The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert O. Hirschman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Tunnel Effect ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Policy Makers

This chapter discusses the complicated relationship between perception and reality in development. It explores the role of emotions and subjective forces—especially envy—in arguing that just as social scientists and policy makers should not confuse circumstantial setbacks with failure in development, rising intolerance for inequality need not be seen as a sign of a crisis of capitalism, or of having to choose between growth or equality. Psychological effects, like the “tunnel effect,” are highly contingent, and one has to understand them carefully before jumping to big conclusions. After all, a strong tunnel effect, by making social injustice more visible, can have positive repercussions.

Financial access and economic development: the moderating role of financial consumer protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kriese ◽  
Joshua Yindenaba Abor ◽  
Elikplimi Agbloyor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Compliance Monitoring ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating role of financial consumer protection (FCP) in the access–development nexus. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on cross-country data on 102 countries surveyed in the World Bank Global Survey on FCP and Financial Literacy (2013). The White heteroscedasticity adjusted regressions and Two-stage least squares regressions (2SLS) are used for the estimation. Findings Interactions between FCP regulations that foster fair treatment, disclosure, dispute resolution and recourse and financial access have positive net effects on economic development. However, there is no sufficient evidence to suggest that interactions between financial access and enforcement and compliance monitoring regulations have a significant effect on economic development. Practical implications First, policy makers should continue with efforts aimed at instituting FCP regimes as part of strategies aimed at broadening access to financial services for enhanced economic development. Second, instituting FCP regimes per se may not be enough. Policy makers need to consider possible intervening factors such as the provision of adequate resources and supervisory authority, for compliance monitoring and enforcement to achieve the expected positive effect on economic development. Originality/value This study extends evidence in the law–finance–growth literature by providing empirical evidence on the effect of legal institution specific to the protection of retail financial consumers on the access–development nexus using a nouvel data set, the World Bank Global survey on FCP and Financial Literacy (2013).

A World of Homicides

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouimet
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Medium Level

The current study contrasts and compares the role of socioeconomic factors that explain variations in the homicide rate for 165 countries in 2010. Regression analyses demonstrate that economic development (GNI), inequality (Gini), and poverty (excess infant mortality) are significant predictors of the homicide rate for all countries. However, subsample analyses shows that income inequality, not economic development or poverty, predicts homicide for countries with a medium level of human development. Also, the variations in homicide for developing countries are inadequately explained by our model. To conclude, an analysis of the countries that exhibited significant discrepancies between their predicted and observed homicide rate is discussed.

Rostow's Kondratieff Cycle in Australia

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pope
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Long Waves ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The World ◽  
Kondratieff Cycles ◽  
The Subject

The turn of economic events in the early 1970s correlates with a revival of ideas about the existence of long swings in economic development. The subject of Kondratieff cycles has attracted the pens of social scientists of very different persuasions. This paper draws on Walt W. Rostow's interpretation—with its emphasis on the role of exporters of food and raw materials in the world economy—to explore Australian long waves over the last 110 years. I conclude that the case for their existence is not confirmed and moreover that Rostow's cycle-mechanics offer a doubtful explication of movements in the Australian series.

Entrepreneurship, the Diaspora, and Return

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-36
Author(s):  
Nick Williams
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
International Borders ◽  
National Borders

Chapter 2 outlines the contemporary literature on entrepreneurship and its role in economic development. It then explicitly examines the specific role of returnee entrepreneurship and the potential impacts of returnee entrepreneurship to home countries. The chapter highlights the resurgent interest in entrepreneurship among economic theorists and the increased importance ascribed to entrepreneurship by policy makers. It also demonstrates that often research focuses on entrepreneurs within a country, region, or locality, rather than entrepreneurs who are global actors moving across international borders. Of the research on flows of entrepreneurs outside national borders, the majority of literature focuses on the impacts in host countries (i.e. the country they have emigrated to), rather than their home country (i.e. the country they have emigrated from). This chapter thus builds on this research by setting out the important potential role for returnee entrepreneurs who invest at home and have the potential to fill entrepreneurial gaps.

A Behavioural Theory of Economic Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Huggins ◽  
Piers Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Behavioural Theory ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Behavioural Profile

This book is motivated by a belief that theories of economic development can move beyond the generally known factors and mechanisms of such development. It establishes a behavioural theory of economic development illustrating that differences in human behaviour across cities and regions are a significant deep-rooted cause of uneven development. Fusing a range of concepts relating to culture, psychology, human agency, institutions, and power, it proposes that the uneven economic development and evolution of cities and regions within and across nations are strongly connected with the underlying forms of behaviour enacted by humans both individually and collectively. Integrating theoretical and empirical analysis, the book builds upon entrepreneurial and innovation theories of economic evolution to make sense of the cultural, psychological, and agentic components and elements of city and regional economic ecosystems that lead to long-term differentials in development. For social scientists with an interest in understanding the nature of uneven economic development, the book provides a novel theory of the role of human behaviour, psychocultural context, and institutions in the evolution and uneven development of cities and regions. This human behaviour is framed in the form of the ‘behavioural profile’ of cities and regions encompassing citizens in terms of their personalities, cultural histories, aspirations, and perceived opportunities, as well as their broader propensities to act in certain ways.

