scholarly journals Canadian trends in the social determinants of health inequalities, a census-mortality linkage approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Irvine ◽  
Michael Smith ◽  
Reinier De Vos ◽  
Adrian Brownell ◽  
Anna Ferrante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Socioeconomic Dimension ◽  
The University

IntroductionMortality inequalities by income and education levels have historically been estimated using an area-based approach in Canada. Although useful in measuring socioeconomic inequalities overtime, this method underestimates the level of inequality and only allows the examination of a single dimension at a time. Objectives and ApproachTo create a series of census linked datasets that allowed for the examination of health inequalities across different socioeconomic dimensions. Specifically, five census cycles (beginning with the 1991 Census) were probabilistically and deterministically linked to different health outcomes (mortality, cancer, hospitalization) to create the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Each dataset was created using a similar methodological approach which allowed for the measurement of these health inequalities over time. Mortality inequalities by both income and education level (including multidimensional) for all causes and cause-specific groups were examined. ResultsFive census linked datasets were constructed that followed mortality for a period of up to 20 years. The 1991 CanCHEC includes 2.6 million adults, the 1996 and 2001 CanCHECs include 3.5 million adults respectively, and the 2006 and 2011 CanCHECs include 5.9 and 6.5 million people respectively. Findings revealed a stair-stepped gradient in all-cause and cause-specific mortality by educational attainment and income quintile across each time period. The lowest mortality rates were among the university educated and richest income quintile and highest mortality rates among those with less than high school graduation and the poorest income quintile. The gradient differed by cause of death groupings. Over the 25-year time period, the mortality gradient trend varied by socioeconomic dimension and cause of death. Conclusion/ImplicationsThese data show clear mortality inequalities by socioeconomic position across the different time periods. These linked datasets can help advance knowledge in understanding health inequalities in Canada as well as provide a tool for on-going surveillance of health inequalities by different socioeconomic dimensions.

scholarly journals Premature Mortality in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Liang ◽  
Emmalin Buajitti ◽  
Laura Rosella
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank. Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males. Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

Adolescent HIV and infection

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rashida Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Programmes

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in adolescents despite the improvements in public health that have occurred in the past decades. While mortality rates from infections are slowly declining in this age group, an exception is HIV, with HIV-related deaths having tripled in the last decade. As with other infections, the risk of acquiring HIV is partly explained by the biological and physical environment. However, the biological changes and the social and behavioural context of adolescence play an important role in determining risk. Notably, infections can result in long-term complications and consequent disability. While effective methods to prevent and treat many common infections do exist, the major challenges are to make these accessible to adolescents, an age-group that is often neglected by health programmes. In addition, adherence to treatment for chronic infections such as HIV, remains a major barrier to ensuring successful outcomes.

Social economic inequalities and mental health. I. Concepts, theories and interpretations

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Bonizzato ◽  
Juan Eduardo Tello
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University

SummaryAims – Reconstructing the models used for approaching the inequalities issues in health, idenfiying the most relevant theoretical and conceptual contributions. Method – Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch using the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002; integrated with manual search. The material was classified according to the conceptual and theoretical interpretative models or to the analyses of the association 'inequalities-health' where health was expressed as mortality, morbidity or services utilisation. Results – Four different interpretative models about the genesis of inequalities were identified. Further theoretical developments overcome the distinction among conceptuals contrapositions selection versus causation, statistic artefactual versus real differences, individual behaviours versus material context. Since the 80's the concept of material deprivation has been enlarged to include social deprivation to explain health inequalities. The social exclusion is related to material deprivation and to social fragility enlarging the traditional aspects of poverty. The theories that better adapt to the psychiatric field are the social selection and social causation. Conclusions – The social exclusion and the new methodologies for measuring the inequalities seems to be an effective way for understanding of the inexplored aspects of the mental health inequalities.Declaration of Interest: This work was partly funded by the Department of the Public Health Sciences “G. Sanarelli” of the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Department of Medicine and Public Health of the University of Verona.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Bambra ◽  
Ryan Riordan ◽  
John Ford ◽  
Fiona Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Spanish Influenza ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
The Social ◽  
H1n1 Outbreak

This essay examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for health inequalities. It outlines historical and contemporary evidence of inequalities in pandemics—drawing on international research into the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, the H1N1 outbreak of 2009 and the emerging international estimates of socio-economic, ethnic and geographical inequalities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. It then examines how these inequalities in COVID-19 are related to existing inequalities in chronic diseases and the social determinants of health, arguing that we are experiencing a syndemicpandemic. It then explores the potential consequences for health inequalities of the lockdown measures implemented internationally as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the likely unequal impacts of the economic crisis. The essay concludes by reflecting on the longer-term public health policy responses needed to ensure that the COVID-19 pandemic does not increase health inequalities for future generations.

