DECEIVED DEFENDER IN THE FOLKLORE OF THE OSSETIANS AND IN PAMIR RELIGIOUS LEGENDS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.Ю. Рахно
Keyword(s):  
False Alarm ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
Religious Legends ◽  
To Come

Статья посвящена одной из осетинско-памирских фольклорных параллелей. В осетинской легенде рассказывается, как некогда бог Тыхост в ответ на призывный клич верхом на коне являлся на помощь людям. Но, будучи вызванным из праздного любопытства, он прогневался и отказался лично помогать попавшим в беду. Аналогичная история произошла с нартом Сосланом, которого вызвали по ложному сигналу тревоги. Она выступала мотивацией его культа у дигорцев. Помимо Поволжья, аналогичные предания о герое, готовом прийти на выручку людям, были известны на Памире. В частности, у шугнанцев они были связаны с пятым шиитским имамом Мухаммадом ибн Али аль-Бакиром. Согласно легенде, он тоже пообещал являться по первому зову, если людям будет угрожать бедствие. Но засомневавшиеся верующие вызвали его, чтобы убедиться, что он сдержит свое слово. Имам явился вооруженным до зубов всадником, и, обнаружив, что его потревожили зря, отказался больше приходить на помощь и проклял жителей долины, пожелав ей то пустовать, то наполняться людьми. Как и Тыхосту, Сослану и богатырям чувашей и марийцев, имаму Бакиру совершалось умилостивительное религиозное поклонение. В статье на основе привлечения иранских параллелей анализируются попытки ряда ученых вскрыть историческую подоплеку легенды о склепе Сослана. Важное значение отводится пониманию связанной с этим логики обрядовой практики. Также ставится под сомнение гипотеза о происхождении поклонения Сослану из почитания христианского пророка Иоанна Крестителя. Ключевые слова: нартовский эпос, легенды, осетины, шугнанцы, Памир, Тыхост, Сослан, имам Бакир. The article is devoted to one Ossetian-Pamir folklore parallel. The Ossetian legend tells how once the god Tykhost, in response to the invocation cry on horseback hastened to help people. But, being summoned out of idle curiosity, he became angry and refused to personally help those in need. A similar story happened with the Nart Soslan, who was called on a false alarm. That was the motivation for his cult among the Digorians. In addition to the Volga region, similar legends about a hero ready to come to the rescue of people were known in the Pamirs. In particular, among the Shugnans they were associated with the fifth Shiite imam - Muhammad ibn Ali al-Bakir. According to the legend, he also promised to appear at the first call to help people in emergency situation. But the doubting believers called him to make sure that he would keep his word. The Imam appeared to be a rider armed to the teeth, but got enfuriated, finding that he had been disturbed in vain, refused to come to the rescue next time and cursed the inhabitants of the valley, wishing the land to get depopulated and then again populated. Like Tykhost, Soslan, and the heroes of the Chuvash and Mari, imam Bakir performed propitious religious worship.Considering Iranian parallels, the article analyzes the attempts of a number of scientists to unveil the historical background of the legend of Soslans crypt. Importance is given to understanding the logic of ritual practice associated with this. The hypothesis about the origin of worship of Soslan from the veneration of the Christian prophet John the Baptist is also argued.

Gift-giving as a Source of International Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Kustermans
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
External Source ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
International Authority ◽  
To Come ◽  
Dominant Actor

Abstract This article discusses the diplomatic practice of gift-giving in the Ancient Near East and Early Modern East Asia. In both cases, gift-exchange served to consolidate the dominant polity’s international authority. The causal relation between gift-giving and authority is typically rendered in terms of generosity inspiring gratitude, but a different mechanism connects diplomatic gift-giving and the consolidation of international authority. Diplomatic gift-giving is a ceremonial form of gift-exchange and it as a ritual practice helps maintain international authority. By means of ritualization, diplomatic gift-exchange renders international authority palatable. Ritualization enables both dominant and subordinate actors to come to terms with the ambiguity of the experience of authority. Subordinate actors are at once entranced and frightened by the authority of the dominant actor. The dominant actor feels both pride and insecurity. By defining an identity as participants in a shared ritual, by orchestrating their demeanor during ritual, and by identifying an external source of the dominant actor’s authority, diplomatic gift-giving contributes to the maintenance of international authority. The ambiguity of the experience of authority is probably irreducible. It is therefore to be expected that any case of ‘international authority’ will feature the performance of similar ritualizing practices.

