The National Shawmut Bank Consolidation of 1898

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian V. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Bank Consolidation ◽  
And Control

On the eve of the merger mania at the turn of the century, the reversal of the first two words in the name of the Shawmut National Bank made it the successor in a consolidation of ten national banks in Boston. Many of the characteristics of this consolidation are exceptions to common generalizations about corporations and control; mergers and motivations.

scholarly journals To Mentor and Control: How the North Bennet Street Industrial School Became a Pioneer of Philanthropy and Americanization at the Turn of the Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-116
Author(s):  
Rosanna Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The North ◽  
And Control ◽  
Industrial School

This study explores how Progressivism, and a belief in the benefits of ‘Americanizing’ immigrants, affected educational institutions such as Boston’s North Bennet Industrial School at the end of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Cryptocurrency as a modern phenomenon: advantages, disadvantages, problems of legal regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
A.V. Steblianko ◽  
D.A. Riepin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
State And Society ◽  
National Bank ◽  
New Type ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Control ◽  
Technical Plan

The article is devoted to the study of cryptocurrency as a new means of payment, which is relevant both in Ukraine and abroad. The urgency of the problem described in the article is due to the accelerated scientific and technological progress and global computerization of society, where modern technologies contribute to the emergence and development of new mechanisms of the economy, in particular, relations using non-cash payments. The main features of cryptocurrency are considered and argued in the form of its advantages: availability, speed, decentralization, security, and disadvantages: unreliability, distrust of users, inability to cancel transactions, use to commit illegal acts. The features that are controversial in modern conditions are anonymity and transnationality. The main problems of cryptocurrency and its legal regulation are generalized. Emphasis is placed on the practice of regulating the cryptocurrency market in the European Union, as well as on the legislation of the Republic of Estonia in the field of virtual assets. The legal status of cryptocurrency in Ukraine is considered, which is an urgent problem on the way to its legalization both in the legislative and technical plan. Attempts to legally regulate a new type of currency are analyzed. Bills and acts of the National Bank of Ukraine in the field of cryptocurrency circulation are described. Gaps in the current legislation, in particular in the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption", were identified, and ways to solve such problems were suggested. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop and create effective legislation in the field of regulation and control of cryptocurrency circulation not only at the national but also at the international level, because otherwise there is a threat to economic and financial life of the state and society and other problems for the international community. in the form of criminal acts with cryptocurrency, because today in Ukraine there is no effective legislation on the circulation of cryptocurrency, and the number of problems with the use of digital currency is growing every day, so it is worth paying attention to such components as the Internet and virtual assets, as in the leading countries of the world this direction is important in domestic and foreign policy.

TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND KAZAKHSTAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-135
Author(s):  
Tian Xie ◽  
Roza Zharkynbayeva ◽  
Gulnara Dadabayeva ◽  
Leila Delovarova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
Negative Phenomena

The thirty years of Kazakhstan’s independence have been characterized by rapid growth of trade and economic cooperation with China, one of the world’s largest economies, which has steadily increased its presence in the region. Based on statistics published by the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China and the National Bank of Kazakhstan, legal and regulatory documents of the two countries and reports by international organizations, this article examines the specific features and further prospects of bilateral cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of trade, investment, and energy, as well as in implementing integration projects. The authors have identified the main stages of interaction between the two countries, the problems they encounter, and the opportunities for trade and economic cooperation, which has developed rapidly since the turn of the century. Objectively, this process is mutually beneficial for both sides, especially in the sphere of energy, promotion of infrastructure projects, establishment of joint ventures, and other long-term plans. However, despite the positive dynamics of this process, the article identifies a number of negative phenomena in trade and economic relations. Overall, trade declined because of the drop in oil prices and the resultant weakening of Kazakhstan’s national currency tenge, since oil is the basis of the country’s exports. At the same time, when trade indicators began to improve after 2017, some negative phenomena were still in evidence. They were primarily due to the consequences of the pandemic, an increase in Sinophobia, and Kazakhstan’s participation in new regional projects, such as the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the authors’ opinion, investment specifics and trade asymmetry are the main areas where both parties should adjust their approaches in order to tap the full potential of cooperation in these sectors.

