scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF DEBT IN RURAL MUNICIPALITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE VOIVODESHIP

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Anna Wichowska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Village ◽  
High Share

One of the major consequences of the economic crisis with which the local governments had to deal was growing debt, the implications of which could endanger the continuity of public services. It appears that the largest cities in Poland were especially exposed to the negative effects of the indebtedness, yet the problem affected the village communes as well. Therefore, the main aim of the article was to assess the level of indebtedness of rural communes against other communes as well as to identify the determinants of the debt. As an example for the analysis communes of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship were selected, as the region is characterized by a high share of rural areas as well as a rather unfavourable economic situation. The general indebtedness of the selected rural communes remained at a relatively low level in comparison to the urban and urban-rural communes. Findings also suggest that the level of debt was influenced primarily by such factors as the number of inhabitants in the studied area, the number of primary schools, as well as the share of the post-working age population in the population total.

Poverty Relief Programs in Postcommunist Countries: A Case Study on the Albanian and Chinese Programs

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110278
Author(s):  
Gentian Qejvanaj
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Means Testing ◽  
Poverty Relief ◽  
Private Expenditure ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Cost

Social assistance is a cash transfer program targeting the poorest households. China has created the Dibao (DB), meaning minimum livelihood guarantee, the most extensive unconditional cash transfer program globally with over 70 million people covered, whereas in Albania, the Ndhime Ekonomike (NE) meaning financial help covers around 15% of the total working-age population. Both programs are means-tested, have strict requirements for eligibility, and have been enlarged and modified in time to improve targeting and tackling leakage. In this article, we will look at similarities and common issues first, and then calculate the cost of enlarging both programs to all working-age population with no means-testing. We argue that a UBI (universal basic income) can increase private expenditure in health and education while costing less than 1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in both countries’ rural areas. We will conclude by looking at how the COVID-19 outbreak is pushing developing countries toward a UBI by first adopting a temporary basic income (TBI).

Współpraca gmin obwarzankowych na płaszczyźnie gospodarczej. Zarys problemu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Lech Jańczuk
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There are “urban-rural municipalities” in Polish administration nomenclature. They are territorial units where urban and rural areas have one name and one local government. There are also urban and rural municipalities that have one name but different local governments. That neighborhood of municipalities in Polish may be described as “municipalities bagel”. The aim of this article was to investigate whether and to what extent the “municipalities bagel” cooperate (coordinate) the exercising public tasks on the economic level. The article attempts to verify the research hypothesis: in “municipalities bagel” there is a lack of coordination of the exercising public tasks”. The research method was a diagnostic survey in which the questionnaire was conducted. In December 2019, questionnaire forms were sent to all “municipalities bagel” in Poland. The results of the research indicated a lack of coordination in the performance of public tasks between “municipalities bagel”. The result is a reduction of the efficiency of performance of public duties in such municipalities. The “municipalities bagel” are functionally related areas. This link is characterized by the subordination of the interests of the rural municipality (especially economic). The development of bagel rural communes is determined by the development and cooperation with their urban counterparts.

Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1533-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

