Adolescent HIV and infection

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rashida Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Programmes

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in adolescents despite the improvements in public health that have occurred in the past decades. While mortality rates from infections are slowly declining in this age group, an exception is HIV, with HIV-related deaths having tripled in the last decade. As with other infections, the risk of acquiring HIV is partly explained by the biological and physical environment. However, the biological changes and the social and behavioural context of adolescence play an important role in determining risk. Notably, infections can result in long-term complications and consequent disability. While effective methods to prevent and treat many common infections do exist, the major challenges are to make these accessible to adolescents, an age-group that is often neglected by health programmes. In addition, adherence to treatment for chronic infections such as HIV, remains a major barrier to ensuring successful outcomes.

PUBLIC HEALTH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
George M. Wheatley ◽  
Stephen A. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Number Of Children

IN ALL COUNTRIES for which there are vital statistics, accidents are a major cause of death and disability among children. In countries where the food supply is adequate and infectious diseases have been brought under control, accidents have become the leading cause of death in the age group 1 to 19 years. For example, in such countries as Australia, Canada, Sweden, West Germany, and the United States, more than one-third of all deaths in this age group are caused by accidents. The number of children who are injured by accidents fan exceeds the number who are killed. Although no accurate international figures are available, the Morbidity Survey conducted by the United States Public Health Service indicates that in the United States, for every child under 15 killed by accident, 1,100 children are injured severely enough to require medical attention or to be restricted in their activity for at least a day.

scholarly journals Demographic forecasting of population projection in Greece: A Bayesian probabilistic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lamnisos ◽  
K Giannakou ◽  
T Siligari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Demographic Aging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Support Ratio

Abstract Background Demographic aging is an emerging issue in Greece, characterized by low fertility and increased life expectancy. Undoubtedly, demographic aging is a challenge for public health not only due to the financing of public pensions, but also for the increasing utilization of health care. Methods The total fertility rate and life expectancy at birth are projected probabilistically using Bayesian hierarchical models and United Nations population data for Greece from the period of 1950 to 2015. These are then converted to age-specific mortality rates and combined with a cohort component projection model. This yields probabilistic projections of total population by sex and age groups, total fertility rate (TFR), female and male life expectancies at birth and potential support ratio PSR (persons aged 20-64 per person 65+) by the year 2100. Results The total population in Greece in 1950 was around 7.5 million, increasing to 11 million based on the 2011 population census but is projected to decline to 7.5 million at 2100. TFR has followed a strong downward trend with 1.4 children per woman in 2005-2010 and is projected to have a slight increase to 1.6 and 1.8 children per woman for 2050 and 2100 with all values being below the replacement-level fertility. Life expectancy is expected to increase to 84 years for men and 88 years for women in 2050, and 90 years for men and 94 years for women in 2100. PSR is expected to decline dramatically from 3 in 2011 to approximately 1.5 in 2050 and 2100. Conclusions Over the years, Greece has lost its youthful structure and has acquired the characteristics of an aging population, reflecting the population distribution of Western countries. Demographic aging is harmful for the economic growth, the social security system, the social assistance, and it is closely linked to national defense and public health. A long-term multidimensional program is recommended to confront the demographic issue based on the previous international experience. Key messages Total fertility rate will be below replacement level and potential support ratio will decline dramatically. A long-term multidimensional program needs to be developed to address the demographic aging.

scholarly journals “I could’ve had a better life”: Reflective life reviews told by late-middle-aged and older women and men with ongoing long-term alcohol problems

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Letting Go

Aim: This study accounts for how people aged 55-69 with ongoing long-term alcohol problems conceptualize past, present and future. Methods: A total of 19 interviews were performed, from which reflective life reviews were obtained and analyzed as narrative life accounts. Three structuring thematic traits were identified: resentment of life, acceptance of life and gratitude towards life. Results: The study shows how past, present and future intertwine into meaningful entities incorporating certain governing master narratives about recovery, familiar for example from expert discourse and the AA movement. When it comes to the theme of resentment, the participants articulated disappointment over what life had become and emphasized especially the missed work-related opportunities that the drinking had caused. In the theme of acceptance letting go of the past was viewed as important for creating a sober future. Within the dimension of gratitude the past was seen as a resource for self-development and future recovery. Conclusions: How long-term alcohol problems are conceptualized in the long view of a life narrative may have great implications for outlooks of a sober future. A closer look at the social and cultural material incorporated in the stories of this age group is an important task for future research.

