scholarly journals Beef production as influenced by stage of maturity of grass for silage and level and type of supplementary concentrates

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-460
Author(s):  
Ilmo Aronen ◽  
Vesa Toivonen ◽  
Elise Ketoja ◽  
Jukka Öfversten
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to examine the effects ofstage ofmaturity of grass for silage (EC = early cut, LC = late cut), and level (LL = low level, i.e., 1.5 kg dry matter (DM) d-1, HL = high level, i.e., 3.0 kg DM d-1) and type (B =barley, BRSM = barley and heatmoisture treated rapeseed meal) of supplementary concentrates on feed intake, animal performance and diet digestion in Finnish Ayrshire bulls. The study was conducted as a 23 factorial experiment with six randomized complete blocks. The average initial and final live weights of the bulls were 123 kg and 494 kg, respectively. The crude protein content of the ad libitum fed EC and LC silages, cut at an interval of eight days, was 159 and 131 g kg-1 DM. However, the difference in the estimated content of AAT (= amino acids absorbed in the small intestine) between the two silages was small, whereas there was a large difference in PBV (= protein balance in the rumen). The respective values for crude fibre were 278 and 304 g kg-1 DM. At the beginning of the experiment the voluntary grass silage intake of the EC bulls was higher than that of the LC bulls. Towards the end of the experiment the difference in silage intake between the two stages of cut disappeared. This change in voluntary grass silage intake was followed by a similar change in the rate of daily live weight gain (LWG): the EC bulls started to grow faster than the LC bulls, but the initial slower LWG of the LC bulls had been compensated by the end of the experiment. The LL bulls had a higher intake of silage than the HL bulls. The substitution rate was 0.63 kg silage DM per concentrate DM, regardless of the stage ofcut. HL feeding resulted in faster LWG. Owing, at least partly, to the improved diet digestibility, inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet increased the silage intake throughout the experiment followed by a faster LWG. The positive effect of rapeseed meal was unaffected by the stage ofmaturity of the grass for silage and the level of concentrate supply. The animals were not able to take full advantage of the high protein content of the EC silage. The inclusion of rapeseed meal in the diet, however, improved the rate of gain and resulted in more efficient feed conversion.

The effect of dried grass and cereal-based concentrate on the voluntary intake of unwilted grass silage

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. McIlmoyle ◽  
J. C. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYTwo 7 × 7 Latin square experiments were carried out with British Friesian steers (mean initial live weight 360 kg). In Experiment 1 the effects of different levels of dried grass or concentrate on the intake of silage dry matter (DM) were compared, and in Experiment 2 the effect of a supplement containing various proportions of dried grass: concentrate on the intake of silage DM was examined. In both experiments the digestibility of the ration and the rate of passage of digesta were measured.In Experiment 1, supplementation depressed intake of silage DM, the difference being significant (P<0·05) at 5·0 and 7·5 kg/day, but there were no significant differences in silage intake between supplements given at the same level. Intake of silage was also significantly lower (P<0·05) in Experiment 2 when a supplement was offered, but differences between supplements were not significant. Total DM intake was increased significantly (P<00·5) by supplementation in both experiments. Supplementation increased energy digestibility but decreased crude fibre digestibility. In Experiment 1 nitrogen digestibility was significantly lower (P<0·05) with dried grass than with concentrate supplementation, but in Experiment 2 supplementation increased the digestibility of nitrogen. In both experiments the mean retention time was shorter, the time for the highest rate of excretion of stained particles was lower, and the maximum rate of excretion higher for dried grass than for silage.

scholarly journals The effect of supplementation of grass silage with rapeseed meal or Gasol-treated barley on the performance of growing cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Esko Poutiainen ◽  
Timo Mikkola
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Degradation Rates

Grass silage was offered ad libitum to 16 Ayrshire cattle in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment lasting 196 days. The silage was supplemented with barley preserved with 0.85 % of propionic acid (PAB) or 1.28 % Gasol solution (GB) 45 g DM/kg W0.75. Four of the animals in PAB and GB groups received no protein supplement(NPS) and four of the animals in both groups received extracted rapeseed meal as protein supplement(RSM). RSM was fed according to UDP (undegradable feed protein) requirements. The average age of the animals at the beginning of the experiment was 86 days and the average liveweight 106 kg. The average daily gains were 1066 and 1070 g/d for PAB and GB groups and 1012 and 1124 g/d (P < 0.01) for NPS and RSM groups. In feed intake and feed conversion there were no significant differences between the groups. Supplementation of silage barley diet with RSM increased the digestibility of organic matter from 71.1 to 73.5 % (P < 0.05), of crude protein from 62.8 to 67.4 % (P < 0.05) and of crude fibre from 57.2 to 60.2 % (P < 0.05). Both barleys were well preserved and there was no deterioration during the storage. The degradation rates of DM, crude protein and starch determined by nylon bag method were lower in GB than in PAB. Crude protein disappearances in 9 hours were 46.6 % for GB and 76.4 % for PAB. The utilization of absorbed protein calculated by factorial method averaged 0.566 ± 0.01 in the four different groups. Plasma urea N level was higher (P < 0.05) in the RSM than in the NPS group. The proportion of acetic acid in the rumen VFA was lower (P < 0.05) and that of propionic acid higher (P < 0.01) in the RSM than in the NPS group. PAB resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of propionic acid in rumen VFA than did GB.