CERTAIN TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN THE XXI CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Senchenko ◽  
◽  
V.F. Kapitonov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Region ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Implementation of the "Concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025" and Priority national projects in health and demography helped to reduce mortality and increase birth rate. However, these processes in rural areas had their own characteristics due to the long-term systemic crisis. Purpose: to assess the state and trends in demographic development of the rural district of the Krasnoyarsk region. Material and methods. The paper uses data of the State statistics for the period 2010-2018. The main demographic indicators of the Nizhneingashsky district of the Krasnoyarsk region were studied: population size, population structure by age and gender, birth and death rates. Results. The district population has a long-term sustainable tendency towards decreasing (15.9% during the study period). It is mainly due to the migration outflow of the working – age population, the size of which decreased by 24.6 %. The district mortality rate is high (16.7‰), however, during the study period it has dropped by 30.3 %. There is an ongoing tendency towards reduction in the share of people of working ages (up to 55.9%) in the population structure, primarily due to moving to other territories, and increase in the share of the elderly and senile (up to 23.9%), which makes it possible to classify this area as the one with a very high level of demographic old age population. Analysis of indicators of the special birth rate F allows us to characterize it as low (˂ 64‰). The growth rate of this indicator added up to 20.9 % in 2013 compared to 2010, while it decreased by 45.9% from 2013 to 2018. From 2010 to 2017, the total birth rate in the Nizhneingashsky district decreased by -1.02‰ (∆b), or 7.5 %. Conclusion. The ongoing decline in the share of fertile females is the main demographic factor that has spurred the decline in the birth rate since 2013. Opening new jobs in the district will stimulate the influx of people from other territories as well as reduce the migration outflow of the working-age population, rather increasing the population then just preserving its size. Increase in the share of the working-age population of reproductive age will contribute to the increased birth rate, because it is traditionally higher in rural areas. Improving demographic situation in the district requires development of socio-economic measures aimed at stimulating the birth of the third and subsequent children.

scholarly journals Well-being in urban and rural areas, challenges, general policies, and their monitoring. Some evidence for Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Susanne Schnorr-Baecker
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Information ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Major changes in society, the economy, the natural environment and the government haven taken place. The current pandemic demonstrates even more their social importance and positive or negative effects worldwide. In particular, an increasingly cross-generational awareness of sustainability, new information and communication channels and growing international interdependencies as well as comprehensive policies fostering well-being are gaining worldwide importance and pervade all activities. Germany has – as many nations worldwide – besides its national strategies committed to implement major strategies at United Nations’ and European Union’s levels. In the following, it will be examined which differences exist in the living conditions from a spatial point of view. Using selected indicators and current data mainly from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, an urban-rural comparison is made for Germany at the lowest federal level ‘Kreise’ (NUTS 3 of the European spatial classification). Even if it is still unclear what the long-term consequences of the drastic measures of the current global COVID-19 pandemic will be, current trends will be briefly presented. Furthermore, this study presents the latest data mainly before the worldwide outbreak of the pandemic and thus will offer starting points for later analysis of opportunities and risks for urban or rural areas post COVID-19.

scholarly journals Modernization of the Rural School: Problems and Perspectives of Carpathian Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Liubov Prokopiv
Keyword(s):  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Small Schools ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
School Problems ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
The Village ◽  
Schoolage Children

This article is about the rural schools in the Carpathians. The author speaks about theproblems and prospects of the school in the Carpathians. In Ukraine today in the mountainousregion large quantity of rural schools are with low occupancy. Reduction of the number of schoolage children in rural areas leads to poor occupancy of schools and inability to maintain themproperly by local authorities. Today in Ukraine within rural schools there are primary schools,educational complexes “School-Kindergarten”, numerically small schools etc. The author speaksabout a problem: how to give qualitative education to a student in the countryside? This articleanalyzes the problem of quality education in minority School Mountain, search teacher who wouldwork in the village.

scholarly journals Counter-urbanization and “return” to rurality? Implications of COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-560
Author(s):  
Desislava Pileva ◽  
Ivaylo Markov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

The studies of the movements between the city and the village generally (especially in Southeastern Europe) refer to analyses of the processes of urbanization, and rarely focus on the so-called counter-urbanization. However, over the past decade, the increasing environmental sensitivity of a part of the urban population in active age, as well as the emergence of social movements that promote a slow and environmentally friendly lifestyle have intensified the anti-urban trends. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the measures introduced to limit its spread have created a new social reality in which people continue their lives in ways that for many differ from the previous routine, influencing also the mobility patterns. Hence, the article aims at analyzing the urban-rural migration in Bulgaria within the context of the current coronavirus crises. Our thesis is that the pandemic enhances internal mobility in the medium term, since the physical distancing motivates people to spend more time outdoors and away from the urban environment. At the same time, some of them are able to seek spatial freedom in rural areas due to the opportunity to work and study from distance. In this respect, the ethnographic case studies presented in the text show the peculiar impact the constantly alternating imposition and lifting of certain restrictions has on the mobility decision-making and lifestyle of individuals and entire families.

