biokaolin application every four weeks (M2), plastic covered (M3), and mankozeb fungicide application every two weeks (M4). Variables observed in this study were the incidence of disease, severity of disease and yield loss was calculated by weighing the dry weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that the application of biokaolin every two weeks was more  effective to reduce disease incidence (26.12%) and disease severity (11.04%) while the average weight of the highest dry bean yield loss was on category of severe infection that is 74.96% with the lowest dry weight is 26.6 g in 100 seeds.  Abstrak   Berbagai faktor menjadi penyebab turunnya produksi buah kakao, salah satunya adanya infeksi penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) yang disebabkan oleh pathogen  Phytophthora palmivora. Teknik yang dapat dikembangkan untuk penanggulangan penyakit antara lain teknik penyelubungan dan pelapisan dengan biokaolin. Penelitian ini  ber-tujuan untuk mengevaluasi berbagai teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao yang efektif menekan kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil berat 100 biji kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Tokai, Kecamatan Poli-Polia, Kabupaten Kolaka Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara pada bulan April sampai Agustus 2013. Metode yang digunakan berdasar-kan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan dalam empat kelompok sehingga diperoleh 20 unit percobaan.  Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 pohon, dalam satu pohon terdiri dari lima sampel sehingga dalam 1 unit terdiri dari 100 sampel.  Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah sebagai berikut; tanpa penyemprotan/penyelubungan (kontrol)  (M0), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap dua minggu (M1), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap empat minggu (M2), penyelubung-an dengan kantong plastik (M3), penyemprotan dengan fungisida mankozeb setiap dua minggu (M4). Parameter yang diamati  adalah kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil dihitung dengan menimbang berat 100 biji kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah dengan aplikasi biokaolin setiap dua minggu rata-rata lebih efektif dalam menekan kejadian   penyakit yaitu (26,12%)  dan  keparahan  penyakit  (11,04%), sedangkan rata-rata besarnya kehilanganhasil berat biji kering tertinggi terlihat pada kategori infeksi berat yaitu 74,96%  dengan berat kering terendah yaitu 26,6 g dalam100 biji.

scholarly journals Keefektifan beberapa teknik pengendalian untuk menekan intensitas penyakit busuk buah (Phytophthora palmivora) di lapang Several technique to control the intensity of cocoa pod rot disease (Pytophthora palmivora) in the field

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
La Ode Santiaji BANDE ◽  
Irma KRESNAWATY
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractVarious factors causing the decreasing in the cocoa  production, and one of them is the infection of cocoa pod disease (CPD) caused by the pathogen of  Phytophthora palmivora. Plastic covered and coating with biokaolin can be used as techniques for the prevention of the diseases. The aim of  the research was to evaluate several techniques to control cocoa pod disease in order to reduce disease incidence, disease severity and yield loss of 100 seeds cocoa. This research was conducted in the village of Tokai, District of Poli-Polia, East Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi, from April to August 2013. The research was conducted according completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and four groups in order to obtain 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of  20 trees which each has five fruits so in total each unit consist of 100 fruit samples. The treatments tested were as follows; control (M0), biokaolin application every two weeks (M1), biokaolin application every four weeks (M2), plastic covered (M3), and mankozeb fungicide application every two weeks (M4). Variables observed in this study were the incidence of disease, severity of disease and yield loss was calculated by weighing the dry weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that the application of biokaolin every two weeks was more  effective to reduce disease incidence (26.12%) and disease severity (11.04%) while the average weight of the highest dry bean yield loss was on category of severe infection that is 74.96% with the lowest dry weight is 26.6 g in 100 seeds.  Abstrak   Berbagai faktor menjadi penyebab turunnya produksi buah kakao, salah satunya adanya infeksi penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) yang disebabkan oleh pathogen  Phytophthora palmivora. Teknik yang dapat dikembangkan untuk penanggulangan penyakit antara lain teknik penyelubungan dan pelapisan dengan biokaolin. Penelitian ini  ber-tujuan untuk mengevaluasi berbagai teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao yang efektif menekan kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil berat 100 biji kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Tokai, Kecamatan Poli-Polia, Kabupaten Kolaka Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara pada bulan April sampai Agustus 2013. Metode yang digunakan berdasar-kan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan dalam empat kelompok sehingga diperoleh 20 unit percobaan.  Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 pohon, dalam satu pohon terdiri dari lima sampel sehingga dalam 1 unit terdiri dari 100 sampel.  Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah sebagai berikut; tanpa penyemprotan/penyelubungan (kontrol)  (M0), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap dua minggu (M1), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap empat minggu (M2), penyelubung-an dengan kantong plastik (M3), penyemprotan dengan fungisida mankozeb setiap dua minggu (M4). Parameter yang diamati  adalah kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil dihitung dengan menimbang berat 100 biji kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah dengan aplikasi biokaolin setiap dua minggu rata-rata lebih efektif dalam menekan kejadian   penyakit yaitu (26,12%)  dan  keparahan  penyakit  (11,04%), sedangkan rata-rata besarnya kehilanganhasil berat biji kering tertinggi terlihat pada kategori infeksi berat yaitu 74,96%  dengan berat kering terendah yaitu 26,6 g dalam100 biji.

