scholarly journals Antifungal activity of chitosan against Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Zivkovic ◽  
Milos Stevanovic ◽  
Sanja Djurovic ◽  
Danijela Ristic ◽  
Stefan Stosic
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Promising Alternative

Chitosan and its derivatives have been reported as a promising alternative for control of postharvest fungal pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ antifungal activity of chitosan against Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from decayed apple fruits. The fungi were tested in vitro using PDA medium with three concentrations of chitosan (1, 2 and 3 mg/ml). Fungal growth of the test pathogens was significantly affected by all chitosan doses (P<0.05) after 7 days of incubation at 25?C. Water solution of 3 mg/ml of chitosan inhibited completely the conidial germination of A. alternata and C. gloeosporioides after 18 h incubation at 25?C. The results obtained from biocontrol assay indicate that the inhibition of postharvest decay of A. alternata and C. gloeosporioides was significantly influenced by chitosan concentrations. Disease incidence in chitosan-treated fruit after 7 days incubation at 25?C was significantly lower than in the positive control for both fungi tested (P<0.05). A. alternata and C. gloeosporioides used in this study were progressively inhibited in vitro and in situ with increasing concentrations of chitosan from 1 to 3 mg/ml.

scholarly journals Electrospun Polymer-Fungicide Nanocomposites for Grapevine Protection

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3673
Author(s):  
Nasko Nachev ◽  
Mariya Spasova ◽  
Petya Tsekova ◽  
Nevena Manolova ◽  
Iliya Rashkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Nowadays, diseases in plants are a worldwide problem. Fungi represent the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Esca is a grapevine disease caused mainly by fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (P. aleophilum). The currently proposed methods to fight esca are not curative. In this study, polymer composites based on biodegradable polymer containing chemical fungicides with antifungal activity were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The obtained materials were hydrophobic with good mechanical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the fungicide release was higher from PLLA/K5N8Q fibrous mats (ca. 72% for 50 h) compared to the released drug amount from PLLA/5-Cl8Q materials (ca. 52% for 50 h), which is due to the better water-solubility of the salt. The antifungal activity of the fibrous materials against P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum was studied as well. The incorporation of the fungicide in the biodegradable fibers resulted in the inhibition of fungal growth. The obtained materials are perspective candidates for the protection of vines from the penetration and growth of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals In vitro efficacy of fungicides on mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Jahangir Abdullah Koka ◽  
Mohd Yaqub Bhat ◽  
Abdul Hamid Wani
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Tomato Fruits

Tomato fruits were infected by various pathogens especially fungal pathogens under storage conditions as well as in field conditions. It was revealed that tomato fruits are attacked by Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria rot of tomato and Mucor plumbeus causing Mucor rot of tomato. Antifungal activity of some fungicides was undertaken during the present study.  Different concentrations of fungicides brought about significant reduction in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus under in vitro conditions. Hexaconozole proved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata followed by carbendazim and copper oxychloride respectively. However, the most effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth and spore germination of Mucor plumbeus was hexaconozole followed by carbendazim and copper oxychloride respectively. Keywords: In vitro, fungicides, Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus, mycelial growth, spore germination

scholarly journals Antagonistic potential of lactobacillus plantarum against some postharvest pathogenic fungi

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Svetlana Zivkovic ◽  
Stefan Stosic ◽  
Danijela Ristic ◽  
Ivan Vucurovic ◽  
Milos Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Antagonistic Potential

Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the most widespread lactic acid bacte?ria, exert a strong antagonistic activity against many microorganisms. The present study was conducted to determine in vitro and in situ antagonistic potential of L. plantarum (DSM 20174) for control postharvest decay caused by phytopathogenic fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Fusarium avenaceum. The results obtained in in vitro assays showed that L. plantarum had a stronger inhibitory effect on spore germination than on mycelia growth of all tested fungi. After 3 days of incubation, the diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 11.67 mm for C. gloeosporioides to 14.67 mm for C. acutatum. The bacterial suspension of L. plantarum significantly inhibited conidial germination of all postharvest pathogens (89.62-97.61%). In situ assays showed that treatment with L. plantarum efficiently inhibited necrosis ranging from 42.54% for C. acutatum to 54.47% for A. flavus. The disease incidence in L. plantarum treated fruits was statistically significantly lower than in the positive control for all fungi tested (P<0.05). The presented data demonstrate the antagonistic potential of L. plantarum (DSM 20174) and indicate the possibility of using this bacterial strain as a biological agent to control postharvest fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Effects of Lacto-Fermented Agricultural By-Products as a Natural Disinfectant against Post-Harvest Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Fernando H. Ranjith ◽  
Belal J. Muhialdin ◽  
Noor L. Yusof ◽  
Nameer K. Mohammed ◽  
Muhammad H. Miskandar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: the antagonism activity of lactic acid bacteria metabolites has the potential to prevent fungal growth on mango. Methods: the potential of developing natural disinfectant while using watermelon rinds (WR), pineapple (PP), orange peels (OP), palm kernel cake (PKC), and rice bran (RB), via lacto-fermentation was investigated. The obtained lactic acid bacteria (LAB) metabolites were then employed and the in vitro antifungal activity toward five spoilage fungi of mango was tested through liquid and solid systems. Besides, the effect of the produced disinfectant on the fungal growth inhibition and quality of mango was investigated. Results: the strains Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 and Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC9338 growing in the substrates PKC and PP exhibited significantly higher in vitro antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae as compared to other tested LAB strains and substrates. The in-situ results demonstrated that mango samples that were treated with the disinfectant produced from PKC fermented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum had the lowest disease incidence and disease severity index after 16 days shelf life, as well as the lowest conidial concentration. Furthermore, PKC that was fermented by L. fermentum highly maintained the quality of the mango. Conclusions: lactic acid fermentation of PKC by L. fermentum demonstrated a high potential for use as a natural disinfectant to control C. gloeosporioides and B. theobromae on mango.