scholarly journals Comparison of diets based on grass silage, hay or oat straw supplemented with four levels of concentrates in the feeding of growing Ayrshire bulls

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Ilmo Aronen ◽  
Martti Lampila ◽  
Helena Hepola
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Four Levels

This experiment was conducted during three consecutive years with 144 Ayrshire bulls of an initial age of 185 days and live weight of 186kg. The experimental period lasted for 224 days. The ad libitum fed roughages were grass silage, hay and oat straw, each supplemented with four levels of concentrates, the number of treatments thus being 12. Daily supplements of concentrates were 0,1, 2 or 3 kg on grass silage feeding, 1,2, 3 or 4 kg on hay feeding and 2,3, 4 or 5 kg on straw feeding. Barley was used as a concentrate on grass silage feeding, but part of it was replaced by rapeseed meal and urea in the hay and straw feeding groups to balance the nitrogen intake. An increase in concentrate intake was found to decrease the roughage intake with each type of roughage, but the total intake of dry matter (DM) was increased. Increasing the level of concentrates enhanced both the rate of daily live weight gain (LWG) and carcass gain. However, 2 kg more concentrates was needed on hay feeding than on grass silage feeding to obtain similar carcass gain. On straw feeding, 4 kg of concentrates was not sufficient to obtain a comparable carcass gain as with grass silage alone. The response to concentrate supplementation on grass silage feeding indicated, however, that the growth potential of the bulls receiving silage alone or silage with small amounts (1 or 2 kg/day) of concentrates was not completely utilized. The study showed that LWG is an inadequate measure of animal performance when diets with different fill characteristics are compared. With coarse diets, a relatively large proportion of LWG is rumen contents. Comparisons of animal performance and feed conversion should, instead, be done in terms of carcass gain.

scholarly journals Dietary fermented rapeseed or/and soybean meal additives on performance and intestinal health of piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Czech ◽  
Eugeniusz Ryszard Grela ◽  
Martyna Kiesz
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of fermented dried soybean (FSBM) and/or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for weaned piglets on production results, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tract histology, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Piglets in the control group received standard diets with soybean meal. Animals in all experimental groups received diets in which a portion of the soybean meal was replaced: in group FR—8% FRSM; in group FR/FS—6% FRSM and 2% FSBM; in group FS/FR—2% FRSM and 6% FSBM and in group FS—8% FSBM. The use of 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM in the piglet diets had a positive effect on average daily gains. Piglets from the FR and FR/FS groups had the highest feed conversion rate. Group FS/FR and FS piglets had significantly lower mortality and lower incidence of diarrhoea. Piglets fed a diet with the fermented components, in particular with 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM, exhibited a positive effect on the microbiological composition and histology of intestines, which resulted in improved nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTD and AID).

A comparison of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

AbstractTwo randomized-block experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle. In each experiment unwilted, formic acid-treated silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with 500 g soya-bean meal and 50 g minerals and vitamins to 44 12-month-old bulls for 157 and 172 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Twelve of the animals also received 2·5 kg rolled spring barley (LB), 12 received 4·0 kg barley (HB) and 20 received 3·25 kg rolled wheat (W). For experiments 1 and 2 respectively the barley contained 796 and 787 g dry matter (DM) per kg; 118 and 105 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 47 and 57 g crude fibre per kg DM; the wheat contained 845 and 800 g DM per kg; 112 and 116 g CP per kg DM; 23 and 25 g crude fibre per kg DM; and the silages contained 190 and 177 g DM per kg; 153 and 176 g CP per kg DM; 80 and 104 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen. On average over the two experiments, for treatments LB, HB and W respectively, silage DM intakes were 5·4, 4·7 (s.e. 0·14) and 4·9 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; total DM intakes 7·9, 8·3 (s.e. 0·14) and 8·1 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; metabolizable energy intakes 91·4, 97·8 and 94·2 MJ/day; live-weight gains 1·04,1·19 (s.e. 0·029) and 1·10 (s.e. 0·023) kg/day and carcass gams 0·65, 0·77 (s.e. 0·017) and 0·70 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day. It is concluded that the feeding value of wheat was proportionately 0·98 of that of barley for finishing beef cattle when given as a supplement to grass silage, and that the type of cereal offered did not affect silage intake or carcass composition.

