Institutions and Economic Development in Early Modern Central Europe

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 221-250
Author(s):  
Sheilagh C. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

Institutions and economies underwent profound changes between 1500 and 1800 in most parts of Europe. Differences among societies decreased in some ways, but markedly increased in others. Do these changes and these variations tell us anything about the relationship between social organisation and economic well-being? This is a very wide question, and even the qualified ‘yes’ with which I will answer it, though based on the detailed empirical research of some hundreds of local studies undertaken in the past few decades, is far from definitive. Many of these studies were inspired by an influential set of hypotheses, known as the ‘theory of proto-industrialisation’. While this theory has been enormously fruitful, its conclusions about European economic and social development are no longer tenable. This paper offers an alternative interpretation of the evidence now available about proto-industrialisation in different European societies, and explores its implications by investigating one region of Central Europe between 1580 and about 1800.

Policing the Subject: Confessional Absolutism and Communal Autonomy in Eighteenth-Century Austria

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Regina Pörtner
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

If proverbial wisdom predicts longevity to the falsely proclaimed dead, then the paradigm of absolutism and its confessional variant must surely be considered a prime example. Having drawn intense fire from scholars of Western Europe over the past two decades, the concept of absolutism has recently been given a fresh lease of life by research, exploring and, to some extent, vindicating its applicability in the context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Central Europe. Given the evolutionary nature of the making of the early modern Austrian-Habsburg monarchy, the complexity of its constitutional, religious, and ethnic makeup, and the waywardness of some of its governing personnel, it seems doubtful if future research will ever be able to satisfactorily clarify the relationship between the political aspirations of individual Austrian rulers, among whom Ferdinand II arguably made the most serious bid for absolute rule, and the practice of negotiated power that characterized the normal state of relations between the Crown and the monarchy's estates.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Education On The Well-Being Of Korean Women, 1980-2001

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Namchul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rich Nation ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 28.25pt 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This paper examines the relationship between education and the well-being of Korean women during the period 1980-2001.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The past 19 years has seen dramatic changes in the well-being of women and in their economic status. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">A broad range of indicators are considered to capture changes in women's well-being, notably education, labor force participation, wages, employment, unemployment, and occupational distributions.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This paper compares well-being experiences between male and female workers, focusing on labor market indicators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This study uses extremely rich nation-wide aggregate statistics for performing decompositions to explain the trends of Korean women&rsquo;s well-being and economic development.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Our main finding is that from 1980 to 2001 the well-being of Korean women increased quite markedly.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p>

Growth and Social Capital: Empirical Analysis of the Relationship

2019 ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Ksenia V. Bagmet
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

The article provides an empirical test of the hypothesis of the influence of the level of economic development of the country on the level of development of its social capital based on panel data analysis. In this study, the Indices of Social Development elaborated by the International Institute of Social Studies under World Bank support are used as an indicators of social capital development as they best meet the requirements for complexity (include six integrated indicators of Civic Activism, Clubs and Associations, Intergroup Cohesion, Interpersonal Safety and Trust, Gender Equality, Inclusion of Minorities), comprehensiveness of measurement, sustainability. In order to provide an empirical analysis, we built a panel that includes data for 20 countries divided into four groups according to the level of economic development. The first G7 countries (France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom); the second group is the economically developed countries, EU members and Turkey, the third group is the new EU member states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania); to the fourth group – post-Soviet republics (Armenia, Georgia, Russian Federation, Ukraine). The analysis shows that the parameters of economic development of countries cannot be completely excluded from the determinants of social capital. Indicators show that the slowdown in economic growth leads to greater cohesion among people in communities, social control over the efficiency of distribution and use of funds, and enforcement of property rights. The level of tolerance to racial diversity and the likelihood of negative externalities will depend on the change in the rate of economic growth. Also, increasing the well-being of people will have a positive impact on the level of citizens’ personal safety, reducing the level of crime, increasing trust. Key words: social capital, economic growth, determinant, indice of social development.

Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marii Paskov ◽  
Joan E. Madia ◽  
Tim Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.

Food Expenditures and Economic Well-Being in Early Modern England

1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Shammas
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Important Measure ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Well Being

The proportion of a household's budget spent on diet has commonly served as an important measure of material welfare. This paper pulls together data concerning trends in food expenditures for early modern England and draws comparisons with figures for later periods. The usefulness of wage assessments, a new source for estimating the proportion of outlays devoted to diet, is examined. The impact on food expenditures of new commodities and other dietary shifts is also explored. The findings call into question earlier estimates of the proportion of total expenditure devoted to food and drink in the pre-industrial period and the assumption that food expenditures are always inelastic.

Institutional Favoritism, Income, and Political Trust: Evidence from Jordan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Shamaileh ◽  
Yousra Chaábane
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Origin ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

What is the relationship between institutional favoritism, economic well-being, and political trust? Due to the role that East Bank tribes played in supporting the monarchy during the state’s formative years, Jordan has institutionalized a type of political discrimination that privileges East Bank Jordanians over Palestinian Jordanians. An empirical examination of the political institutions of the state reveals that such discrimination remains pervasive. It was subsequently theorized that institutional favoritism’s impact on political trust is conditional on income due to the greater salience of group identity among individuals with lower incomes. Regression analyses of survey data reveal a consistent negative correlation between political trust and income among East Bank Jordanians. There is little evidence of a substantively meaningful unconditional relationship between national origin and political trust.