Troeltsch, Ernst (1865–1923)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
University Of Berlin ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protestant Theologian ◽  
Social Teachings ◽  
Ernst Troeltsch ◽  
The University

Ernst Troeltsch was a liberal German Protestant theologian and philosopher of religion whose work spans the last decades of the German Empire and the early Weimar Republic. He studied theology at the Universities of Erlangen, Berlin, and Göttingen before becoming a professor of theology at Heidelberg (1894), followed by an appointment in the Philosophy Department at the University of Berlin (1915–23). His most famous work is Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen (1912; The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches), which outlines a methodological approach to understanding the basic social and ethical teachings of European Christianity from the first to the eighteenth century.

Trends In Mortality Rates and Age of Death In Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): 1979–2005

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 736-736
Author(s):  
Sophie Lanzkron ◽  
Carlton Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Of Death

Abstract Abstract 736 While improvements in care have resulted in significant decreases in mortality for children with SCD, it is unclear if similar decreases in mortality rates have occurred in adults with the disease. The purpose of this research is to describe mortality rates and trends in age of death for those with SCD over the last 3 decades. We used the National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death (MCOD) files to examine age at death and calculate mortality rates from 1979–2005. ICD9 and ICD10 codes for SCD were used as appropriate to identify sickle cell related deaths. Mortality rates were calculated as deaths per 100,000 African American population. The number of African Americans each year was determined using available census data. Trends in mortality rates were examined using negative binomial regression and age of death was examined using t-tests and linear regression. After excluding certificates with codes for sickle trait and those with multiple sickle codes we identified 16,654 sickle-related deaths. The age range was 0 to 107 years. Mean age of death was significantly different for men (33.4, 95% CI [33.0, 33.7]) and women (36.9, 95% CI [36.5, 37.4]). SCD was the most common listed underlying cause of death (COD) at 62.8%. Infection was the second most common COD (5.9%). Controlling for sex and the presence of infection as COD, the mean age of death increased significantly by 0.08 years (p<0.001) each year over the time period studied, with men on average dying 4.3 years earlier than women (p<0.001). The mean age of death in 2005 was 43 yrs for women and 37 yrs for men. Those with COD of pulmonary hypertension, stroke and renal disease had a significantly older age of death than those without those diagnoses, while having infection as the underlying COD was associated with a younger age at death. The overall mortality rate increased by 0.7% (p<0.001) each year over the time period studied. Mortality rates for adults and children over time are shown in Figure 1. The adult (>19 yrs) mortality rate increased by 1% (p<0.001) each year over the time period studied. The pediatric mortality rate decreased by 3% (p<0.001) each year over the time period studied. When controlling for the pediatric mortality rate the adult mortality rate increased by 1.6% (p<0.001) each year. This data confirms prior studies showing a significant decrease in mortality for children with sickle cell disease over the last 30 yrs. The mortality rate for the adult population appears to be steadily increasing over the same time period. It seems unlikely that this is due merely to an influx of younger patients surviving to adulthood. Further investigation as to the cause of the increasing mortality rate in adults is needed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Методический подход к определению перспективных направлений развития социальной инфраструктуры университета

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Анастасия Троценко
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Students ◽  
The University

Целью настоящей статьи является определение основных направлений развития социальной инфраструктуры университета для повышения его конкурентоспособности с помощью разработанного автором методического подхода, в основу которого положен метод анализа иерархий Т. Саати, позволяющего определить приоритетность направлений развития социальной инфраструктуры университета. Предложенный методический подход позволяет учитывать интересы обучающихся (местных, иногородних российских и иностранных), научно-педагогических работников (молодые ученые и НПР старше 40 лет, проживающие и не проживающие в кампусе) и представителей бизнес-сообщества для формирования приоритетности в развитии элементов социальной инфраструктуры университета. Методический подход был апробирован на примере Дальневосточного федерального университета. The purpose of this article is to determine the main development directions of university social infrastructure to increase its com-petitiveness using the developed methodical approach is based on the method of T. Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process to de-termine priority of the development directions of university so-cial infrastructure. The proposed methodical approach allows to take into account the interests of students (local students; stu-dents from other regions of the country; foreign students), scien-tific and pedagogical workers («young scientists» and scientific and pedagogical workers over 40 living and aren’t on campus) and business community representatives to prioritize the devel-opment of university’s social infrastructure elements. The me-thodical approach was tested on the example of Far Eastern Federal University. The methodological approach proposed in the article allows university top management to determine prom-ising areas for the development of the university’s social infra-structure, taking into account the interests of the main groups of iterested parties (students, academic staff, the business community), thereby allowing the university to create competitive advantages aimed at attracting and retention of certain groups. After identifying promising areas for the development of the social infra-structure of the university, it is necessary to develop measures aimed at developing the relevant ele-ments of the social infrastructure of the university, which is the goal of the next study.