scholarly journals Growth performance and fattening ability in castrated male and female East Balkan pigs reared organically in Strandzha mountain

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Palova ◽  
Jivko Nakev ◽  
Teodora Popova ◽  
Maya Ignatova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract(An experiment with two groups of East Balkan pigs – castrated males (n=10) and females (n=10), was carried out to study the growth performance and fattening abilities of the animals from the weaning until slaughter. The pigs were included in the trial at 60 day age. The average live weight of the castrated males was 8. 65±1.08 kg and for the females, 8.5±0.62 kg.The pigs were reared using traditional technology, grazing on natural pastures in the Strandzha mountain, Bulgaria. In autumn, acorns were naturally present in their diet. According to the category, the animals additionally received ground organic feed (50% barley and 50% wheat). The trial lasted 304 days (from February to November, 2019). During this period the final live weight of the male castrated pigs reached 88.00 kg while that of the females was 84.4 kg. The difference, however, was not significant. Furthermore, no significant differences in the growth performance characteristics that could be attributed to the sex of the animals were observed. The average daily gain of both sexes tended to be lower in summer and higher in autumn. The feed conversion ratio was higher in summer. The animals showed high average daily weight gain at pasture when their live weight was over 50 kg.

scholarly journals Performance of growing dairy bulls offered diets based on silages made of whole-crop barley, whole-crop wheat, hairy vetch and grass

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. HUUSKONEN ◽  
E. JOKI-TOKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dairy Bulls

The present experiment was conducted to study diet digestibility, feed intake, animal performance and carcass characteristics of growing dairy bulls offered diets based on (1) whole-crop barley, (2) a mixture of whole-crop barley and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) or (3) a mixture of whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch relative to moderate digestible grass silage-based diet. The feeding experiment with 24 Finnish Ayrshire and 8 Holstein-Friesian bulls included 4 forage feeding treatments: (1) grass silage (G), (2) whole-crop barley and hairy vetch mixture silage (BHV), (3) whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch mixture silage (WHV) and (4) whole-crop barley silage (B). In all treatments animals were offered silage ad libitum. The amount of concentrate supplementation was 36 g (W0.75)-1 animal-1 day-1 for all treatments. The concentrate ration included rolled barley and rapeseed meal. Differences between the treatments were compared using an a priori test (Dunnett’s test) so that comparison of the diets was based on the G diet. The animals were fed the experimental diets from day 240 to finish at day 505 of age. During the experiment the average concentrate proportions of G, BHV, WHV and B diets were 437, 424, 426 and 423 g dry matter (DM) (kg DM)-1, respectively. There were no significant differences in silage DM intake or in the total DM intake (DMI) (kg DM d-1) between treatments. However, DMI kg-1 W0.75 tended to be 3.5% higher (p = 0.09) in the B diet than in the G diet. Due to increasing energy intake, the gain of the bulls was higher with the G diet than with the WHV diet (p < 0.05). BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in gain. Treatments had no significant effect on the dressing proportion or carcass conformation. The carcass fat score of WHV bulls was 29% lower (p < 0.05) than that of the G bulls, but BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in carcass fatness. The feed conversion rate (DM intake kg-1 carcass gain) of the bulls was better (p < 0.001) and protein conversion (g AAT kg-1 carcass gain) tended to be better (p = 0.07) with the G diet than with the WHV diet. BHV and B diets did not differ from the G diet in any feed conversion parameters. It can be concluded that replacing moderate digestible grass silage with whole-crop wheat and hairy vetch mixture silage decreased the carcass gain of growing dairy bulls due to lower energy intake and poorer feed conversion. Instead, replacing moderate digestible grass silage with whole-crop barley or with whole-crop barley and hairy vetch mixture silage resulted in no differences in the performance or carcass characteristics parameters of growing dairy bulls.;

scholarly journals Enriching the diets of young cattle with a natural biologically active feed additive

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Kuzmina ◽  
L. S. Ignatovich
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Positive Effect

