Militarism, gender and reproductive suffering: the case of abortion in Western Dinka

Africa ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jok Madut Jok
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Reproductive Decisions ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Social Breakdown

AbstractStudies of reproductive risk under war conditions pay a great deal of attention to statistics of sexual violence inflicted by one warring party upon women of the other. While such attention is justified, it mystifies the risk contained within families and local communities. This article examines the effects of the militarisation of youth in southern Sudan on women's reproductive well-being. The war has caused families to desire many children to make up for the high wartime infant mortality rate. The resultant social breakdown has prompted men to breach the rules of sexuality and sexual taboos to such an extent that women have lost much control over sexual and reproductive decisions. Women in Western Dinka, therefore, agree to conceive unwillingly. They also regard pregnancy as a difficult ordeal. Many, however, terminate pregnancy with unsafe techniques that risk infertility, infection or death.

Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission, and Well-Being in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-318
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Adesoji Olubiyi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Human Welfare

The link among energy use, human welfare, and carbon emission has been a topical issue in the literature. In Africa, energy consumption has been on the increase owing to the production and consumption of sophisticated consumer goods and home appliances. Increased energy use triggers carbon emission that is detrimental to human welfare. This study investigates this puzzle in emerging African countries by utilizing panel vector autoregressive and system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) in the context of a mix of theories. The results indicate a unidirectional causality running from FUEL, COAL to per capita income (PCI). A unidirectional causality running from mortality rate (MOR) to COAL and CO2 was observed. There is a bidirectional relationship between MOR and energy use. The SYS-GMM results show that the effects of energy consumption on well-being are diverse. Increase in coal consumption reduces unemployment rate while electricity consumption reduces infant mortality rate. Fuel consumption aggravates incidence of mortality rate. CO2 reduces unemployment but worsens infant mortality rate. Electricity consumption reduces infant mortality rate. Hence, for the purpose of policy harmonization tailored toward improving well-being in the emerging economies of Africa, it is recommended that more of coal consumption and efficient use of electricity must be encouraged.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic determinants of under-five mortality in rural Agra

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 3108
Author(s):  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Rajiv Srivastava ◽  
S. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Live Births

Background: One of the most important indicator or index of socio-economic development of a country or region is infant mortality rate. The present study was undertaken to assess the quantum of childhood mortality and to find out the social factors associated with these deaths by verbal autopsies. Methods: This one year cross-sectional study was undertaken in a purposively selected community Development Block Sainyan, district Agra among children aged between 0-5 years using multistage random sampling technique. Suitable statistical methods were applied. Results: Out of total 8355 families surveyed, a total of 185 deaths were reported among children. Number of deaths was higher among those belonging to nuclear family and lower socioeconomic status. The neonatal mortality rate was estimated to be 33.55/1000 live births. The post neonatal mortality rate was found to be 40.78/1000 live births and infant mortality rate was 74.33/1000 live births. Mortality rate in 1-5 year age group children was 10.6/1000 same age group children, while 0-5 yrs. mortality was estimated to be 22.39/1000 children of same age group. Out of 185 children who died, 52.7% were unimmunized and another 35.67% were partially immunized. Conclusions: Female education and socioeconomic well-being should be strengthened. 

The modern problem of infant mortality in the Russian Federation, an integrated approach to reduction on the example of the Republic of Ingushetia

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
H. U. Ugurchieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

Infant mortality is an important indicator of the social well-being of society and reflects the state of the national health system as a whole. According to official statistics, the infant mortality rate in the Russian Federation has reached a significant decrease in recent years, but in comparison with the leading countries of the world it still remains high. The study found that in the Russian Federation infant mortality has a territorial differentiation, which indicates different policies of the executive authorities of the regions in the direction related to the reduction of infant mortality. The review article contains data on the dynamics of infant mortality in the Republic of Ingushetia and other republics of the North Caucasus Federal District. A significant decrease in the infant mortality rate in the Republic of Ingushetia is shown as a result of the effective interaction of state authorities at all levels. The need for an integrated approach in the system of management decisions for the development of the perinatal service in the regions of the Russian Federation has been proved.