scholarly journals Field Survey and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Pathogens of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Fruit Rot in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Keith ◽  
Tracie Matsumoto ◽  
Kate Nishijima ◽  
Marisa Wall ◽  
Mike Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Nephelium Lappaceum

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) is a tropical fruit in Hawaii that has increased in value in the niche market of exotic fruits. The primary limitation to preharvest and postharvest quality is the occurrence of fungal diseases of the fruit. A survey of rambutan disease was conducted at orchards 9.7 km south and 29.0 km north of Hilo, HI, to determine the main fungal pathogens affecting preharvest fruit quality. Pericarp of rambutan fruit revealed brown to black lesions that progressed to blackening and drying of the fruit with some fruits becoming totally mummified. Four fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic fruit included Lasmenia, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum spp. Over the 2-year sampling period, disease incidence from more than 300 fruits sampled was 84.6%. Nine rambutan cultivars were evaluated for disease incidence under field conditions. Disease incidence was greater than 90% for ‘Sitangku’ and ‘R167’ but less than 60% for ‘Chompoo’. Twelve fungal isolates from infected fruit were selected for further characterization (six Lasmenia isolates and two isolates each of Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum). Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. The optimum growth temperature for all fungal isolates ranged between 22 and 28 °C. Molecular methods were used to confirm the identity of the fungi. The fungal isolates were evaluated for in vitro baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth for fungicides registered for use in Hawaii (Abound® and Trilogy®). Abound® was more effective at inhibiting fungal growth than was Trilogy®; however, efficacy appeared to be influenced by fungal genera. Inhibition of fungal growth by Abound® ranged from a 76% reduction for Lasmenia to a 23% reduction for Phomopsis isolates.

scholarly journals Development of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract Emulsion Formulations in Controlling Gray Mold Disease on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Siti Fairuz Yusoff ◽  
Farah Farhanah Haron ◽  
Norhayu Asib ◽  
Mahmud Tengku Muda Mohamed ◽  
Siti Izera Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Emulsion Formulation

Postharvest fruits including tomatoes are commonly infected by gray mold disease resulting in significant economic losses in the fruit industry. Therefore, this study aimed to develop botanical fungicide derived from Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract to control gray mold on tomato. The emulsion formulation containing surfactant, oil carrier and water was optimized at different non-ionic alkyl polyglucoside surfactants through eleven combinations of oil to surfactant ratio (0:10, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, 9:1 and 10:0 w/w). From eight selected formulations, two formulations, F5 and F7 showed stable in storage, remarkable thermodynamic stability, smaller particle size (66.44 and 139.63 nm), highly stable in zeta potential (−32.70 and −31.70 mV), low in polydispersity index (0.41 and 0.40 PdI), low in viscosity (4.20 and 4.37 cP) and low in surface tension (27.62 and 26.41 mN/m) as compared to other formulations. In situ antifungal activity on tomato fruits showed F5 formulation had a fungicidal activity against B. cinerea with zero disease incidence and severity, whereas F7 formulation reduced 62.5% disease incidence compared to a positive control with scale 1. Based on these findings, F5 formulation exhibited pronounced antifungal activity and may contribute to the development of new and safe antifungal product against gray mold on tomato.

scholarly journals Biodirected Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Honey Solutions and Evaluation of Their Antifungal Activity against Pathogenic Candida Spp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7715
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Czernel ◽  
Dominika Bloch ◽  
Arkadiusz Matwijczuk ◽  
Jolanta Cieśla ◽  
Monika Kędzierska-Matysek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Diffusion Assay

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous honey solutions with a concentration of 2%, 10%, and 20%—AgNPs-H2, AgNPs-H10, and AgNPs-H20. The reaction was conducted at 35 °C and 70 °C. Additionally, nanoparticles obtained with the citrate method (AgNPs-C), while amphotericin B (AmB) and fluconazole were used as controls. The presence and physicochemical properties of AgNPs was affirmed by analyzing the sample with ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The 20% honey solution caused an inhibition of the synthesis of nanoparticles at 35 °C. The antifungal activity of the AgNPs was evaluated using opportunistic human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The antifungal effect was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion assay. The highest activity in the MIC tests was observed in the AgNPs-H2 variant. AgNPs-H10 and AgNPs-H20 showed no activity or even stimulated fungal growth. The results of the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test for C. parapsilosis strains indicated stronger antifungal activity of AgNPs-H than fluconazole. The study demonstrated that the antifungal activity of AgNPs is closely related to the concentration of honey used for the synthesis thereof.