ELECTRONIC MONEY TURNOVER IN UKRAINE AND ITS ACCOUNTING

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetyana Mokiienko ◽  
◽  
Tetyana Pryidak ◽  
Roman Lipskyi ◽  
Olena Sirenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Electronic Records ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
National Bank ◽  
And Control

Electronic money is used for transactions on a global basis. While it may be exchanged for fiat currency (which, incidentally, distinguishes it from cryptocurrencies), electronic money is most commonly utilized through electronic banking systems and monitored through electronic processing. Because a mere fraction of the currency is utilized in physical form, the vast percentage of it is housed in bank vaults and is backed by central banks (for this reason, a primary function of the National Bank of Ukraine is to manage the fiat currency in physical form and control the money supply through monetary policies and open market operations). Most individuals and businesses store their money with banks that provide electronic records of the cash on deposit. However, prepaid cards and digital wallets like PayPal and Square likewise allow users to deposit fiat currency for electronic money. Such companies will make their profit by charging a percentage on any amount that is withdrawn from accounts or converted from electronic money back into fiat currency. While physical currency is still advantageous in certain situations, its role has gradually diminished over time. Many consumers and businesses believe electronic money is more secure and convenient because it cannot be misplaced, and it is widely accepted by merchants nationwide. The world financial market has consequently established a robust infrastructure for transacting electronic money, which is primarily facilitated through payment processing networks, such as Visa and Mastercard. Banks and financial institutions partner with electronic money networking processors to issue their customers branded network cards that facilitate these electronic transactions from bank accounts to merchants. Electronic money is also easily transacted through e-commerce, letting consumers conveniently shop for goods and services online. Although electronic money is quickly becoming the norm and is often hailed as the more secure and transparent alternative to physical currency, this does not mean that it comes without its own set of risks and vulnerabilities. For instance, fraud, tax evasion and lastly, the computer systems that are responsible for carrying out electronic transactions are not perfect, meaning that electronic money transactions can sometimes go awry simply due to system error.

scholarly journals Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-234
Author(s):  
Leonardo Silveira Conke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Strategic Theories ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second Period

In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.

scholarly journals Evolution and Current State of Money Circulation in Ukraine and the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Dobrovolska ◽  
Viktoriya Marhasova ◽  
Oleksandr Momot ◽  
Larysa Borysova ◽  
Nataliia Kozii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange Reserves ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Monetary Relations ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the functioning of the institution of monetary relations. The main stages of the evolution and development of monetary relations in the world are shown. The key motives that contributed to the transformation of monetary relations from one type to another are highlighted.On the example of the monetary system of Ukraine, as a particular case of the world system, the processes of its formation and formation are shown. Shown are the tools by which the country's regulatory authorities have an impact on the main characteristics of the monetary system. As a key participant in the system of monetary relations, the functions and powers of the National Bank of Ukraine are described.The state of the modern monetary system of Ukraine and its adaptation to crisis phenomena are considered. In the experimental part, the stages of development of the economic crisis are considered, and the regulator's decisions on measures of influence are shown to overcome it. The article examines data on the relationship between inflationary processes and control over the management of the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves.

New Methods for the Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Single-Input and Multi-Input Cam-Follower Systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dresner ◽  
P. Barkan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cam Follower ◽  
Single Input ◽  
And Control

The need to limit system vibrations makes the dynamic behavior of flexible highspeed cam-follower systems (as well as other machines subject to periodic motion) an important topic in the design of any such system. Researchers have worked extensively on this subject since before the turn of the century, both to determine dynamic behavior, and to improve and control that behavior. The goals in these analyses are to: 1) predict when and if the follower jumps off the cam; 2) determine the cam contact forces; 3) determine the linkage forces; 4) establish the closing spring requirements; 5) determine the magnitude of any follower impact with its seat; and 6) help optimize the system’s dynamic response. This paper provides the following: a brief review of the literature on the dynamic analysis of flexible cam-follower systems; a recommended method for the analysis of such systems; and an extension of this analysis method to multi-input systems.

