Consensus and Conflict in Indian Politics

1961 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Hoeber Rudolph

Several hours before his assassination in 1948, Mahatma Gandhi submitted his proposal for revisions in the party constitution of the Indian National Congress. He suggested that the Congress dissolve, since partisanship appeared to him wrong, and convert itself into a Lok Sevak Sangh, an apolitical people's service association. The Congress did not in the event obey the testament, but no one thought the proposal funny or outrageous. More recently, a General Secretary of the Congress reiterated the non-partisan point of view underlying this proposal when he questioned whether the role of an opposition party was meaningful in India, and when he supported the idea of “a common national programme acceptable to all political parties, on the basis of which the administration of the country could be carried on.” “The Panchayat system in India,” the Secretary said, “was essentially based on this very principle of synthesis rather than antithesis. Economically underdeveloped countries like ours can hardly afford the luxury of opposition only for the sake of opposition.”

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Singh ◽  
Chandra Singh Prakash

In the election of 17th Lok Sabha  held in mid-2019, the Indian political parties  tried hard to be a tie-up with each other against the present Modi-led NDA dispensation. In independent India, first, such attempt was made early in 1974 and started a new process of consolidation of opposition forces by the merger. In line, the Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD) was formed by the merger of seven political parties and in this process, the constituent units lost their identity in the BLD. At the time although Congress (O) and the Jana Sangh were ready to cooperate but refused to lose their existence. Their experiences of emergency proved a blessing for them and they came together and formed an alliance called Janata Party, to challenge the Congress leadership of the time. Likewise, as of today in 2018-19 the Bharatiya Janata Party is the country’s largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and all political parties of present-day India with Indian National Congress as forerunner with the help of regional party try a futile attempt first to challenge and then to defeat the BJP in various elections. Although with a great difference in the situation the motto of opposition parties has been one and only to give weighty protest to turn the events in their favour. This ups and downs of Indian politics may prove a path-breaking for other developing countries where political parties are struggling hard to gain power but did not succeed on account of causes best known to them.


Author(s):  
María Pérez-Ugena Coromina

The article analyses the role that political parties should have considering the level of democratic consolidation in Spain. In this connection, the funding model for political parties is defined from the point of view that would correspond to the functions that they should develop today, rather than from a theoretical point of view.En este artículo se trata de analizar el papel que deberían tener los partidos políticos dado el actual grado de consolidación democrática en España. En relación con lo anterior, definimos el modelo de financiación de los partidos no tanto como un modelo teórico sino relacionado con la necesaria adecuación de los partidos a las funciones que deberían realizar en nuestros días.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Adam Michael Auerbach ◽  
Jennifer Bussell ◽  
Simon Chauchard ◽  
Francesca R. Jensenius ◽  
Gareth Nellis ◽  
...  

In the study of electoral politics and political behavior in the developing world, India is often considered to be an exemplar of the centrality of contingency in distributive politics, the role of ethnicity in shaping political behavior, and the organizational weakness of political parties. Whereas these axioms have some empirical basis, the massive changes in political practices, the vast variation in political patterns, and the burgeoning literature on subnational dynamics in India mean that such generalizations are not tenable. In this article, we consider research on India that compels us to rethink the contention that India neatly fits the prevailing wisdom in the comparative politics literature. Our objective is to elucidate how the many nuanced insights about Indian politics can improve our understanding of electoral behavior both across and within other countries, allowing us to question core assumptions in theories of comparative politics.


Securitologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Nitza-Makowska

Political parties in India and Pakistan consider democracy a desirable regime for their countries. In order to introduce their own vision of a democratic state, they violate rules of free and fair elec-tions, undermining the very procedures that constitute democracy. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League made different kinds of impacts on the democratisation processes in India and Pakistan respectively. In just a few years, the Indian National Congress, contrary to its counterpart in Pakistan, introduced a constitution and organised elections.


