scholarly journals Financial services with a special review of insurance services

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (161) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Jasmina Labudovic
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
National Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Special Review ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Economies

The aim of this paper is to point out certain characteristics of insurance market as a specific segment of financial services market. One of the characteristics of this market is the cost of insurance as differentia specific. The model presented in this paper shows how the insurer who is informed about the takeover risk can influence the cost of insurance. The development of insurance market indicates the development of national economies and the living standards. The data about the premium per capita national income per capita, the size of GDP and the number of citizens in different regions contain very interesting information. Processes of transition and macroeconomic reforms have led to a faster development of insurance in ex-socialist countries.

scholarly journals Are digital financial payments constrained by the country's income: Evidence from the Global Findex database

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Marija Antonijević ◽  
Isidora Ljumović ◽  
Velimir Lukić
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
National Income ◽  
Positive Linear Relationship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Payment Services ◽  
Digital Payments

The combined effect of ICT improvement, digitalization and change in clients' habits lead to changes in the financial sector worldwide. Increased use of digital financial services (DFS) is a change that might help to increase financial inclusion, which is particularly important for developing countries. As income is considered a critical driver of digital payments, this study aims to determine whether there is a linear relationship between a country's income measured by the level of Gross National Income per capita (GNI p.c.) and the use of digital payment services, i.e., making and receiving digital payments. We used data from the Global Findex and World Bank databases for 2017 to conduct the research, which covered 141 countries. The presence of a linear relationship between the level of GNI p.c. and the use of digital payments was tested using correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis show that there is a significant strong positive linear relationship between the level of GNI p.c. and the use of digital payment services in both segments, i.e., making and receiving payments. Findings are consistent with previous research and confirmed the important role of income as a driver of the use of DFS.

The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: A Research Note

1978 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Millar ◽  
Susan J. Linz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Income ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Although the total real cost of World War II to the Soviet people has yet to be fully tallied, there can be little doubt that it exceeds that of any other major participant, per capita as well as absolutely. The objective of this paper is to compare and evaluate the real war costs reported by the Soviets with those implied by Soviet pronouncements and those using Soviet national income data. Our purpose is to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.

scholarly journals The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on the Willingness of the Population to Maintain and Accumulate Health Capital

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
L. S. Spankulova ◽  
Y. Nuruly ◽  
A. R. Kerimbayev ◽  
A. Sh. Aimakhanova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Family Living ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Purpose of the article is to identify the relationship between willingness to support, family living standards and individual’s health self-assessment within the framework of the Kazakhstani population participation of in health insurance. The empirical basis of the study was the archive of sociological survey data, which is based on the population responses, taking into account the opinions in the pharmaceutical industry experts, medical workers and specialists in the insurance market. The results of the statistical analysis showed the presence of significant links between “Willingness to support” and “Self-assessment of individual health”, between “Willingness to support” and “Average monthly income per capita in the family”, as well as between “Willingness to support” and “Family living standards”. It was also found that the willingness to support is different for different strata of the population: among the population with a high self-assessment of health, a high standard of living and a high level of per capita income in the family, it is higher. In addition, the article analyzes the current state of health insurance market in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where, as a result, it was revealed that due to quarantine measures, the number of concluded insurance contracts has almost halved. The results obtained can be used by authorized state bodies in the development of health insurance programs, as well as measures to ensure the safety of the health care system of the Republic of Kazakhstan and policies in the field of effective health care.

scholarly journals Measuring GDP and Economic Growth: An Economic Barometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Alpa Tarun Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
8Th Edition

This essay based on Michaele Parkin, Macroeconomics, 8th edition. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

The Cost Barrier to Peritoneal Dialysis in the Developing World—An Asian Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip K.T. Li ◽  
Kai Ming Chow
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
National Income ◽  
Residual Renal Function ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Significant Factors

