scholarly journals Lignin studies II. The lignin content and properties of lignin in different materials

1957 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Hydrolysis Residue ◽  
Different Tissues

In this investigation the lignin, the total of membrane substances, the crude protein and the methoxyl in lignin were determined in different materials. Some observations on the properties of lignin have been made. The lignin content, as calculated from the dry matter or from the total of the membrane substances, varies greatly in different materials, as can be seen in Table 1. This is the case even if one leaves out of consideration such materials as the bark of woods, sea-weeds, and mosses, the »lignin» of which scarcely is real lignin. In grasses and clover the content of lignin in the cell walls increases with the successive stages of development. The methoxyl content of lignin varies in different plants, in the same plant at successive stages of growth, and in the different tissues of the same plant. The solubility of lignin in hot diluted alkali solutions varies in different materials. Of the lignin in Gramineae plants even in an 0.1 N natrium hydroxide solution about 50 % dissolves, but of the lignin of softwoods only negligible amounts in a 2 N solution. The lignin preparations isolated by the usual acid methods contain, besides the real hydrolysis residue, also substances dissolved by the strong acid but precipitated by the succeeding dilution. The nitrogen content of the precipitated fraction is high. The high methoxyl content of its nitrogen free portion points to real lignin.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Napier Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effects of nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 2,000 pounds of N per acre yearly and of 40-, 60-, and 90-day harvest intervals on the yield and composition of Napier grass and on soil acidity, were determined for three consecutive years. Yields increased with nitrogen fertilization to at least the 800-pound level during all seasons. Crude-protein contents and protein yields increased with nitrogen fertilization up to the 2,000-pound level. More than 60 percent of the fertilizer nitrogen was recovered in the forage at all rates up to 1,200 pounds per acre yearly, but efficiency of utilization in terms of dry matter produced per pound of nitrogen decreased beyond the 400- pound level. The phosphorus and potassium contents of the forage decreased, but the lignin content increased with increasing nitrogen rates. The calcium and magnesium contents were not markedly affected by nitrogen fertilization. Dry-matter and protein yields and lignin content of the forage increased, while the protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents decreased with length of harvest interval. With a 60-day harvest interval and 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly, which seemed to be the optimum combination, Napier grass yielded 44,561 pounds of dry matter, or about 130 tons of green forage, per acre yearly, containing 9.7 percent of protein. With this treatment, Napier grass removed 674 pounds of nitrogen, 554 of potassium, and 120 each of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus per acre yearly from the soil. Over-all yields did not decrease during the 3 years of experimentation but seasonal yields varied by as much as 70 percent of the average. The treatments affected residual yields obtained more than 6 months after the experiment was terminated. The application of 800 pounds of N as ammonium sulfate per acre annually over a 3-year period caused a drop of 3 pH units and a loss of 10.4 m.e. of exchangeable bases per 100 gm. of soil in the upper 6 inches of soil.

scholarly journals Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2397
Author(s):  
Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽  
Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽  
Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos ◽  
Giovanne Oliveira Costa Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Sorghum Silage

he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.

EFFET DE L’APPLICATION D’AZOTE ET DU STADE DE CROISSANCE A LA RECOLTE SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
G. PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of time and rate of nitrogen fertilization and stage of growth at first cut on yield and digestibility of dry matter and protein content of two timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, at each of two cuts, No difference in yield or chemical composition was found between cultivars. Highest yields and crude protein contents were measured at rates of nitrogen fertilizer of 112 and 224 kg/ha. Higher yield and protein content were obtained with NH4NO3 applied totally or in split applications in the spring than with urea in the fall. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) was not affected by nitrogen at rates of 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha. First cut was taken at two different stages of growth, and the second cut was taken on the same day in all the plots. At anthesis, yields were higher than at the head stage but DDM and protein content were lower. The opposite was found at the second cut. Except in 1973, total dry matter yield was not affected by the stage of growth at first cut.