scholarly journals Performance and intestinal development of chicks submitted to different rations and different types of incubation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Eliete Souza Santana ◽  
José Neto Cassiano de Camargo ◽  
Michele Laboissière ◽  
Roberto Moraes Jardim Filho
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Processing

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of two types of incubation and two types of feeding on the performance of chickens and intestinal development of chicks during the pre-starter phase (1 to 7 days of age). One-year-old male Ross® chicks were used. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 2x2 factorial design, with two types of feed processing (bran and micropelleted) and two types of incubation machines (single and multiple stage), totaling four treatments, with four treatment repetitions each. Twelve birds per experimental unit were used, totaling 192 animals. Performance evaluations were conducted, such as mean weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, bowel weight and size, and percentage of intestine in relation to live weight. Histomorphometric tests on the height of the villi and depth of the duodenal crypts were also performed. The two incubation machines did not influence any of the analyzed variables. Even though both had the same composition, the micropelleted feed resulted in positive gains for the performance variables: average weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion when compared to the meal, but was unable to significantly influence the morphometric measurements of the duodenum of chicks in the pre-starter phase.

Resistance, tolerance, and yield of western black cottonwood infected by Melampsora rust

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
B.J. van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Discovery ◽  
The Relationship

Potted ramets of 14 western black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) clones from southern British Columbia were inoculated with Melampsoraoccidentalis H. Jacks to produce a range of disease severities, and their size and dry weight were determined after 1 or 2 years. Response to inoculation varied significantly between clones. Clones from drier interior locations were less resistant than those from coastal or moister interior locations. Local- (within leaf) or systemic-induced resistance was not detected. Yield (total dry weight) decreased linearly with disease severity. Percent reduction in yield was greater than the cumulative percent leaf area infected for all clones. Yield losses were substantial: dry weights of ramets with disease severity levels similar to those experienced by natural cottonwood populations were about 75% of controls; heavily infected ramets were <50% of controls. Stem:root ratios increased rapidly with increasing disease severity in all clones, and at significantly different rates. Severe infection resulted in substantial mortality in the following winter and reduced initial stem volume growth in the following growing season. Tolerance, defined as the relationship between disease severity and yield, varied significantly between clones. The most significant discovery of this study was that tolerance and resistance were correlated, greater tolerance being associated with reduced resistance. The concepts of resistance, tolerance, and disease hazard, as quantified in this study, can be used to predict yield and to select the most appropriate clones for different disease hazard conditions.

