scholarly journals Leakages and Scaling in Stainless Steel Heat Exchangers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Jan Marjanowski
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of the article is to explain causes of non-corrosive and corrosive leaks in heat exchangers (HE) during standard exploitation as well as to present prevention measures to eliminate dangerous clogging by scaling and corrosion. The heat exchangers are made of Cr-Ni austenitic steels, belonging to the group of steels resistant to corrosion, called commonly stainless steels. The author of the article has over 40 years of practical experience in the areas of water treatment, corrosion and leaks prevention, as well as heat exchangers chemical cleaning. This part of the article focuses on various cases of heat exchanger leakages, while part two is a compendium on correct selection of technologies and chemicals for removal of scales from polluted heat exchangers. One will not find in the paper neither HE producer name nor industrial chemical cleaning formulas. The present paper describes reasons of leakages, examples of stainless steel HE corrosion and general characteristic of scales within HE.

scholarly journals Selection of heat treatment conditions and prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar: practical remarks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Błaszczyk ◽  
Jan Iciek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Practical Information ◽  
Secondary Contamination ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to provide practical information on the selection of heat treatment conditions and the prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar. The guidelines included in the paper were formulated on the basis of practical experience gained. The most important aspect often refers to the unnoticed cause of secondary contamination of liquid sugar after heat treatment, during its cooling in diaphragm heat exchangers along with the indication of the possibility of elimination of this cause. The article also presents the results of microbiological analysis in the field of heat resistance of microorganisms present in raw juice, obtained from the extractor. The data indicate the difficulty of thermal inactivation of mesophilic and thermophilic spores present in the studied environment. The cited results of microbiological analysis prove the usefulness of the measures to prevent secondary microbial contamination of the finished product.

ON-THE-FARM TESTS OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND VETERINARY AND SANITARY PREVENTION MEASURES OF CATTLE NECROBACILLOSIS

1970 ◽  
pp. 62-64
Author(s):  
М. G. Vinnikov ◽  
R. N. Melnik ◽  
S. А. Grin ◽  
А. Ya. Samuylenko ◽  
N. V. Melnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Scientific Achievements

The system of veterinary and sanitary measures in the CJSC "Makeevo" of the Zarayskiy municipal district of the Moscow region was studied during 2015-2016. The tests were carried out on 2232 cattle with age and sex composition: 965 cows, 206 heifers, 186 heifers (2014 year of birth), 52 bulls (2014 year of birth,) 426 heifers (2015 year of birth), 397 male calves (2015 year of birth). The system of veterinary and sanitary measures to prevent infectious diseases of cattle have been developed on the basis of modern scientific achievements, taking into account many years of practical experience in Russia, includes a set of measures: an analysis of the current situation in the farm; identification of urgent priority measures, specialists training on the farm, monitoring of the proposed measures implementation; elaboration of the farm development plan. The results of the recommendations production tests and the system of veterinary and sanitary measures on number of cattle in the dairy farm enterprise through the modernization of the production process are presented. Application of organizational-economic, sanitary, diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures was allowed to protect 99.25% of animals from necrobacteriosis.

CARPENTER 7-Mo PLUS

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Ferrite Matrix ◽  
Corrosion Pitting ◽  
Petrochemical Industries

Abstract CARPENTER 7-Mo PLUS is a duplex stainless steel of austenite in a ferrite matrix. It is superior to 300 series stainless steels like types 304 and 316 in strength, corrosion, pitting and stress-corrosion cracking resistance (to chlorides). Typical applications are heat exchangers in the chemical and petrochemical industries. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-608. Producer or source: Carpenter.

ALLEGHENY LUDLUM TYPE 205

Alloy Digest ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Magnetic Permeability ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Austenitic Steels

Abstract Allegheny Stainless Type 205 is a chromium-manganese nitrogen austenitic high strength stainless steel that maintains its low magnetic permeability even after large amounts of cold working. Annealed Type 205 has higher mechanical properties than any of the conventional austenitic steels-and for any given strength level, the ductility of Type 205 is comparable to that of Type 301. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-640. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation. Originally published March 1996, revised October 1997.

GIBSON TUBE DUPLEX 2205

Alloy Digest ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Duplex Alloy ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Desalination Plants

Abstract Duplex alloy 2205 is a nitrogen-enhanced, ferritic-austenitic stainless steel. It has high resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC); pitting; crevice and general corrosion. It has roughly twice the yield strength of austenitic stainless grades and it has good weldability. Some uses include heat exchangers, downhole instrument tubing, and applications in desalination plants. All Gibson Tube Duplex 2205 products meet the tighter composition limits of UNS S32205 to enhance corrosion resistance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating and machining. Filing Code: SS-813. Producer or source: Gibson Tube.