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D Hurd ◽  
Justinne Guyton ◽  
Ardis Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Lack Of Exercise ◽  
Long Term Impact

Changing human behavior is challenging; however, having a long-term impact on the improved health of a population is a compelling reason for an increased public health commitment by individuals in pharmacy. Any of the activities that individuals and populations pursue have a direct effect on their health, from drinking clean water to breathing fresh air. Health behaviors mitigate or exacerbate chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke, and human behaviors can affect the resurgence of infectious diseases (and the emergence of new infectious diseases). Other behavioral factors, such as tobacco use, poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, at-risk sexual behaviors, and avoidable injuries, contribute prominently to increased morbidity and mortality. This chapter addresses basic public health principles of disease prevention and health promotion, looking at consumer health education, health literacy, social media, and program design and evaluation.

scholarly journals Capturing the social value and return on investment of public health services and interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Ashton ◽  
A Stielke ◽  
M Dyakova
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Return On Investment ◽  
Environmental Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Health Programmes

Abstract The need for investment in health and well-being to achieve sustainable development and inclusive economic growth is stronger than ever in the face of multiple adversities. Making the case for investing in public health is essential. The social, economic and environmental value of public health programmes has to be embedded in every organisational balance sheet in order to progress national and international commitments; and to enable sustainable policy and action for the benefit of people, communities and societies. The WHO Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being at Public Health Wales has developed a programme of work to assess the (social)return on investment of services and interventions. This involves looking at specific health and well-being outcomes, and estimating the wider social, economic and environmental value of the organisation and its various health protection and health improvement programmes. Specific health economics methods used will be Social/Return on Investment and Social/Cost-Benefit Analysis. The programme will generate an ’extended balance sheet’, including estimates of health and well-being outcomes and monetarising the social and environmental value. This will result in establishing the holistic economic value of Public Health Wales. Specific outputs are: a comprehensive costing model to capture input; outcome and impact maps; capturing the value of public health programmes in terms of health and well-being, as well as social, economic and environmental outcomes. Finally, a generalised framework for other similar organisations will be developed. This innovative programme aims to measure the social, economic and environmental value of Public Health Wales as a national public health institute. The developed framework can be used by other organisations across Europe to inform and guide their efforts to capture the wider social value, involve key stakeholders from the outset and achieve sustainable financing in the long run. Key messages Making the case for investing in public health by illustrating its social, economic and environmental value is vital. Social Return on Investment is an innovative and useful method to estimate the wider value of public health interventions.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Unintentional Fall Mortality in China: A Population-Based Age-Period-Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenkun Wang ◽  
Youzhen Hu ◽  
Fang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Unintentional Falls

Background: Unintentional falls seriously threaten the life and health of people in China. This study aimed to assess the long-term trends of mortality from unintentional falls in China and to examine the age-, period-, and cohort-specific effects behind them.Methods: This population-based multiyear cross-sectional study of Chinese people aged 0–84 years was a secondary analysis of the mortality data of fall injuries from 1990 to 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Age-standardized mortality rates of unintentional falls by year, sex, and age group were used as the main outcomes and were analyzed within the age-period-cohort framework.Results: Although the crude mortality rates of unintentional falls for men and women showed a significant upward trend, the age-standardized mortality rates for both sexes only increased slightly. The net drift of unintentional fall mortality was 0.13% (95% CI, −0.04 to 0.3%) per year for men and −0.71% (95% CI, −0.96 to −0.46%) per year for women. The local drift values for both sexes increased with age group. Significant age, cohort, and period effects were found behind the mortality trends of the unintentional falls for both sexes in China.Conclusions: Unintentional falls are still a major public health problem that disproportionately threatens the lives of men and women in China. Efforts should be put in place urgently to prevent the growing number of fall-related mortality for men over 40 years old and women over 70 years old. Gains observed in the recent period, relative risks (RRs), and cohort RRs may be related to improved healthcare and better education.