Resistance of standing milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens) varieties to Embellisia astragali

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Yu ◽  
Z. B. Nan ◽  
Y. Z. Li ◽  
H. L. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Disease Severity Index ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Astragalus Adsurgens

Yellow stunt and root rot caused by Embellisia astragali are major factors contributing to declining yields of standing milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens). The resistance of ten varieties of standing milkvetch to E. astragali was evaluated under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Seed germination/emergence, shoot and root length, plant dry weight, disease incidence, mortality, and disease severity index were monitored. The results show that Shanxi and Zhongsha No. 1 varieties had the best agronomic traits and lowest levels of disease in all experiments, while the varieties Neimeng and Ningxia had the highest susceptibility to disease. Germination/emergence differed significantly (P < 0.05) between varieties after inoculation, and compared with the control, germination/emergence of inoculated treatments of nine varieties decreased on average by 1.5% in laboratory experiments and by 4.1% in greenhouse experiments at 15 days after inoculation. Inoculation reduced shoot length by an average of 24.4% and 41.5% (P < 0.05) in laboratory and greenhouse experiments, respectively, in six of ten varieties. All varieties showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower plant dry weight following inoculation, with reductions ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mg in the laboratory and from 82.6 to 149.4 mg in the greenhouse. Resistance to the pathogen was evaluated on the basis of disease incidence, a disease severity index (DSI), and mortality; varieties showing different resistance were grouped using cluster analysis. There were significant correlations between the results of laboratory and greenhouse experiments (r = 0.79; P < 0.01) and between greenhouse and field experiments (r = 0.83; P < 0.01) across all varieties. Multiple regression analysis between laboratory/greenhouse and field experiments on DSI suggested that screening in the laboratory/greenhouse could be an alternative method of rapidly estimating DSI under field conditions.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF THE APPLICATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND TRICHODERMA VIRIDE FROM SUPPRESIVE SOIL TO CONTROL FUSARIUM WILT ON BANANA PLANT

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Ivayani Ivayani ◽  
Cipta Ginting ◽  
Yusnita Yusnita ◽  
Suskandini Ratih Dirmawati
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Banana Production

Effectiveness of the application of organic matter and Trichoderma viride from suppresive soil to control fusarium wilt on banana plant. Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense is one of the problems in banana production. This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of  Trichoderma viride isolated from suppresive soil and organic matter on controlling fusarium wilt on banana plant. The efficcacy trial consisted of 12 treatments and four replications within each treatment. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 plants. Organic matters used were rice straw, cassava peel, and compost. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by orthogonal analysis (P≤0.05). Application of T. viride suppressed disease incident up to 65%. The highest disease incident occurred in plants treated without T. viride and organic matter and in plants treated with organic matter only (78.33%). Disease incidence in plants treated with T.viride was lower than those treated with the combination of T. viride and organic matter. Different application times (in nursery or soil medium) did not significantly affect fusarium wilt incidence. The type of organic matter did not significantly affect the incidence and severity of fusarium wilt.

scholarly journals Field Performance of Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14 and Bacillus subtilis AAUB95 on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Growth Promotion and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Zewdineh Firdu ◽  
Tesfaye Alemu ◽  
Fassil Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chocolate Spot