A SURVEY OF COMPOSITION AND HEAT DAMAGE IN DEHYDRATED ALFALFA PRODUCTS OVER THE GROWING SEASON FROM TWO B.C. PROCESSING PLANTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. SHELFORD ◽  
E. B. CATHCART ◽  
R. T. FRANCE ◽  
J. L. DOBB
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Main Factor

Samples of forages were collected throughout the growing season from two dehydrating plants at three different stages of processing: prior to drying, after drying and after pelleting. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, fibre, nitrogen content of the acid detergent fibre and pepsin insoluble nitrogen. On the average the amount of heat damage present in the dehydrated samples was quite low (6.11 ADIN % N). There was significantly more heat damage in the samples from the Creston plant. The dry matter content of the material leaving the drier appears to be the main factor related to elevated heat damage.

scholarly journals Estimation of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) forage quality parameters depending on the stage of growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1563-1569
Author(s):  
J. Markovic ◽  
R. Strbanovic ◽  
D. Terzic ◽  
R. Stanisavljevic ◽  
D. Djokic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes that take place in nutrient values of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cv K-27 at different stages of growth in the second and the third cut. The samples from different stages of growth: mid-bud stage, around 60% flowering and full flowering were investigated for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy-lactation (NEl), net energy-maintenance (NEm) and net energy-gain (NEg) content. Higher content of crude protein was found in the third cut (262.1 g kg-1 of DM) than in the second cut (260.8 g kg-1 of DM) in the first stage of development. TDN, DDM, DMI, RFV, NEl, NEm and NEg were calculated according to the appropriate equations adapted from common formulas for forages. The stage of plant development has a significant influence on the chemical composition and the relative feed value of red clover. The achieved results show that adequate maturity stage for cutting might be at mid-bloom stage, when crude protein content, NEl, NEm and NEg content are high.

The lignin and cellulose contents of certain grassland species at different stages of growth

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
H. Cook ◽  
Brynmor Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Large Samples

1. The lignin and cellulose contents of the dry matter of seven herbage species, including three grasses, two legumes and two herbs, have been determined at different stages of growth. Similar analyses of large samples of crude fibre isolated from early and late cuts of all species were made.2. No considerable differences between the lignin contents of the dry matter of the species were found when comparisons were made at the same stage of growth.3. In a majority of the species examined a marked rise in lignin content was found to occur at the flowering stage.4. The cellulose content of grasses, whether expressed as a percentage of the dry matter or of the carbohydrate fraction, is much higher than that of either legumes or herbs. In consequence, crude fibre contents are greater in the former than in the latter.5. The findings of earlier workers that the composition of the crude fibre varied as between species have been confirmed. It has been shown that, in any one species, the crude fibre make-up is dependent on the stage of growth.6. The recovery of lignin and cellulose in the crude fibre of the different species has been studied. Several possible explanations of the variable recoveries found have been suggested and discussed.7. The case for modification of the conventional method of feeding-stuff analysis, as it applies to the non-fatty and non-nitrogenous organic matter, has been discussed in the light of conclusions reached in the course of this work.

The nutritional value of some tropical grasses

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Grieve ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Twenty feeding and digestibility trials were carried out on seven tropical grasses to determine their nutritional value at different stages of growth, and to study their suitability as possible pasture grasses.2. Content of crude protein was relatively high at immature growth stages of the forages, and declined rapidly with the onset of flowering.3. Digestibility of dry matter and gross energy increased in most of the forages tested to the 5-week stage of regrowth but declined rapidly in mature stages of forages tested at 6 or 8 weeks of regrowth. Digestibility of crude protein declined with increasing maturity of the forages.4. The Nutritive Value Index of each forage was highest at four or five weeks of regrowth. The optimum time to graze the forages tested would occur between 4 and 5 weeks of regrowth, at the stage when flowering commences. This would combine high yield of forage with high nutritional value.

INFLUENCE DU STADE DE CROISSANCE SUR LE RENDEMENT, LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ET LES RÉSERVES NUTRITIVES DU LOTIER CORNICULÉ

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-762
Author(s):  
PAUL GERVAIS
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Composition Chimique ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Food Reserves

A 3-year study on the stages of growth of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) at harvest showed that the dry matter yield increased significantly, in the spring growth, with advance in maturity up to the midbloom stage. The highest annual yield was obtained, however, when birdsfoot trefoil was harvested at the full bloom stage both in the spring and summer growth. Maximum protein yield per unit of land was also obtained at the full bloom stage. In the spring forage, the percentages of crude protein, cell content, cell wall, lignocellulose, lignin, cellulose, ash and phosphorus and in the summer forage, the percentages of crude protein, lignocellulose, cellulose, ash and phosphorus decreased significantly with maturity. For all other constituents in both forages, the variations did not reach the level of significance. The accumulation of food reserves in the roots of birdsfoot trefoil in the fall was not influenced by the stages of growth at harvest.Key words: Lotus corniculatus L., growth stage, nutrient reserves, dry matter yield, forage quality, birdsfoot trefoil