ملخص: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في تعزيز المشاركة السياسية من وجهة نظر خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة فرع غزة، ولتحقيق ذلك تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي، ومنهج دراسة الحالة، وأعد الباحث استبانة طبقها على عينة طبقية عشوائية بلغت (378) مفردة، صلح منها للتحليل (292) مفردة من خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة فرع غزة البالغ عددهم (22724) خريجاً وخريجة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج الآتية: 1- هناك ضعف في دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في تعزيز المشاركة السياسية من وجهة نظر خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة فرع غزة. 2- هناك قصور في دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في نشر القيم الثقافية التي تنمي المشاركة السياسية لدى لشباب، وتعمل على تشجيع وتحفيز طاقاتهم، وبث روح المثابرة وتبني الأفكار والتوجهات المبدعة التي يقترحونها. 3- هناك تفرد لدى الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في صنع القرارات أكثر من المشاركة لدى الشباب به، ويؤشر ذلك على جمود وتعقد نظم الأحزاب ويظهر ذلك في عجزها على تفعيل المشاركة للشباب في صنع القرارات. 4- هناك ضعف في دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في القضاء على ظاهرة العقلية الفردية وعدم البعد عن تحقيق المصالح الذاتية، وتغليب المصلحة العامة على المصلحة الشخصية بشكل مرضي لدى الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية. 5- هناك ضعف في مشاركة الشباب في إعداد البرامج السياسية والثقافية والمجتمعية لدى الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية، وذلك يشير لإهمال الأحزاب في حث الشباب للمشاركة في إعداد البرامج السياسية والثقافية. 6- وجود علاقة طردية موجبة قوية ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (α≤0.05) بين دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية في تعزيز المشاركة السياسية من وجهة نظر خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة فرع غزة. 7- وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (α≤0.05) بين متوسط التقديرات حول دور الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية من وجهة نظر خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة فرع غزة تعزى لمتغير (النوع الاجتماعي الكليات العلمية، العمر، مجال العمل مكان السكن). الكلمات المفتاحية: الأحزاب السياسية الفلسطينية- المشاركة السياسية- خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة. Abstract The study aimed to identify the role of Palestinian political parties in promoting political participation from the point of view of the graduates of Al-Quds Open University, Gaza Branch, and to achieve this, the descriptive approach and the case study approach were used. (292) male and female graduates of Al-Quds Open University, Gaza branch, numbering (22724), and the study reached the following results: 1- There is a weakness in the role of Palestinian political parties in promoting political participation from the perspective of graduates of Al-Quds Open University, Gaza Branch. 2- There is a shortcoming in the role of Palestinian political parties in spreading cultural values ​​that develop the political participation of young people, encourage and stimulate their energies, spread the spirit of perseverance and adopt the creative ideas and directions they propose. 3- There is a uniqueness among the Palestinian political parties in decision-making more than the participation of the youth in it, and this indicates the rigidity and complexity of the party systems and this appears in their inability to activate the participation of young people in decision-making. 4- There is a weakness in the role of the Palestinian political parties in eliminating the phenomenon of the individual mentality and the lack of distance from achieving self-interest, and giving priority to the public interest over personal interest in a satisfactory manner among the Palestinian political parties. 5- There is a weakness in the participation of young people in preparing the political, cultural and societal programs of the Palestinian political parties, and this indicates the neglect of the parties in urging young people to participate in the preparation of political and cultural programs. 6- There is a strong positive direct relationship with statistical significance at the level (α≤0.05) between the role of Palestinian political parties in promoting political participation from the point of view of graduates of Al-Quds Open University, Gaza Branch. 7- There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤0.05) between the average estimates about the role of Palestinian political parties from the point of view of graduates of Al-Quds Open University, Gaza Branch, due to the variable (gender, scientific colleges, age, field of work and place of residence). Keywords: Palestinian political parties – Political participation – Al-Quds Open University Graduates


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Papanikos

This note is a rejoinder to a comment made by Professor Domenico Fruncillo on my paper published in the previous issue of this journal. My aim here is to respond to his valuable comments. I have selected what I consider as the most important ones, which include the role of primary elections in promoting democracy and a specific one referring to the age effect (young versus old) in determining the result. My point of view is that primary elections should be seen as the first necessary step towards improving the democratic process; the same method can be later used to decide on issues of ideology and policies. My response to the latter important issue is as follows. The real debate in PASOK’s case was not between old and young, but between those who were involved in holding government positions in the past (one prime minister and three ministers were running for PASOK’s presidency), and those who did not. Of course, this is strongly correlated with age. Keywords: primaries, elections, voting, political parties, PASOK, Greece


THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 389 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
R. Arabaev

The article analyzes using the normative and systematic methods, as well as analysis and synthesis, the content of the statements of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Constitutional Law of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Election of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic and Deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic”, the Laws of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Regulations of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic» and «On the Status of a Deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic» and the works of legal scholars. The study analyzes the issues of interaction between political parties and the Jogorku Kenesh – the parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic in parliamentary form of government. The authors consider the transformation of Kyrgyzstan into a parliamentary republic as a native process, justify the conditioning of the increasing role of political parties in formation of the Jogorku Kenesh and organization of its activities with the signs and requirements of this form of government. Particular attention is paid to the party-political and constitutional-legal foundations of mutual influence of the parliament and political parties of the Kyrgyz Republic. Researchers came to the conclusion the transformation of modern Kyrgyzstan into a parliamentary republic leads to a significant increase in the role of political parties both in the formation of the Jogorku Kenesh and in the organization of its activities as a whole; the interaction of the Jogorku Kenesh and political parties in the parliamentary form of government, in particular, is manifested in the organization and conduct of elections of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh, distribution of deputy mandates, formation of parliamentary fractions and organization of their activities, determination of the organizational structure of the Jogorku Kenesh and formation of its bodies and organization of parliamentary activities in whole. From the point of view of the authors the fact that mutual relations between the Jogorku Kenesh and political parties are based on legal principles and norms, this whole process takes place on political plane and is sent implementing party programs.


Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.


2009 ◽  
pp. 4-27
Author(s):  
A. Cohen ◽  
G. Harcourt

The article written by the well-known theorists and historians of economic thought contains a detailed overview of the Cambridge capital controversy, which had raged from the mid-1950-s through the mid-1970-s. The authors track the origins of the controversy and cover arguments of both sides in chronological order. From their point of view, the discussion hasnt been resolved, and its main underlying aspects were ideological beliefs and fundamental methodological controversies on the nature of equilibrium and on the role of time in economic theory. The article is published with comments written by other leading theoreticians.


2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.


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