scholarly journals Effect of Cavity Disinfectants on Adhesion to Primary Teeth—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4398
Author(s):  
Ana Coelho ◽  
Inês Amaro ◽  
Ana Apolónio ◽  
Anabela Paula ◽  
José Saraiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Promising Alternative

Some authors have been proposing the use of cavity disinfectants in order to reduce, or even eliminate, the effect of the microorganisms present in a dental cavity before a restoration is placed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants on bond strength and clinical success of composite and glass ionomer restorations on primary teeth. The research was conducted using Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for articles published up to February 2021. The search was performed according to the PICO strategy. The evaluation of the methodological quality of each in vitro study was assessed using the CONSORT checklist for reporting in vitro studies on dental materials. Sixteen in vitro studies and one in situ study fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Chlorhexidine was the most studied cavity disinfectant, and its use does not compromise dentin bonding. Sodium hypochlorite is a promising alternative, but more research on its use is required to clearly state that it can safely be used as a cavity disinfectant for primary teeth. Although other disinfectants were studied, there is a low-level evidence attesting their effects on adhesion, therefore their use should be avoided.

scholarly journals Rhizosphere-enriched microbes as a pool to design synthetic communities for reproducible beneficial outputs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Dimitra Tsolakidou ◽  
Ioannis A Stringlis ◽  
Natalia Fanega-Sleziak ◽  
Stella Papageorgiou ◽  
Antria Tsalakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Tomato Growth ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Abstract Composts represent a sustainable way to suppress diseases and improve plant growth. Identification of compost-derived microbial communities enriched in the rhizosphere of plants and characterization of their traits, could facilitate the design of microbial synthetic communities (SynComs) that upon soil inoculation could yield consistent beneficial effects towards plants. Here, we characterized a collection of compost-derived bacteria, previously isolated from tomato rhizosphere, for in vitro antifungal activity against soil-borne fungal pathogens and for their potential to change growth parameters in Arabidopsis. We further assessed root-competitive traits in the dominant rhizospheric genus Bacillus. Certain isolated rhizobacteria displayed antifungal activity against the tested pathogens and affected growth of Arabidopsis, and Bacilli members possessed several enzymatic activities. Subsequently, we designed two SynComs with different composition and tested their effect on Arabidopsis and tomato growth and health. SynCom1, consisting of different bacterial genera, displayed negative effect on Arabidopsis in vitro, but promoted tomato growth in pots. SynCom2, consisting of Bacilli, didn't affect Arabidopsis growth, enhanced tomato growth and suppressed Fusarium wilt symptoms. Overall, we found selection of compost-derived microbes with beneficial properties in the rhizosphere of tomato plants, and observed that application of SynComs on poor substrates can yield reproducible plant phenotypes.

scholarly journals Synthetic Histidine-Rich Peptides Inhibit Candida Species and Other Fungi In Vitro: Role of Endocytosis and Treatment Implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2797-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingsong Zhu ◽  
Paul W. Luther ◽  
Qixin Leng ◽  
A. James Mixson
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Nucleic Acid Delivery ◽  
Histatin 5 ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Endosomal Acidification

ABSTRACT A family of histidine-rich peptides, histatins, is secreted by the parotid gland in mammals and exhibits marked inhibitory activity against a number of Candida species. We were particularly interested in the mechanism by which histidine-rich peptides inhibit fungal growth, because our laboratory has synthesized a variety of such peptides for drug and nucleic acid delivery. In contrast to naturally occurring peptides that are linear, peptides made on synthesizers can be varied with respect to their degrees of branching. Using this technology, we explored whether histidine-lysine (HK) polymers of different complexities and degrees of branching affect the growth of several species of Candida. Polymers with higher degrees of branching were progressively more effective against Candida albicans, with the four-branched polymer, H2K4b, most effective. Furthermore, H2K4b accumulated efficiently in C. albicans, which may indicate its ability to transport other antifungal agents intracellularly. Although H2K4b had greater antifungal activity than histatin 5, their mechanisms were similar. Toxicity in C. albicans induced by histatin 5 or branched HK peptides was markedly reduced by 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, an inhibitor of anion channels. We also determined that bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, significantly decreased the antifungal activity of H2K4b. This suggests that the pH-buffering and subsequent endosomal-disrupting properties of histidine-rich peptides have a role in their antifungal activity. Moreover, the ability of the histidine component of these peptides to disrupt endosomes, which allows their escape from the lysosomal pathway, may explain why these peptides are both effective antifungal agents and nucleic acid delivery carriers.

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