Infant Mortality in England, 1538-2000: Trends, Methods and Sources

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-52
Author(s):  
Chris Galley
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Wide Range

The infant mortality rate is considered to be one of the most important indicators of demographic well-being since infants are amongst the most vulnerable groups within society and their survival is influenced by a wide range of socioeconomic factors. This paper, the first of four, examines the trend in infant mortality over four centuries. It discusses the methods and sources needed to study infant mortality and it also establishes a framework whereby the various influences on infant mortality can be assessed.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF VILLAGE MIDWIFE PERFORMANCE IN REDUCING MATERNAL AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Tumartony Thaib Hiola ◽  
Bun Yamin M. Badjuka
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
District Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Training ◽  
Village Midwife ◽  
Childbirth Care

Background: The most essential aspect to reduce the number of maternal and newborn mortality is midwife competence. Midwives have a great role to be able to handle variety of health services (antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum) to avoid or decrease the maternal and infant mortality rate. Performance of health workers, particularly midwives, is the most crucial in affecting the quality and quantity of midwives’ services to  enhance the national health development.Aim: This study analyzed factors affecting village midwife performance for reducing maternal and infant mortality in seek for achieving Bone Bolango cemerlang or bright Bone Balango as the vision of Bone Bolango District in 2021.Methods: This study was an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. It was conducted from March to June 2019 in the working area of Bone Bolango District Health Office. There were 227 people from 19 primary healthcare centers as the population, and the sample size was 227 selected by using the total sampling technique. The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to the respondents and using secondary data. The data processing was done through chi-square test and multiple logistic regression with backward wald method.Results: Midwife performance in Bone Bolango District was assessed based on several variables. Most of them were ≥ 25 years old (80.6%); worked for ≥ five years (58,6%); mostly had not participated in any normal childbirth care training (76.7%); had a good competence (96.5%); had good resources/equipment (79.7%); had a good reward (92.5%); had a good attitude (76.2%); had a good motivation (90.7%). There were 12 maternal mortalities from 2017 to 2019 handled by only 11 midwives (4.8%). On the other hand, infant mortality rate (IMR) reached 25 cases in the same years; of 227 midwives, these cases were handled by only 21 midwives (9.3%).Conclusion: A midwife as a part of the health workers has an important role to increase the quality of maternal and child well-being program. Some variables that became indicators of midwife performance and had an effect on reducing the MMR and IMR included work period, reward, and motivation. This study recommends that all midwives have to be provided with a normal childbirth care training in the working area and increased rewards in the process of labor and delivery. Keywords: midwives, performance, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate.

ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY IN THE VORONEZH REGION FOR 2010-2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Владимир Петрович Косолапов ◽  
Галина Владимировна Сыч ◽  
Алёна Геннадьевна Деряева ◽  
Сергей Васильевич Смольянинов
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Voronezh Region

Наряду с показателем ожидаемой продолжительности жизни населения, коэффициент младенческой смертности - число детей, умерших в возрасте до 1 года, в расчете на 1000 родившихся - признается важной характеристикой не только развития населения, но и прогресса общества в целом. Его уровень считается объективным признаком социально-экономического и культурного благополучия страны. Кроме того, показатель смертности детей коррелирует с качеством, объемом и доступностью медицинской помощи женщинам и детям, а по уровню, динамике и структуре причин младенческой смертности можно судить и о степени эффективности деятельности органов здравоохранения. Проведение государственными структурами значимых мероприятий по снижению младенческой смертности - показатель развития страны, реагирующий на изменения в экономической политике, на характер распределения материальных благ, на уровень социального и культурного развития общества, социальной защищенности населения, на уровень ее демократических преобразований. Поэтому стремление к снижению уровня младенческой смертности является неотъемлемой частью развития и процветания любого государства. В статье проанализированы причины и проблемы младенческой смертности в Воронежской области, рассмотрена динамика показателя за 2010-2018 гг. В соответствии с анализом существующих проблем представлены необходимые меры для снижения младенческой смертности в регионе In addition to life expectancy, the infant mortality rate - the number of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 births - is recognized as an important characteristic not only of the development of the population, but also of the progress of society as a whole. Its level is considered an objective sign of the socio-economic and cultural well-being of the country. In addition, the mortality rate of children correlates with the quality, volume and accessibility of health care for women and children, and the level, dynamics and structure of the causes of infant mortality can be measured by the degree of effectiveness of health authorities. The implementation by State structures of significant measures to reduce infant mortality is an indicator of the country's development, responding to changes in economic policy, the nature of the distribution of material benefits, the level of social and cultural development of society, and the social protection of the population, after all, to the level of its democratic transformation. Therefore, the desire to reduce infant mortality is an integral part of the development and prosperity of any State. The article analyzed the causes and problems of infant mortality in the Voronezh region, considered the dynamics of the indicator for 2010-2018. In accordance with the analysis of existing problems, the necessary measures are presented to reduce infant mortality in the region

Demystifying the Aquatic Paradox: The Infant Mortality in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-471
Author(s):  
Subhanil Banerjee ◽  
Anukriti Singh ◽  
Sumantra Bhattacharya ◽  
Souren Koner
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
The People