The Role of Rational Planning in Economic Development: A Nigerian Example

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Oladejo Okediji
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Land Settlement ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rational Planning ◽  
Directed Change

Sponsors of rational planning often assume that successful implementation of planned and directed change is guaranteed. It is a thesis of this paper, however, that such planning may generate instead conditions which can defeat the socio-economic purpose. A comparison of two of the farm settlements currently administered under the Western Nigeria Land Settlement Scheme will show that their divergent patterns of development, which fell outside the framework prescribed and anticipated by the policy makers, were determined largely by the conditions specified for the establishment of their social structure.

scholarly journals What is Really Happening with Global Inequality?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Alderson ◽  
Roshan K. Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
World Income ◽  
Core Issues

We use the latest available data from the World Income Inequality Database 3.4 and the Penn World Tables 9.0 to examine some of the core issues and concerns that have animated research on global inequality. We begin by reviewing the evidence on trends in within-country inequality, drawing out some of the implications of this for our thinking about inequality and economic development. We examine between-country inequality, computing updated estimates of trends in both unweighted and population-weighted between-country inequality. The data reveal that inequality between countries increased across the latter half of the twentieth century, then turned to decline measurably thereafter. We show that this decline is robust to a range of methodological and measurement decisions identified as important in previous research. We then examine estimates of true global inequality, situating these in relation to lower- and upper-bound estimates of global inequality. We conclude by noting the critical and contested role of globalization in inequality reduction.

scholarly journals Soil Science: from Babylon to the Present

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 738-746
Author(s):  
Manuel Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Real Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The 19Th Century

ResumoO solo é um material com características e comportamento únicos na interface das esferas biológica, hidrológica, litológica e atmosférica do nosso planeta e tem um papel vital no bem-estar humano. A história do solo tem seguido a par do uso do solo para crescer plantas, a história da agricultura desde as antigas civilizações até aos nossos dias. Até ao século 19, não houve experimentação e validação de teorias e não existiu verdadeira ciência. A ciência do solo nasceu há cerca de 150 anos com o trabalho realizado por cientistas Ingleses, Alemães, Dinamarqueses e, sobretudo, Russos. A meados do século 20, sob pressão das actividades humanas sobre o ambiente, a ciência do solo ultrapassou a sua base de conhecimento aplicada à agricultura e agronomia para abraçar temas sobre a terra e o ambiente. Nasceu o conceito de segurança do solo e este tratado no seu papel de proporcionar serviços ambientais e usado para quantificar os recursos edáficos agregando contribuições de pedologistas, economistas, sociólogos e políticos no processo de tomadas de decisões sobre o solo.Palavras-Chave: Evolução de Solo, História, CiênciaAbstractSoil is a material with unique features and behavior at the interface between the biologic, hydrologic, lithologic, and atmospheric spheres of our planet that plays a vital role in human welfare. The history of soil has been in step with the history of the use of soils to grow plants, a history of agriculture from earlier civilizations to our days. Until the 19th century, no experimentation and testing of theories were conducted and there was no real science. Soil science was born about 150 years ago with the works of English, German, Danish and, above all, Russian scientists. In mid-20th century, under pressure of human activities upon the environment, soil science out grew its base knowledge applied to agriculture and agronomy to play an ever-increased role of land and environmental issues. It was born the concept of soil security and soil was understood in its role of delivering ecosystem services and used to quantify the soil resource aggregating contributions of soil scientists, economists, social scientists and policy makers for decision- making process about soil. Keywords: Soil Evolution, History, Science Resumo

Use of Digital Resources Among Social Scientists

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
S. Thanuskodi
Keyword(s):  
Information Service ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The People ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Role Of Information

Information is more important for decision makers, policy makers, planners, technologists, scientists, doctors, lawyers, etc. Information is a livelihood for many people. One can imagine the importance and the role of information from the fact that in America most of the people are working in information service sectors. User needs and the requirements are also changed in the technology-driven society. Information is not only available in one source but scattered in different forms as well. The findings of the study show the respondent satisfaction of various e-resources. About e-books 28.68% of respondents were satisfied followed by 27.50% neutral, 16.03% respondents dissatisfied, 14.70% respondents highly dissatisfied, and only 13.09% respondent highly satisfied. About e-journal, 35.15% were satisfied and 30.73% highly satisfied with only 0.73% highly dissatisfied.

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