On the basis of the "Komarova" farm (Magadan, Magadan region), the effect of introducing a new non-traditional component feed additive of plant origin into the diets of young cattle was studied. The research was carried out during the stall period. For the experiment there were taken four groups of animals (14-16 months of age) divided at random in accordance with the genotype into control and experimental groups of ten animals each. The first two groups (control, experiment) included purebred Holstein bulls, the other two – hybrids of the 1st generation (1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Herefords). For the experimental groups, the main diet was supplemented with a component feed additive consisting of cedar elfin (Mountain pine) flour and lichens (alpine cladonia (Cladonia alpestris), Icelandic cetraria (Cetraria islandica)). The results of the experiment has shown that the feed additive, consisting of 120 g of cedar elfin needle flour and 50 g of lichen flour (80% of Cladonia alpestris and 20% of Cetraria islandica), has a positive effect on the intensification of metabolic processes in the animals. The digestibility of crude protein increased by 1.29-4,19 g (1.7-5.6 %); that of the organic matter – by 6.65-8.90 g (11.0-14.3 %); NFE (nitrogen-free extracts) – by 7.80-9.18 g (14.14-15.70 %). An increase in the digestibility of feed nutrients had a positive effect on an increase in live weight gain by 0.60-3.0 g (1.35-5.93 %). An increase in feed conversion was 0.24-6.8 MJ (0.20-6.74 %); feed protein – by 0.02-0.09 g (1.22-6.17 %). Crossbred bulls turned out to be more responsive to changes in the ration of feeding and showed better results in all studied parameters. The effectiveness of using the additive is due to the fact that the raw material for the production is obtained from wild plants growing in nature in sufficiently large volumes. They do not require significant costs for harvesting and preparation for feeding.

Studies in beef production I. The effects of level of feeding and of breed on the growth and fattening of spring born cattle

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Brookes ◽  
John Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
High Level

1. The sources of calves for rearing for beef are discussed and the dependence of the beef industry upon the dairy industry demonstrated.2. An experiment designed to compare the effects of four levels of feeding on the growth rate, conformation, economy of food conversion and type of carcase produced, of three breeds of spring-born steers, Hereford, Dairy Shorthorn and Friesian, is described. The levels of feeding are high or moderate in the calf stage, each followed by high or moderate feeding in subsequent winters.3. The results on growth and time of fattening are given and discussed.4. The calves fed on a high level were almost twice the weight of those fed on a moderate level at 8 months old.5. The well-reared calf had an advantage over the moderately reared calf for the rest of its life.6. Although calves which had been reared moderately showed a marked improvement in growth rate when subsequently fed on a higher level they did not reach the weight of calves fed well throughout at 2 years old.7. The level of feeding in the calf stage had little effect upon the time of fattening provided that the level of feeding in the winter periods of subsequent life was on a high level.8. When subsequent feeding was on a moderate level in the winter months, the calf reared well initially fattened on grass a year earlier than the moderately reared animal.9. The high-moderate treatment is shown to be the most satisfactory from many points of view. On this treatment a minimum of concentrates is used in the production of beef.10. The moderate-moderate cattle may be too heavy for present-day requirements when finished off grass at 3½ years old.11. Cattle which were fed on a high level in winter from 8 to 14 months put on less live weight in the following summer than those fed moderately. A live-weight gain of about 1 lb. a day in winter would appear to be satisfactory if the cattle are to make good use of grass in the following summer.12. These main feeding treatment effects applied to the three breeds used.13. The Friesians were heavier than Dairy Shorthorns or Herefords as calves, and the live weight at most ages was in descending order Friesians, Dairy Shorthorns, Herefords.14. The growth rate of Friesian steers was higher than that of the other two breeds at most stages of life, but the difference between Dairy Shorthorns and Herefords was negligible.15. The Herefords finished earlier than the Dairy Shorthorns and Friesians when fattened in yards or on grass.16. There was some indication (Brookes, 1954) that husk and ringworm caused less trouble with cattle which had been well reared than with those moderately reared.

Effects of sources of carbohydrate and protein given at low levels with grass silage ad libitum on the performance of lactating dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
A.B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Degradable Protein

An effective strategy for milk production is to supplement silage with small amounts of high-protein concentrate based on mixed carbohydrate sources and fish and soyabean meals (Aston et al 1992). Recent work at Trawsgoed by Sargeant and McAllan (1993) using growing steers given high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with rapeseed meal (a source of highly rumen degradable protein) produced similar live-weight gains to those obtained with fish meal. Jacobs and McAllan (1992) concluded that microbial protein yield is greater when the more degradable protein source is given, indicating a better balance in the supply of nitrogen and energy nutrients within the rumen. Lactating cows given grass silage diets have a high requirement for Metabolisable Protein (MP). The source of rumen fermentable carbohydrate may be important when MP supply is derived from degradable dietary protein and hence microbial growth. This study therefore examined the effects of varying the sources of carbohydrate and protein in low levels of concentrate given with high-digestibility grass silage. The main effects observed in the milk production experiment are presented here.

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