scholarly journals Gambaran Penyebab Kematian Utama di Kabupaten Bekasi Provinsi Jawa Barat 2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Kristina Kristina ◽  
Lamria Pangaribuan ◽  
Hendrik Hendrik
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Perinatal Deaths ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Model Based

AbstractDeath can be caused by a number of diseases such as infectious diseases, disease not causing injury. Thepattern of death and cause of death is one indicator used to assess health programs. Objective: to findout the images of the causes and causes of death in 2011 in Bekasi Regency. Methods: Articles are thesubsequent analysis of the study of the Health Control Model Based on Death Registrations and Causesof Death in 12 Districts / Cities in Indonesia. The method is an analysis of national agriculture in 2011.Population: all death events in Bekasi Regency. Samples: deaths of residents of Bekasi Regency who diedin 2011. Instruments used: 1) AV1 Questionnaire, to collect information on perinatal deaths, namely fetal/ infant mortality with a womb age of more than 22 weeks until the age of 6 days and advanced neonataldeaths, 7 days old infants up to 27 days. 2). The AV2 questionnaire, collected information on death,aged 28 days and five years, 5 years. 3) AV3 Questionnaire, collect the 5-year death report above andthe Death Cause Information Form (FKPK). Results: The number of deaths obtained in 2011 was 5,011deaths. As many as 82.7% of deaths were at home and 15.6% were hospitalized. Most deaths were in men(56.1%) compared to women (43.9%). The cause of death due to adolescents is not higher (61.4%) thanother causes. Space deaths increase sharply in the group 65 years and above. The cause of stroke wasdeath in Bekasi Regency in 2011. Conclusion: The main causes of the age group IUFD + 0-6 days werepremature. Diarrhea is the leading cause of death in the age group 29 months -4 years. TB is the leadingcause of death in women and number two in men aged 15-44 years. Stroke is the leading cause of deathin the age group 55-64 years, 65 years and over and in men aged 45-54 years. Keywords: death, stroke, cause of death, primary AbstrakKematian dapat disebabkan beberapa hal seperti penyakit menular, penyakit tidak menular maupun karenakecelakaan. Pola kematian dan penyebab kematian merupakan salah satu indikator yang digunakanuntuk menilai program kesehatan.Tujuan:mengetahui gambaran kematian dan penyebab kematian utamatahun 2011 di Kabupaten Bekasi. Metode:Artikel ini merupakan hasil analisis lanjut dari studi ModelPengendalian Kesehatan Berbasis Registrasi Kematian dan Penyebab Kematian di 12 Kabupaten/Kotadi Indonesia. Metode studi merupakan analisis regresi kematian tahun 2011. Populasi: semua kejadiankematian di Kabupaten Bekasi. Sampel: kematian penduduk Kabupaten Bekasi yang meninggal tahun2011. Instrumen yang digunakan: 1) Kuesioner AV1, untuk mengumpulkan informasi kematian perinatalyaitu kematian janin/bayi dengan umur kandungan lebih dari 22 minggu sampai dengan umur 6 hari dankematian neonatal lanjut, bayi berumur 7 hari sampai dengan 27 hari. 2). Kuesioner AV2, mengumpulkaninformasi kematian bayi berumur 28 hari sampai dibawah 5 tahun. 3) Kuesioner AV3, mengumpulkaninformasi kematian berusia 5 tahun keatas dan Formulir Keterangan Penyebab Kematian (FKPK). Hasil:Jumlah kematian yang didapatkan pada tahun 2011 adalah 5.011 kematian. Sebanyak 82,7% kematianterjadi di rumah dan 15,6% di rumah sakit. Kematian paling banyak pada laki-laki (56,1%) dibandingperempuan (43,9%). Penyebab kematian akibat penyakit tidak menular lebih tinggi (61,4%) dibandingkanpenyebab lain. Angka kematian meningkat tajam pada kelompok 65 tahun ke atas. Penyakit strokepenyebab kematian utamadi Kabupaten Bekasi tahun 2011. Kesimpulan: Penyebab kematian utama padakelompok umur IUFD +0-6 hari adalah karena prematur. Diare merupakan penyebab kematian utamapada kelompok umur 29 bulan-4 tahun. TBC merupakan penyebab kematian utama pada perempuandan nomor dua pada laki-laki umur 15-44 tahun. Stroke adalah penyebab kematian utama pada kelompokumur 55-64 tahun, 65 tahun ke atas dan pada laki-laki kelompok umur 45-54 tahun. Kata kunci: kematian, stroke, penyebab kematian, utama  