scholarly journals Epidemiological analysis of the malignant tumors of the larynx in Belarus over 2000–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
I. D. Shlyaga ◽  
Zh. V. Kaliadzich ◽  
S. A. Ivanov ◽  
A. A. Yaumenenka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Maximal Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Republic

Objective. To analyze basic medico-statistical indices of the morbidity rates of the malignant tumors of the larynx in the Republic of Belarus.Materials and methods. Data of the Belarusian Cancer Register on all detected cases of the malignant tumors of the larynx in the Republic of Belarus over 2000-2019 served as the material of the study. The following rates were studied: age standardized morbidity, gross intensive morbidity, morbidity separately in the general population and working age population, in urban and rural population, males and females. All epidemiological indices for the periods 2000-2005 and 2015-2019 in the country and across the regions of the Republic of Belarus were compared.Results. The age standardized morbidity rate in Belarus increased from 4.2 cases/year per 100,000 population in 2000 to 5.8 in 2019. The gross intensive morbidity rate increased from 5.5 to 7.3, respectively. An increase in the morbidity rate from 4.0 in 2000 to 4.3 in 2019 was noted in the working age population. The gross intensive morbidity rates in males were on average 33.9 times higher than in females, and in the urban population – 1.7 times lower than those in the rural population. The maximal increase in the morbidity rate was registered in the working age population of rural areas – by 60.3% during the monitored period. A statistically significant increase in the morbidity rate was noted in the city of Minsk. The morbidity rates registered in Minsk were statistically significantly lower than those in the republic. In other regions, there was no significant difference in the morbidity rates and growth dynamics from the indices in Belarus as a whole.Conclusion. Malignant tumors of the larynx are characterized by a slow increase of the morbidity rate for the last 20 years in Belarus. The observed epidemiological trends deter

SOCIAL SERVICES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE CONSERVATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL OF RURAL TERRITORIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
E. S. OGORODNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

The relevance of the study is due to the existence of the problem of excluding a significant proportion of the working-age population from the labor process for reasons of disability, the presence of chronic diseases, alcohol and drug addiction, and care for disabled family members. Losses of human capital for this reason exceed the indicators of migration of the working-age population to cities. The purpose of the article is to obtain a holistic view of the role of social services in preserving the human capital of rural areas. The analysis showed that the Standards and procedures for the provision of medical care and social services do not take into account the specifics of rural areas.

scholarly journals Inclusive Financial Development and Multidimensional Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Assessment from Rural China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlin Yang ◽  
Chenyu Fu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Financial Exclusion ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Inclusive finance is often considered to be a critical element that makes growth inclusive, as access to finance can enable the poor to lift themselves from income poverty. However, can it play such a role when the poor are in multidimensional poverty? Why does financial exclusion and poverty still exist in countries with vigorous development of inclusive finance? We build an evolutionary game model to analyze the equilibrium strategies of inclusive financial institutions and the poor in poverty reduction activities to find the answers. As there is a high incidence of poverty and serious financial exclusion in rural areas of China, we test the poverty reduction effectiveness of inclusive financial development on the poor with different labor capacity in rural China from 2010 to 2016 based on survey data of China Family Panel Studies and relevant statistics collected from 21 provinces. Our study finds there are differences in poverty alleviation effects of inclusive financial development among the poor with different labor capacities; if financial institutions target the service precisely to the working-age population in rural areas, they will achieve the dual goals of maintaining institutional sustainable development and alleviating poverty; And the development of inclusive finance in aspects of permeability, usability, and utility can significantly reduce multidimensional poverty. Therefore, to further improve the multidimensional poverty reduction performance and stimulate the endogenous motivation of the poor, it is necessary to strengthen the support for financial resources served to the working-age population, and to improve the development of rural inclusive finance in aspects of quality and affordability.

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