Aims: This study was done to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B.subtilis AAUB95 on chocolate spot (B. fabae) and growth promotion of faba bean. Study Design: A completely randomized block design was utilized. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, 8º2'N and 39º10’E, Kulumsa, June-November, 2018. Methodology: Two trails (Trial-1 Ashebeka and Trial-2 Hachalu) were employed. We included T1-Control (B.f only); T2-T. harzianum AAUT14+ B.f; T3-B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T4-T. harzianum AAUT14+B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T5- MORE 720 WP+B.f; T6- ORZEB+B.f as treatments of the study. The disease development was assessed together with yield and related parameters. Results: In trail 1, a reduction that varied from 31-61% for disease incidence and 13-33% of severity over T1 upon 70 days after sowing. Upon 90 days, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 20-50% and 36-51%, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14+B.subtilis AAUB95 (T4) reduced the disease incidence and severity showing no significance difference (P=.05) with the chemical fungicide, MORE 720 WP (T5) upon 70 and 90 days of sowing. In trial 2, the microbial inoculants reduced the disease incidence and severity to 28-63% and 17-30% upon 70 days. Likewise, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 23-51% and 37-54% upon 90 days. In addition, the AUDPC ranged from 1586.1-2250.0%DSU in trial 1 and 1382.0-2454.5%DSU in trial 2. Moreover, leaf area of 68.95cm2 was displayed by T4 in trial 1 and 54.14cm2 in trial 2. In addition, T 4 indicated, 62% and 49% increment of hundred seed dry weight and grain yield estimate in trial 1, and 56% and 55%, increase in trial 2 compared to the uninoculated control. The percentage of healthy pods was 90% and 88.87% in trial 1 and 2, respectively, in the treatment that received T4 and followed by T2 that showed 70.40 and 78.86% in trial 1 and 2, respectively. T4 resulted 4391.45kg/ha and 4378.12kg/ha, that followed by T2 with 3764.58kg/ha and 3654.17kg/ha of yield estimate in trial 1 and 2, respectively. 27-42% and 26-41% of harvest index was exhibited in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. Furthermore, the seed nitrogen content increased from 33-70% in trial 1 and 29-62% in trial 2. The seed nitrogen content showed 33-70% and 29-62% increment in trial 1 and 2, respectively. Even though the fungicides (T5 and T6), protected the faba bean plants from chocolate spot, there was <10% of seed nitrogen and crudeprotein content increment over the untreated control plants in both varieties. Conclusion: The mixture of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B. subtilis AAUB95 or in some cases T. harzianum AAUT14 performed best on controlling chocolate spot, growth promotion and yield increment of faba bean.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SOILAGGREGATE SIZE AND P DOSAGE ON AMF SPORES NUMBER IN SHORGUM (Sorghum bicolor L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Samsu Samsu ◽  
Henry N Barus ◽  
Uswah Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Infected Root

Mycorrhiza is a biological agent to help fertility of soil and plants. Application of mycorrhiza on the land in the form of inoculum is often used in agricultural land in the name of quality of inoculum that also influenced by the content of existing spores. One of them is growing medium. This study aimed to study the effect of soil aggregate size and P dosage on the number of mycorrhizal spores in sorghum plants. The research design used was Randomized Block Design consisting of 2 factors. First factor was soil aggregate size(μm) which consisted of 4 treatments: U1 = < 2000, U2 = 500 - 1000, U3 = 200 - 500, U4 = < 200, and second factor was P dosage: 100 mg/kg and 300mg/kg. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times so that there were 24 units of experimental unit. Observation parameters included the percentage of the infected root, number of spores, plant height and dry weight of the plant. The research was conducted in Greenhouse and Agronomy Laboratory of Agricultural Faculty of Tadulako University Palu. The various sizes of soil aggregates do not affect the amount of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores in sorghum plants. P 100 mg/kg or f P 300 mg/kg dosage used do not address the effect of the mycorrhizal spores. There is no interaction between soil aggregate size and P dosage to the amount of mycorrhizal spores in sorghum plants.

scholarly journals The Success of Root Cuttings is Endangered Kalapi (Kalappia celebica Kosterm.) by Giving Rootone-F Growth Regulator

Jurnal Wasian ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Febryani Febryani ◽  
◽  
Faisal Tuheteru ◽  
Asrianti Arif ◽  
Husna Husna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Endangered Tree ◽  
Endangered Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