It is evident that better access to improved water sources will lead to the lessening of infant mortality rate (IMR). However, for India, such inference is ambiguous. There is a strong group of academicians such as Sahu et al. (2015) , Arun et al. (2017) and Tripathy and Mishra (2017) and organizations such as UNICEF that firmly believe that if access to the improved water sources can be improved, then there would be tremendous social welfare and much betterment to the IMR. On the other hand, Banerjee et al. (2020) have refuted such claims and opined that access to improved water sources increases the IMR. The empirical validation of their claim has been flawless, but they are somewhat silent on why such a direct relationship between IMR and improved water source exists. They have made a comment based on assumptions that it might be complacency that develops with access to improved water sources that refrain the people to consider any type of water treatment before passing it to infants for drinking. Such a comment might be valid, but neither is it built upon a sound literature review nor does it stand on strong empirics. At this juncture, the present article tests the claim of Banerjee et al. (2020) based on pure empirics.

scholarly journals Infant mortality by color or race from Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Gava ◽  
Andrey Moreira Cardoso ◽  
Paulo Cesar Basta
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Black Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Live Births

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the quality of records for live births and infant deaths and to estimate the infant mortality rate for skin color or race, in order to explore possible racial inequalities in health. METHODS Descriptive study that analyzed the quality of records of the Live Births Information System and Mortality Information System in Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonian, between 2006-2009. The infant mortality rates were estimated for skin color or race with the direct method and corrected by: (1) proportional distribution of deaths with missing data related to skin color or race; and (2) application of correction factors. We also calculated proportional mortality by causes and age groups. RESULTS The capture of live births and deaths improved in relation to 2006-2007, which required lower correction factors to estimate infant mortality rate. The risk of death of indigenous infant (31.3/1,000 live births) was higher than that noted for the other skin color or race groups, exceeding by 60% the infant mortality rate in Rondônia (19.9/1,000 live births). Black children had the highest neonatal infant mortality rate, while the indigenous had the highest post-neonatal infant mortality rate. Among the indigenous deaths, 15.2% were due to ill-defined causes, while the other groups did not exceed 5.4%. The proportional infant mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases was higher among indigenous children (12.1%), while among black children it occurred due to external causes (8.7%). CONCLUSIONS Expressive inequalities in infant mortality were noted between skin color or race categories, more unfavorable for indigenous infants. Correction factors proposed in the literature lack to consider differences in underreporting of deaths for skin color or race. The specific correction among the color or race categories would likely result in exacerbation of the observed inequalities.

scholarly journals PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Adeagbo Mathew Oluwaseun
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

One of the numerous responsibilities of the government of any country is to invest in the various sectors of the economy. This should, however, be channeled to the appropriate sectors, such as the health sector, that will lead to a continual growth of the country. It is in the light of this, that this study looks at government spending on the health sector and its effect on infant mortality rate (INFM) in Nigeria. Health is central to the well-being of the citizens. This study made an attempt to provide empirical evidence of the impact of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018 using time series data. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) analytical method was used to examine the relationships. Various robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability of the result for policy makers. Findings revealed that all variables employed positively impacted INFM except for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and female literacy rate. It was therefore recommended that more public enlightenments on the importance of taking DPT immunization for infants should be embarked upon for the target audience to be able to produce a positive effect, nursing mothers should be educated more on the need to take good care of their children especially at the early stage and not leave chance to the faith of the day care, all in the name of being literate and answering the call of their job at the expense of their parental role among others.

Perbandingan Linieritas Dalam Pendeteksian Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kematian Bayi Di Provinsi Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desfira Ahya ◽  
Inas Salsabila ◽  
Miftahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Penalized Spline ◽  
Aceh Province

Angka Kematian Bayi/ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) merupakan indikator penting dalam mengukur keberhasilan pengembangan kesehatan. Nilai IMR juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan ibu, kondisi kesehatan lingkungan dan secara umum, tingkat pengembangan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model IMR terbaik menggunakan tiga pendekatan: Model Linear, Model Linear Tergeneralisir dan Model Aditif Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan model tersebut akan terlihat variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah kematian bayi di tahun 2013-2015. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Profil Kesehatan Aceh. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik dalam menjelaskan angka kematian bayi di provinsi Aceh tahun 2013-2015 ialah Model Linear Tergeneralisir dengan basis P-spline menggunakan parameter penghalusan 100 dan titik knots 8. Faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi angka kematian ialah jumlah pekerja yang sehat.   Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important indicator in measuring the success of health development. IMR also can be used to knowing the level of maternal health, environmental health conditions and generally the level of socio-economic development in community. This research aims to get the best model of infant mortality data using three approaches: Linear Model, Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Additive Model with Penalized Spline (P-spline) base. In addition, based on the model can be seen the variables that affect to infant mortality in Aceh Province. This research uses data number of infant mortality in Aceh Province period 2013-2015. The data in this research were obtained from Aceh’s Health Profile. The results show that the best model can be explain infant mortality rate in Aceh Province period 2013-2015 is GAM model with P-spline base using smoothing parameter 100 and knots 8. Factor that high effect to infant mortality is number of health workers.

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