Countries in Asia vary significantly in culture and socioeconomic status. Dialysis costs and reimbursement structures are significant factors in decisions about the rates and modalities of renal replacement therapy. From our survey of Asian nephrologists conducted in 2001, a number of observations can be made. In many developing countries, the annual cost of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is greater than the per-capita gross national income (GNI). The median cost of a 2-L bag of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid is around US$5. The absolute cost of PD fluid among countries with significant differences in per-capita GNI actually varies very little. Thus, most renal failure patients can be expected to have problems accessing PD therapy in developing countries in Asia. In countries with unequal reimbursement policies for PD versus hemodialysis, a lack of incentive to prescribe PD also exists. Automated PD is nearly non existent in many developing countries in Asia. Some possible ways to reduce the cost barriers to PD in those countries include • individual governments providing more public funding for treating dialysis patients; • dialysate-producing companies reducing the cost of their products; • physicians using appropriately smaller exchange volumes (3 x 2 L) in some Asian patients with smaller body sizes and with residual renal function; and • reducing the complication rate for PD (for example, peritonitis) thereby reducing the costs required for treatment and hospitalization.

scholarly journals Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 814-827
Author(s):  
Alexandr Е. Surinov ◽  
Аrtur B. Luppov
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
National Income ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differences on the national income inequality was assessed by comparing Gini coefficients calculated for the same sample of households using two criteria: nominal per capita income and per capita income adjusted for purchasing power in various regions. The study revealed that the difference in nominal incomes is reduced by regional disparities in the cost of living. Simultaneously, the distribution of household incomes adjusted for regional purchasing power parities is more even. The research findings can be used to develop policy measures aimed at reducing regional welfare disparities and poverty.

scholarly journals Gross Domestic Product & it’s Various Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Satish Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

Mekanisme Dan Proteksi Jaminan Nasabah Pada Gadai Informal

Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Yuri Nanda Larasati ◽  
Jafril Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Cost

Regulation of the financial services authority (OJK) No. 31/POJK.05/2016 on Venture had arranged that the financial services agency on the basis of the law of pledge is in coaching and supervision OJK. Yet the existence of laws – invitation to Governing Enterprise pawn shops causing business activities conducted by the above parties are not yet regulated. The condition is feared could cause harm to the consumer society. The purpose of this research is to know the procedures, mechanisms, protection of goods and guarantee the consumer on an informal pledge financing, methods of determination of the cost of maintenance of the goods and the goods of the execution mechanism of the pledge as well as protection for the collateral items are viewed from the side of the consumer by looking at laws-invitations and Sharia. To find out whether the pledge have gotten permission from OJK. This research uses qualitative research methods with the study of library research, field data and simulations. The approach used in this study is the empirical juridical approach. Elaboration upon the results is discussed further in this article.

Potentials for demographic dividend and rapid economic growth in Mali: What policy scenario would yield the greatest dividend?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Clifford O. Odimegwu ◽  
Emmanuel O. Olamijuwon
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The demographic changes occurring in Mali, evident in high fertility but declining mortality rates have raised optimism about the prospects of reaping demographic dividend. However, it remains unclear how soon and what policy scenario would yield the largest demographic dividend in the country. We used a demographic-economic model “DemDiv” to assess the prospects of reaping a demographic dividend in Mali by 2050. We illuminate this further by examining the cost and implications of different combination of education, family planning and economic policies. The results show that by increasing access to education, family planning services coupled with strong economic reforms, Mali’s GDP per capita will be $27,044 by 2050. This high per capita GDP is almost thrice the benefit of prioritising only economic reforms. Mali would also have a GDP of $977 billion. These findings highlight the need for sound demographic and market-oriented economic policies for Mali to reap a large demographic dividend by 2050.

Wage disparities between high and low wage cities with and without the cost of living within Punjab and Sindh: An application of Oaxaca-Blinder using PSLM with HIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Farrukh Mahmood ◽  
Shumaila Hashim ◽  
Uzma Iram ◽  
Muhammad Zubair Chishti
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Wage Dispersion ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Wage Disparities

Wage disparities research hardly incorporate for the cost of living differences due to data restriction, while the wage disparity issue is the crucial area of economist interest. The study aims to examine the wage disparities between high and low wage cities for Punjab and Sindh province of Pakistan with and without the cost of living, deploying the data of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) with Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) for 2005, 2007, 2010, and 2013. Applying the Oaxaca-Blinder estimation method, the findings infer that wage dispersion is high without the cost of living model for both provinces (Punjab and Sindh) as compared to with cost of the living model. Moreover, the results reveal that the wage dispersion is greater in Punjab province than Sindh province. For policymakers, our study suggests that the cost of living is an essential component of the wage dispersion in Pakistan’s cities; it should be considered while formulating for wage policy.

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