MANAGEMENT OF OPERATIONAL INFORMATION IN A MAJOR OIL SPILL. THE ERIKA AND PRESTIGE EXPERIENCES

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 605-608
Author(s):  
Vincent Gouriou ◽  
Karen Quintin ◽  
Rozenn Cabon ◽  
Sébastien Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
To Come ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
Civil Defence ◽  
The Prestige

ABSTRACT In 1999–2000, the response operations to the exceptional Erika pollution (400 km of coastline affected, totalling 400 000 man days of work until summer 2002, 260 000 t of oily waste) highlighted the importance of a daily archiving of operations data and swift exploitation of that information. Satisfactory performance was achieved as regards the map production of overall activity and results, but no real time maps and diagrams, accurate enough to be used as decision aids, could be produced. When the Prestige incident occurred, in 2003, Cedre proposed to the coordinating authorities in charge of coastline response in France (Civil Defence Zones) to install computerised networks in their Headquarters in order to collect and exploit data about quantity and origin of manpower involved in real time, the amount and characteristics of collected waste, the different techniques, material and products used on response sites. Thanks to this initiative, head response authorities had graphical summaries on their desks daily, synthesis maps weekly, and a complete, fully updated visual situation for each key meeting with the Central authorities, in which budgetary needs for the weeks to come were discussed. The handling of data exploitation was managed according to the necessity of transmitting the information quickly to decision makers in a crisis context. We first had to send data in a hurry daily or weekly: they were diffused in an approximate and simplified way to enable a quick analysis of the information. Afterwards more time could be taken to complete and validate the information to allow a more detailed exploitation work. They can now be considered in retrospect. The quick transmission, processing and communication of the information helped avoid some inappropriate responses like excessive waste collection for example (a situation which we had to face during the Erika response phase). The Prestige experience proved once again the strength and significance of illustrations (graphics or maps) especially in an emergency situation as sensitive as this one: they carry much more power of conviction for decision makers and the public than pages of complex explanations.

The nuclear family as the functional unit in psychiatry

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (456) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Howells
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Group ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Individual

In the introduction to his Chairman's address in 1959, Warren (24) reminded us that both Cameron (6) from this country and Kanner (17) from the United States, had, in recent years, surveyed the historical background of child psychiatry. Chairmen of this Section may thus deem themselves exempted from repeating that task for some years to come. Warren took as his theme some relationships between the psychiatry of childhood and that of adulthood. It seemed to me appropriate to follow his lead and to carry our thoughts a step further by considering the child and adult as members of the family group, and to study how far it would be useful to accept the nuclear family, rather than the individual patient, as the functional unit in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Shiite “Communities of Practice” in Germany

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Langer ◽  
Benjamin Weineck
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Communities

Abstract Although few in number, the various Shiite Muslim communities in Germany are highly diversified in terms of their linguistic, national and ethnic backgrounds and ritual practice. In order to come to terms with these multi-local actors and their specific articulations of Shiism, the article aimes at an analytical framework that integrates an open understanding of belonging: employing Leave and Wenger’s concept of “communities of practice”, it argues that a focus on common practice in which heterogeneous actors engage, enables us to grasp, on the one hand, the varying specific characteristics of different groups and, on the other, their mutual belonging to the wider Shiite field.

scholarly journals Doubting John?

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 17-48
Author(s):  
Frances Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Counter Argument ◽  
The Way

This essay focuses on the figure of John the Baptist in prison and the question he sent his disciples to ask Christ: was he ‘the one who is to come’ (Matthew 11: 2–3)? Having observed how the Fathers strove to distance John from the perils of doubt in their readings of this passage, it traces the way their arguments were picked up by twelfth- and thirteenth-century biblical exegetes and then by authors of anti-heretical dispute texts in urban Italy, where the Baptist was a popular patron saint. So as to give force to their own counter-arguments, learned polemicists, clerical and lay, made much of heretics’ hostility to John, powerfully ventriloquizing a doubting, sceptical standpoint. One counter-argument was to assign any doubts to John's disciples, for whose benefit he therefore sent to ask for confirmation of the means of Christ's return, neatly moving doubt from questions of faith to epistemology. Such ideas may have seeped beyond the bounds of a university-trained elite, as is perhaps visible in a fourteenth-century fresco representing John in prison engaging with anxious disciples. But place, audience and genre determined where doubt was energetically debated and where it was more usually avoided, as in sermons for the laity on the feast of a popular saint.

scholarly journals REMEDIAL WORKS AND REPAIRS OF HISTORICAL BRIDGE IN PRAGUE

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-269
Author(s):  
Iva Broukalová ◽  
Vladimír Křístek
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Bridge Piers ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Masonry ◽  
To Come ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Structural Aspects