Analysing SST 2.0 Tax Burden through the Element of Principle of Good Tax Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-113
Author(s):  
Nur Erma Mohamed Jamel ◽  
Nadiah Abd Hamid ◽  
Sarini Azizan ◽  
Roshayani Arshad ◽  
Rani Diana Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Regressive Tax ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

Since the 70s, the focus of the Malaysian government on sustainable development is to improve the economic well-being of its society. In September 2015, Malaysia reaffirmed this commitment with the other United Nations countries by implementing the 2030 Agenda for 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on the bottom 40% of households (B40). Unfortunately, the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on 1st April 2015, followed by Sales and Services Tax (SST) 2.0 on 1st September 2018 impacted all income groups especially B40. The public especially B40 claimed that indirect tax is regressive and burdensome (MIER, 2018). Hence, the present study aims to identify the existence of SST 2.0's tax burden assessing through the relationship between elements of guiding principles of good tax policy. Keywords: Sales and Service Tax, enforcement, regressive, tax burden, fairness.

scholarly journals Simulation of the impact of economic development on social development of the country

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Olena Rayevnyeva ◽  
Iryna Aksonova ◽  
Olha Brovko ◽  
Stanislav Filip
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Algorithmic Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Factors

In the current conditions of development of the international and national economy, an important task of statistical research is to conduct an objective and timely assessment and modeling of the relationship between indicators of economic and social development. Based on the results of these studies, reasonable management influences of the state on the adjustment and regulation of the country’s development are accepted. The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the main components of economic and social development of the country and the construction of a set of models for forecasting the prospects of the country. The object of the study is the socio-economic condition of the country. The article proposes an algorithmic model for assessing the impact of economic development on society, which allows to identify key economic indicators that influence and shape the social development of the country. The practical value of the algorithmic model is to develop a system of evaluation and selection as a result of modeling the most significant factors that shape the social development of the country. The study confirmed the hypothesis of the dominant impact of economic development on society and determined that the main economic factors are the level of competencies that satisfy the modern labour market, technical development of businesses and their competitiveness in markets.

The Leeuwenhoek Lecture, 1972 - Carbohydrate transport by micro-organisms

1973 ◽  
Vol 183 (1071) ◽  
pp. 105-123 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Christopher Wren ◽  
Economic Well Being

It is 295 years almost to the day since the existence of micro-organisms was confirmed at a meeting of this Society. The minutes of that meeting of 15 November 1677 record Mr Hooke ̓s success in eliciting the appearance, in a suspension of black pepper in rainwater, of ̒. . . great numbers of exceedingly small animals swimming to and fro. They appeared of the bigness of a mite through a glass, that magnified about an hundred thousand times in bulk; and consequently it was judged, that they were near an hundred thousand times less than a mite.̓ Since some doubts had been expressed at previous meetings, the minute firmly concludes that ̒. . . there could be no fallacy in the appearance. They were seen by Mr Henshaw, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Hoskyns, Sir Jonas Moore, Dr Mapletoft, Mr. Hill, Dr. Croune, Dr. Grew, Mr. Aubrey, and divers others; so that there was no longer any doubt of Mr. Leewenhoeck ̓s discovery ̓. (Birch 1757.) It is not my purpose here to comment on the importance of that discovery to our physical and economic well-being, nor to describe the manner in which studies with micro-organisms have revealed much of the molecular basis of the events that enable cells to maintain and accurately to reproduce themselves. These topics have formed the subjects of previous lectures in honour of Leeuwenhoek ̓s memory. I wish to discuss a topic that, as far as I am aware, has been only touched on, once before (Gale 1957), yet that concerns the indispensable first step in the utilization of all food materials. I refer to the highly specific mechanisms that enable such food materials to enter microbial cells, and the means that regulate the operation of such systems. It is a measure of the rapidity at which biological information accrues, as well as an explanation of why a topic of such fundamental importance appears to have been neglected, that most of our still far-from-complete understanding in this area has been achieved within the past five years, and all of it since, in the first Leeuwenhoek Lecture (Fildes 1951) delivered exactly 22 years ago today, Sir Paul Fildes discussed ̒. . . the development of events which has made it convenient to foster a new branch of biology under the title Microbiology ̓.

The Dragon's Footprints

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-273
Author(s):  
Mona Chung ◽  
Bruno Mascitelli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese Migration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines Chinese migration and investment into Europe and explores models of migration and investment by identifying the gap between the two. The chapter highlights the major characteristics of Chinese investment and migration into Europe by identifying and separating the investment from Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and that of private individuals. This triangulation provides scholars and policy makers with a unique scenario. The migration and investment literature has been conducted as two separate and parallel topics. A small number of studies investigate the relationship of the two as one inter-connected relationship. There is even less focus on Chinese migration and investment due to the fact that over the past decade it has been a fast-moving phenomenon because of the speed of Chinese economic development. In addition, China's different political and economic system and its unique state structure adds another layer of complexity for scholars.

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