Evaluation of the nutritive value of grass hays for growing sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
Ch. Beaulieu ◽  
J. Florez ◽  
G. Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin

Data collected during 2 years on four grasses (three cultivars of timothy and one cultivar of bromegrass) harvested at four stages of growth were analyzed to identify variables that affect the nutritive value of grass hays for sheep. From 11 June, the day of the first harvest, to July 25, the percentage of crude protein (CP) decreased 0.17 unit/d (r2 = 0.86, P < 0.001) and the percentage of acid detergent lignin (ADL) increased 0.06 units/d (r2 = 0.74, P < 0.001). Over this period, dry matter (DM) intake decreased at a rate of 0.41 g kg−0.75 d−1 (r2 = 0.54, P < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with fiber content (P < 0.001). Delay of harvest caused a decrease in percent digestibility of 0.39 unit/d for DM (r2 = 0.86, P < 0.001), 0.38 unit/d for energy (r2 = 0.85, P < 0.001), 0.54 unit/d for CP (r2 = 0.77, P < 0.001) and 0.63 unit/d for NDF (r2 = 0.93, P < 0.001). Total digestible nutrients (TDN) decreased 0.35 unit/d (r2 = 0.86, P < 0.001). Date of harvest and %ADL were used to estimate energy value of hays. Digestible energy intake and TDN intake values decreased by 122.4 kJ kg−0.75 (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.001) and 6.6 g kg−0.75 (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.001), respectively, for each 1% increase in ADL of the hays. Equations were developed to estimate digestible DM intake and TDN intake, using NDF and ADF as independent variables. The predictive value of the equations was good when applied to data obtained from previous experiments (r2 = 0.87–0.91, n = 11, P < 0.001). Key words: Nutritive value, forages, sheep

scholarly journals Comparative study of the nutritive values of the different varieties of rice straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MR Alam ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
NG Das
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
P Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Key Words Rice

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 75-82 This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional quality. The Dry matter (DM), Organic matter (OM), Crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fibre (ADF), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lignin, Ca and P contents of Pajam, Nijershail, Kablabadam, BR 11, BINA 5 and BRRI 29 varieties of rice straw varied from 92.21 to 93.05%, 81.21 to 86.24%, 3.49 to 5.10%, 41.38 to 46.32%, 72.16 to 77.57%, 4.3 to 6.97%, 0.10 to 0.245% and 0.046 to 0.146%, respectively. The OM content in Nijershail was significantly higher (P<0.01) than Kablabadam, BR 11, BRRI 29, Pajam and BINA 5, respectively. The variety BRRI 29 contained significantly higher (P<0.01) CP content (5.1%) than BINA 5, BR 11, Pajam, Nijershail and Kablabadam, respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher NDF content was found in BR 11 (77.57%) followed by Kablabadam, Nijershail, Pajam, BRRI 29 and BINA 5, respectively. Acid deter gut Fibre (ADF) content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Nijershail (46.32%) than Kablabadam, BR 11, BINA 5, Pajam and BRRI 29, respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher lignin content was found in BRRI 29 (6.97%) compared to Kablabadam, BINA 5, Pajam, Nijershail and BR 11, respectively. The Ca content in Pajam and BR 11 was significantly (P<0.01) higher (0.245%) than Nijershail, BRRI 29, Kablabadam and BINA 5, respectively. BRRI 29 contained significantly (P<0.01) higher P content (0.146%) compared to BINA 5, Pajam, Nijershail, Kablabadam and BR 11, respectively. Organic Matter (OM) digestibility, and ME content in BRRI 29 was significantly (P<0.01) higher followed Nijershail, BINA 5, Pajam, Kablabadam and BR 11, respectively. Straw of BRRI 29 is expected to provide more nutrients, digestible organic nutrients and metabolizable energy to ruminants. Key words: Rice straw; Chemical composition; Energy content; Digestibility DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9679 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 75-82

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