The recent reconstruction of the historical masonry Charles Bridge in Prague was designed with respect to original conception, materials and ancient construction techniques. The repair and remedial works were based on analysis of the multi-decade response of the bridge, diagnosis, and assessment of damages, failures and deterioration processes related to materials, environment, climate, structural arrangement and detailing regarding heritage, historical and structural aspects. The gentle way of remedial works with minimal intervention in the loadbearing structure is a result of a wide-range discussion on appropriate strategies for refurbishment, restoration, conservation and preservation corresponding to location and significance of the historic bridge. The reconstruction increased durability and provides a long service life of the historical bridge and protection against harmful effects for many years to come. The article outlines historical data, consequences of the controversial reconstruction in the second half of the last century. Effects of river flow, temperature, and moisture and their influence on needful repairs are considered. Stages of reconstruction are presented; in the first stage, strengthening of foundations of bridge piers is described including historical background and impact of river flow on subgrade of piers. Ways of repairs and reconstruction of the bridge deck, its draining, and other related bridge elements are shown as a part of the second stage of reconstruction.

scholarly journals On the Influence of Shevchenko's Autobiography on Kulish's

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Stanislav Rosovetskii
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Literary Influence ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century

In honor of the 200th anniversary of P. Kulish's birth, the article offers a multi-level comparison of autobiographies of two prominent Ukrainian writers of the 19th century. In the categories and concepts of modern literary criticism, the hypothesis of literary influence of T. Shevchenko on P. Kulish's perception of artistic autobiography genre is checked and confirmed. For this purpose, three texts are compared: an autograph of "Autobiography" by T. Shevchenko, deeply edited by P. Kulish for printing in "People's Reading" journal, a version of T. Shevchenko's "Autobiography" and an autobiography "My Life" by P. Kulish. The comparison is carried out at narratological, compositional, genre and intertextual levels. The historical background of the creation of each of the texts is analyzed. It is proved that the autograph of T. Shevchenko's "Autobiography" and P. Kulish's "My Life" both belong to the genre of artistic autobiography and have a compressed narrative structure. It is confirmed that T. Shevchenko didn't have extra-literary reasons for creating a third-person autobiography, unlike P. Kulish, who, moreover, was very likely to come under the literary influence of the text of T. Shevchenko and developed T. Shevchenko's narrative structure in his artistic autobiography. At the same time, it is assumed that literary influence might not be the main argument in choosing a third-person narration, since there were extra-literary reasons for keeping P. Kulish's incognito. It is noted that the text "My Life" of P. Kulish is more functional in the aspects of orientation to objectivity, emotional pressure and moderation of the author's image in literary life. Its narrative structure is compressed precisely for the sake of objectivity, addressees and consignees are implicit and difficult to isolate on each of the layers of the narrative structure precisely to mimic the non-fiction. The text of a letter to the author integrated into "My Life" is the only exception. It is concluded that hypothesis about literary influence of T. Shevchenko on P. Kulish within the genre of artistic autobiography is reliable and well-reasoned. To the author's mind, further studies should focus on finding evidence of unconscious literary influence of T. Shevchenko on P. Kulish in other genres, chances of discovering which in future are rather high.

scholarly journals IT’S ABOUT TIME: Trying an Essay Film

Text Matters ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Mieke Bal
Keyword(s):  
John The Baptist ◽  
Ecological Disaster ◽  
Exclamation Mark ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come ◽  
Contemporary Painting ◽  
Tableau Vivant

This essay is about the essay, a form (as Adorno called it) of thought alive that is partial in the two senses of the word: subjective and fragmented. Thinking as social, performative, and always un-finished; as dialogic. Through the mythical figure of Cassandra, who could foresee the future but was cursed to be never believed, I tried to “figure,” make a figural shape for the thoughts on the indifference of people towards the imminent ecological disaster of the world. At the invitation of Jakub Mikurda of the Łódź Film School to come and make an essay film, within one week, but with the participation of many great professionals, I was able to create, at least in the first draft, the essay film IT’S ABOUT TIME! The ambiguity of the title suggests the bringing together of my thoughts about time, in relation to history in its interrelation with the present, and, as the exclamation mark intimates, the urgency to do something. The former is enacted by a tableau vivant of Cassandra’s lover Aeneas as Caravaggio’s John the Baptist, with a contemporary painting by David Reed shifting over it; and by interactions with two paintings by Ina van Zyl. The urgency is presented in many of the dialogues, quoted from various sources, especially Christa Wolf’s novel Cassandra. I argue that “thinking in film,” with film as a medium for thought, is what the essay film’s foremost vocation is. Through a reflection on “thought-images,” which I see as the result of “image-thinking,” I also argue for the intellectual gain to be had from “essaying” thought artistically.

Between Guinea and Cape Verde

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
António Tomás
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Cape Verdean ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
To Come ◽  
Portuguese Colonialism ◽  
Conflictual Relationship

This chapter provides the historical background for understanding not only the Cabral’s family background, but also the nature of Portuguese colonialism, particularly in relation to the formation of the two Portugal-dominated territories in West Africa, namely Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Being born in Guinea-Bissau, from Cape Verdean parents, and growing up in Cape Verde, made Cabral a product of the conflictual relationship between these two former Portuguese colonies. For Cabral, then, forming a party that congregates Cape Verdeans and Guineans was also a way to come to terms with his own identity.

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