scholarly journals Here Be Monsters: Imperialism, Knowledge and the Limits of Empire

Text Matters ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 74-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Racial Categorization ◽  
Gothic Fiction ◽  
Limits Of Knowledge ◽  
And Control ◽  
Physical Spaces

It has become a truism in discussions of Imperialist literature to state that the British empire was, in a very significant way, a textual exercise. Empire was simultaneously created and perpetuated through a proliferation of texts (governmental, legal, educational, scientific, fictional) driven significantly by a desire for what Thomas Richards describes as “one great system of knowledge.” The project of assembling this system assumed that all of the “alien” knowledges that it drew upon could be easily assimilated into existing, “universal” (that is, European) epistemological categories. This belief in “one great system” assumed that knowledges from far-flung outposts of empire could, through careful categorization and control, be made to reinforce, rather than threaten, the authority of imperial epistemic rule. But this movement into “new” epistemic as well as physical spaces opened up the disruptive possibility for and encounter with Foucault’s “insurrection of subjugated knowledges.” In the Imperial Gothic stories discussed here, the space between “knowing all there is to know” and the inherent unknowability of the “Other” is played out through representations of failures of classification and anxieties about the limits of knowledge. These anxieties are articulated through what is arguably one of the most heavily regulated signifiers of scientific progress at the turn of the century: the body. In an age that was preoccupied with bodies as spectacles that signified everything from criminal behaviour, psychological disorder, moral standing and racial categorization, the mutable, unclassifiable body functions as a signifier that mediates between imperial fantasies of control and definition and fin-de-siècle anxieties of dissolution and degeneration. In Imperial Gothic fiction these fears appear as a series of complex explorations of the ways in which the gap between the known and the unknown can be charted on and through a monstrous body that moves outside of stable classification.

The Indies and the world: State building, promise, and decay at a transnational moment, 1910

2010 ◽  
Vol 166 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 270-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Tagliacozzo
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
World State ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Control

Scholars such as Ray Huang in his ground-breaking book 1587, a year of no significance have shown how examining a single year in some detail can often say interesting and unexpected things about longer-term trends of a particular time and place. Huang did this to look at the patterns of China in the late Ming period, and he presaged not only the extraordinary cultural florescence that was beginning at the time, but also the seeds of Ming decay which would give way (very violently, in fact) to the imposition of Qing rule a few decades later. A similar exercise might be profitably attempted for the Dutch East Indies, and to some extent the Malay world surrounding it, in the early part of the twentieth century. Soon after the turn of the century the Indies was a thriving place: the Dutch appeared to be at or near the height of their rule, and serious anti-colonial sentiment in the form of organized actions, movements or parties had yet to appear. Yet even at this apex of colonial power, seeds were being sewn just as in Ming China for cataclysms that were just over the horizon. The Dutch East Indies state in 1910 was indeed flourishing in a number of ways, several of which are examined in this essay. The future looked favourable for continued conquest and control, and in the eyes of the Dutch themselves, this validated their authority and gave them the moral right to rule. Many of these same Dutchmen would have been aghast to see the changes that were to come a mere three decades later, when all that had been built by their forefathers in the preceding three centuries came tumbling down in a matter of months. The present essay tries to freeze-frame this moment around 1910

scholarly journals The Good Life: Rodolfo Fogwill’s La introducción

Anclajes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Fermín A. Rodríguez ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control

The Latin American literature of the last thirty years is crossed by displacement of bodies through plots that do not have the stability of the social and cultural borders that shape the nation-state. In a society where the ideal of well-being, happiness and longevity acquires a political status, Rodolfo Fogwill’s latest novel, La introducción (2016) constitutes a formal inquiry into the new spatializations of culture and new mechanisms of subjectivation and control that emerge in the novel of our turn of the century as indexes of transformations of power and forms of exploitation without which 24/7 capitalism could not function.

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