scholarly journals Representaciones del currículo social en el futuro profesorado de Educación Infantil. Una investigación cualitativa

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Mar Felices de la Fuente ◽  
Álvaro Chaparro Sainz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Social Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa ◽  
The University

Esta investigación tiene por objeto evaluar las competencias curriculares del alumnado del Grado en Educación Infantil, tras cursar las asignaturas de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales. Para ello, nos centramos en examinar dos indicadores principales: si emplea de forma apropiada el principio de globalidad que debe presidir los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de esta etapa, y si reconoce e identifica el contenido social curricular. Siguiendo una metodología cualitativa y empleando los programas informáticos Nvivo 11 y Pajek 5.07, se han analizado contenidos textuales generados por 224 alumnos y alumnas, procedentes de ISEN (Universidad de Murcia) y de la Universidad de Málaga, a quienes se les pidió que, a partir de la elección de un contenido social del currículo, propusieran una situación de aprendizaje integrado. Los resultados nos muestran dificultades tanto en la identificación de las temáticas específicamente sociales, como en la conexión entre contenidos de las distintas áreas del currículo. En consecuencia, se revela necesario un tratamiento más exhaustivo de estos aspectos desde el ámbito de la Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, que implique un mejor conocimiento y delimitación de lo “social” por parte del futuro profesorado de Educación Infantil.   The objective of this research is to evaluate the curricular competences of the students of the Degree in Preschool Education, after having completed the subject of Social Sciences Education. In order to achieve this purpose, we focus on examining two indicators: if the students adequately use the principle of globality that should preside over the teaching and learning processes of the preschool stage; and if they recognizes and identifies the curricular social content. For this, from a qualitative methodological approach, we have used the software Nvivo 11 and Pajek64 5.07, to analyze the textual contents generated by 224 students from ISEN (University of Murcia) and the University of Málaga. All of them were asked to choose a social content of the curriculum and to propose an integrated learning situation based on it. The research results show us difficulties in the identification of specifically social issues, and in the connection between contents of the different areas of the curriculum. Consequently, it is evident that a more exhaustive treatment of these aspects is necessary from the scope of the Social Sciences Education, which implies a better knowledge and delimitation of the social content by the future preschool teachers.

Governing the university in the perspective of the United Nations 2030 Agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Paletta ◽  
Alessandra Bonoli
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The University

Purpose Starting from the experience of the University of Bologna, this paper provides an innovative framework to analyse how universities are rethinking courses and curricula, teaching, research programmes, campus operation and partnership to address the Agenda 2030. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes a methodological approach to represent direct and indirect impacts produced by all universities’ activities. Findings The commitment to sustainability of the University of Bologna was made clear through the last Strategic Plan approach explicitly aimed at the consideration of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Parallel to the process of integration of the SDGs in strategic planning, the University has an additional tool for reporting on the extended performance, which was presented during the G7 Environment held in Bologna in June 2017. Research limitations/implications This study focussed on the University of Bologna experience, according with HEIs sustainability approach over the world. A bit too technical sometimes to explain each practical point of activity related with the commitment in SDGs. Practical implications The multi-year experience acquired by the University of Bologna through a process of reporting that combines the economic dimension with the social and environmental, has as a natural outlet questioning the priorities to be pursued in teaching, research and the third mission to contribute to the Agenda 2030. Social implications It is shown as Alma Mater promotes actively the principles of sustainability also in terms of enhancement of collectivity welfare, the economic growth, the social equity and the capability of involved people to actually work together for the common good. Originality/value On the basis of the experience of the University of Bologna, an innovative framework can be provided to analyse how universities are rethinking all their activities to address the Agenda 2030.

The maturation process of incorporating sustainability in universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Vargas ◽  
Claudia Mac-Lean ◽  
Jean Huge
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Living Lab ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The University

Purpose In the past few decades, sustainability in higher education has become ever more prevalent, although the diversity in pace of adoption and the wide range of interpretations and practices is huge. The purpose of this study is to present recent research on organizational change processes in universities. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach applied corresponds to the social issue maturation framework, to identify, describe and assess patterns of change across higher education institutions. The maturation of sustainability in universities can be divided into four stages: emergence, popularization, formalization and maturity. Findings The findings indicate that sustainability processes often begin as ad hoc processes which grow and mature over time as a range of different actors join in. However, sustainability in universities is increasingly connected with sustainability in the private sector and with other public actors. Moreover, there is a growing acknowledgement of the interactions between society, industry and academia. Originality/value The value of the paper is to provide a critical assessment of the potential of living lab projects initiated in Belgium (Brussels) and Chile (Santiago de Chile) to anchor sustainability firmly both in the functioning of the university and in the interactions with the neighborhood. The authors reflect on the requirements and the implementation of these initiatives as a strong indication of mature sustainability integration in, and by way of, universities.

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