scholarly journals Study of the pattern and management of blunt chest injuries in rural setup

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 3482
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Sharma ◽  
Sushrut Pradeep Tated ◽  
Ashish Ashokrao Hatkar
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Chest Trauma ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Chest Injuries ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Wheeler

Background: Trauma is recognized as a serious public health problem. In fact, it is the leading cause of death and disability in the first four decades of life and is the third most common cause of death overall. Trauma may lead to short or long-term disability. Objective was to study the pattern of chest injuries with resultant underlying damage, in rural set up.Methods: The present study was carried out among 500 cases of age group 15 to 75 years, all religions and both sexes. All patients received in the Emergency Room (ER/Casualty) were immediately attended and history, primary survey and resuscitation were done simultaneously. X ray chest-erect position was taken and subsequent management either operative or non-operative was done according to clinic-radiological findings. After discharge, patients were followed on OPD basis till the time they return to the normal activity.Results: Majority of patients (31%) were from 55 to 65 years of age group and were male (64.2%). Vehicular accident was the commonest (56.8 %) cause of injury. Vehicular accidents were the most common cause of chest injuries. In vehicular accidents two-wheeler riders were the common victims (55.28%). Assault was 2nd most common mode of injury. Among those patients who sustained chest trauma had average VAS 6 (49.2%) followed by 4 (45%). Majority of patient were treated conservatively (93.6%).Conclusions: The most active age group and males were affected with commonly vehicular accidents. They mainly suffered chest injuries. 

Health protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 725-730
Author(s):  
Emily Stanton ◽  
Anita Bell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Communicable Disease Control

Health protection is a key function of Public Health England, encompassing emergency preparedness, resilience and response, environmental health, and communicable disease control. The aim of this article is to discuss the role of health protection, its structure in England, and how GPs are integral to the reporting, surveillance and actions to protect public health. Case studies are included. Finally, the article will highlight knowledge that GPs will find useful when considering notifiable infectious diseases and the role of GP and health protection in the NHS Long Term Plan.

scholarly journals Rank Indices Method and its use for the comparative analysis of population health data

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
A. M. Bolshakov ◽  
Vyacheslav Krutko ◽  
T. M. Smirnova ◽  
S. V. Chankov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
The Social

There is presented a calculation method aimed to elevate the informative value of the integral indices of the social and hygienic monitoring for purposes of comparative analysis. The method of rank indices is based on the ranking of monitoring objects on the values ofprimary indices on the base of which there are calculated the integral such indices as, for example, life expectancy. There are presented results of the use of this method for the comparative analysis of mortality rate in WHO Member States for the period of 1990-2011. There were revealed special features of mortality trends which cannot be detected when using only mortality rates or the life expectancy. In particular, for Russia there was shown that, in spite of the downward trend in child and adolescent mortality rate observed in the last decade, the country's world rankings for these indices fail to achieve the level of 1990. This means that the competitiveness of the country, sharply declined in the 90's, was not restored until now. There are described some features of the use of the method of rank indices for the analysis of indices of the environment state, public health and its socio-economic determinants.

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