EASTERN STAINLESS TYPE 309S

Alloy Digest ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
High Alloy ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Refining Equipment

Abstract EASTERN STAINLESS TYPE 309S is a heat-resisting grade of stainless steel. Because of its high alloy content, it resists scaling up to 2000 F. It also has good tensile and creep properties and elevated temperatures. Type 309S has good ductility and malleability; therefore, difficult shapes and structures can be fabricated easily and it can be machined readily. It can be welded easily and gives strong, ductile welds. Some of its many applications are annealing boxes, boiler baffles, dryers, furnace parts, heat exchangers and oil-refining equipment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-441. Producer or source: Eastern Stainless Steel Company.

Selection of Shielding Gases for Stainless Steel Welding

1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Richard Af Petersens ◽  
Ola Runnerstam
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Shielding Gases ◽  
Stainless Steel Welding ◽  
Selection Of

The Long Road to Sustainability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Good News ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Positive Indicators ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Selection Of

This book examines the idea of sustainable development, made up of economic, social, and environmental parts over the period of human history. This work suggests humanity has been unsustainable in all three areas for most of its history, although in the last few hundred years the scale of unsustainability has increased, while, simultaneously, answers have started to emerge. This conclusion can be seen in two parts, namely the economic and social sides of sustainable development and then the environmental ones. This work suggests that, with the correct selection of tools, solid and positive foundations for the economic and social sides of sustainable development is possible as the world globalizes. This is not, however, a foregone conclusion. Despite a number of recent positive indicators in this area, there are still very large unanswered questions with existing mechanisms and other gaps in the international architecture which, if not fixed, could quickly make problems of economic and social sustainability worse, not better. With the third leg of sustainable development, that for the environment, the optimism is not as strong. The good news is that science, laws, and policies have evolved and expanded to the level that, in theory, there is no environmental problem which cannot be solved. In many areas, especially in the developed world, success is already easy to measure. Where it is not easy to measure, and pessimism creeps in, is in the developing world, which is now inheriting a scale and mixture of environmental difficulties which are simply unprecedented.

Big Data in the Field of Civil Security Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gonschorek ◽  
Anja Langer ◽  
Benjamin Bernhardt ◽  
Caroline Räbiger
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Tactical Planning ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Geovisual Analytics ◽  
The University ◽  
Selection Of

This article gives insight in a running dissertation at the University in Potsdam. Point of discussion is the spatial and temporal distribution of emergencies of German fire brigades that have not sufficiently been scientifically examined. The challenge is seen in Big Data: enormous amounts of data that exist now (or can be collected in the future) and whose variables are linked to one another. These analyses and visualizations can form a basis for strategic, operational and tactical planning, as well as prevention measures. The user-centered (geo-) visualization of fire brigade data accessible to the general public is a scientific contribution to the research topic 'geovisual analytics and geographical profiling'. It may supplement antiquated methods such as the so-called pinmaps as well as the areas of engagement that are freehand constructions in GIS. Considering police work, there are already numerous scientific projects, publications, and software solutions designed to meet the specific requirements of Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping. By adapting and extending these methods and techniques, civil security research can be tailored to the needs of fire departments. In this paper, a selection of appropriate visualization methods will be presented and discussed.

Evaluation of the residual stress in stainless steel 304L hydraulically expanded joints

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440892096401
Author(s):  
Ying Hong ◽  
Xuesheng Wang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Yong Han
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Stainless Steel 304 ◽  
Initial Clearance

Stainless steel 304 L tubes are commonly used in the fabrication of heat exchangers for nuclear power stations. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 304 L tubes in hydraulically expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints is the main reason for the failure of heat exchangers. In this study, 304 L hydraulically expanded joint specimens were prepared and the residual stresses of a tube were evaluated with both an experimental method and the finite element method (FEM). The residual stresses in the outer and inner surfaces of the tube were measured by strain gauges. The expanding and unloading processes of the tube-to-tubesheet joints were simulated by the FEM. Furthermore, an SCC test was carried out to verify the results of the experimental measurement and the FEM. There was good agreement between the FEM and the experimental results. The distribution of the residual stress of the tube in the expanded joint was revealed by the FEM. The effects of the expansion pressure, initial tube-to-hole clearance, and yield strength of the tube on the residual stress in the transition zone that lay between the expanded and unexpanded region of the tube were investigated. The results showed that the residual stress of the expanded joint reached the maximum value when the initial clearance was eliminated. The residual stress level decreased with the decrease of the initial tube-to-hole clearance and yield strength. Finally, an effective method that would reduce the residual stress without losing tightness was proposed.

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