Kalapi (Kalappia celebica Kosterm.) is endemic in Sulawesi and Endangered species. Plant propagation needs to be done but is constrained by limited seeds. Vegetative propagation of plants can be an alternative method such as using the root cutting technique that has been done previously on other types of species. This study aims to determine the success of vegetative propagation of kalapi (K. celebica), an endangered tree species by root cuttings using Rootone F. as root growth regulator. The research took place from March to June 2019 conducted at the plastic house of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association (AMI) Southeast Sulawesi Branch, Kendari. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 6 treatments of Rootone-F concentration : (a) 0 ppm, (b) 100 ppm, (c) 200 ppm, (d) 300 ppm, (e) 400 ppm and (f) 500 ppm. Each treatment was repeated three times and three units of the plant so that the total experimental unit used was 54 units. The results showed that the provision of Rootone-F could increase the success of the growth of kalapi root cuttings. Rootone-F concentration of 500 ppm gives the best results on the percentage of cuttings, percentage of sprouts, percentage of roots, number of shoots and shoot dry weight. The results showed that kalapi can be propagated by root cuttings.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF Trichoderma spp. AND LIGNOHUMATE TO SUPPRESS A PATHOGEN OF CLUBROOT (Plasmodiophora brassicae WOR.) AND PROMOTE PLANT GROWTH OF CABBAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
I Ketut Suada ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Gede Suwastika ◽  
I Kadek Ngestika Pradnyana ◽  
Nataliya Shchegolkova ◽  
Rodion Poloskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Root Dry Weight

The high economic value of cabbage crop leads farmers to make various efforts to suppress the pathogen of club root which is detrimental to plants. Efforts that need to be put forward must be environmentally safe. One way that is environmentally friendly is to control a pathogen biologically using antagonistic microbes. Therefore, the use of microbes such as Trichoderma which has been widely studied is important because it was able to suppress clubroot incidence and stimulate plant growth as well. Meanwhile, the need for plant nutrients to maximize plant growth requires an input of organic materials such as lignohumate which preserve soil nutrients, improve soil structure and increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The previous study on this scheme found an effective indigenous Trichoderma to suppress clubroot, therefore it is used in the current study. The objective of this study was to find out a combination treatment of Trichoderma and lignohumate which can suppress clubroot and increase plant growth. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Trichoderma concentration consisted of 3 levels, namely 0 spores (control), 1x106 spores. 2x106 spores, and 3x106 spores per plant which were suspended in 150 ml of water. The lignohumate treatments were 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2%. The results showed that lignohumate treatment was interact with Trichoderma population number on disease incidence, total clubroot, root dry weight, but not to canopy dry weight. The most suitable combination of treatments was the Trichoderma population of 3x106 spores (15 g) in combination to lignohumate of 0.5%.  This combination resulted in the lowest disease incidence, the lowest total clubroot, root dry weight, and the highest canopy dry weight. The higher the lignohumate concentration up to 0.5%, the higher the number of microbes (fungi and bacteria) growth, howeverit decreased above the concentration of 0.5%.

scholarly journals Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubiyo Rubiyo ◽  
Yovita anggita Dewi ◽  
CHANDRA INDRAWANTO ◽  
IMRAN IMRAN ◽  
AGUS SALIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Cocoa Production

Abstract. Rubiyo, Dewi YA, Imran, Salim A, Baharudin, Indrawanto C, Ratule MT. 2020. Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5698-5607. Cocoa is one of the main plantation commodities in Indonesia. It is an important source of foreign exchange and employment. Currently, Indonesian cocoa production and productivity, including in Southeast Sulawesi, are declining due to pests and diseases. In addition, there is a lack of high-quality and high-yielding clones. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cocoa clones and resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB) and cocoa pod rot (CPR) disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora. The study tested 12 cocoa clones, which included four high-yielding clones. The research location was in Lambandia Subdistrict, Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Clonal planting material was propagated by grafting in 2010. The study used a randomized block design and the treatments consisted of 20 plants of each cocoa clone with three replications. The clones were evaluated from 2018 to 2019. The observed variables included resistance to CPB and CPR. The results of the study based on the quality component showed that the clones MT, M04, and M01 had the highest average weight per one dry bean of 1.55 g, 1.64 g, and 1.24 g, respectively. Beans produced by clones MT, M01, and M04 had an average fat content of 53.36%, 52.72%, and 50.76%, respectively. Observations of the average number of pods with CPR showed that the lowest rate of attack (about 6%) was in BAL 209 and PT. Ladongi clones, with attack intensities of 20% and 18%, respectively; therefore, these clones were classified as resistant to CPR. Evaluation of the level of resistance to attack by CPB pests found two resistant clones, PT. Ladongi and Sulawesi 2, with light levels of attack on beans.

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