scholarly journals PENGARUH STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KETERAMPILAN JAHIT DAN SULAM

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Susilawaty

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : hasil belajar Keterampilan jahit dan sulam yang diajar dengan menggunakan strategi pembelajaran kooperatif tipe jigsaw dibandingkan siswa yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan  strategi pembelajaran ekspositori; hasil belajar Keterampilan jahit dan sulam siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif tinggi dengan dari siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif rendah; mengetahui interaksi penggunaan strategi pembelajaran dengan kemampuan berpikir kreatif dalam mempengaruhi hasil belajar Keterampilan jahit dan sulam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen. dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 2 kelas yang ditentukan secara cluster random sampling terdiri dari kelas ekperimerimen yang diajarkan dengan strategi pembelajaran kooperatif tipe jigsaw dan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori. Hasil pengujian menunjukan :  hasil belajar Keterampilan siswa yang di ajar dengan strategi pembelajaran jigsaw lebih tinggi dari pada siswa yang diajarkan dengan strategi ekspositori; hasil belajar Keterampilan siswa dengan Kemampuan berpikir kreatif tinggi lebih tinggi dari pada siswa dengan Kemampuan berpikir kreatif rendah; dan terdapat interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap hasil belajar Keterampilan jahit dan sulam. Kata Kunci: strategi pembelajaran, kemampuan berpikir kreatif, hasil belajar, keterampilan jahit dan sulam Abstract: This research aimed to determine: the results of learning sewing and embroidery skills are taught using cooperative learning strategies jigsaw than students taught using expository teaching strategy, the results of learning sewing and embroidery skills of students who have a high ability to think creatively than students who have the ability to think creatively low,  the interaction use learning strategies with creative thinking ability in influencing the outcomes of learning sewing and embroidery skills. Method is a mettod of quasi-experimental studi with a sampel of 2-class research ttah determined clucter random sampling exsperiment consists of classes taught cooperative learning strategies jigsaw and expository teaching strategy. The results showed: learning skills in teaching students with learning strategies jigsaw higher than students taught by expository strategy; Skills learning outcomes of students with high creative thinking ability is higher than the students with low ability to think creatively; and (3) there is interaction between Intructional strategy and creative thinking skills to the outcomes of learning sewing and embroidery skills. Keywords: intructional strategy, creative thinking skills, outcomes of learning, sewing and embroidery skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Veronika Yusnita Andriani Prastika ◽  
Riyadi Riyadi ◽  
Siswanto Siswanto

This research aims to 1) which learning model that supports students’ creative thinking ability whether discovery, CORE, or conventional learning model, 2) which model that supports creative thinking ability the most to high, moderate, and low level students, 3) know if there is interaction between learning model and students’ logical mathematical intelligence, and creative thinking ability. This is a quasi-experimental research with the population of eighth graders of junior high schools in Madiun Regency. The research design used a group pretest-posttest control design. The sample was determined using stratified cluster random sampling. This research uses two-way unequal ANOVA. This research concluded that 1) students’ creative thinking skill is developed better using Discovery than CORE and conventional learning model, 2) students with high logical mathematical intelligence have higher creative thinking ability than those with moderate and low logical mathematical intelligence,3) there is no interaction between learning model and logical mathematical intelligence with creative thinking ability.Keywords: Creative Thinking; Learning Model; Logical Mathematical Intelligence. AbstrakTujuan dari penelitan ini untuk mengetahui 1) model pembelajaran manakah yang memberikan kemampuan berpikir kreatif yang lebih  antara model pembelajaran discovery learning, CORE atau konvensional, 2) manakah yang memberikan kemampuan berpikir kreatif yang lebih baik siswa yang memiliki kecerdasan logis matematis tinggi, sedang, atau rendah, 3) apakah terdapat interaksi antara model pembelajaran dan keceredasan logis matematis dengan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah eksperimen semu, dengan populasi siswa kelas VIII SMP N Se-Kabupaten Madiun. Desain penelitian menggunakan group pretest-posttest control design Pemilihan sampel dengan menggunakan stratified cluster random sampling. Teknik analisis penelitian ini menggunakan anava dua jalan dengan sel tak sama. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini 1) kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa yang kenai model discovery learning lebih baik daripada model pembelajaran CORE dan konvensional, 2) Kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa yang memiliki kecerdasan logis matematis tinggi lebih baik daripada siswa yang memiliki kecerdasan logis matematis sedang dan rendah, , 3) tidak ada interaksi antara model pembelajaran dan kecerdasan logis matematis dengan kemampuan berpikir kreatif.Kata kunci: Berpikir kreatif; kecerdasan logis matematis; model pembelajaran.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-272
Author(s):  
Ari Septian ◽  
Rani Sugiarni ◽  
Erma Monariska

Students' low creative thinking skills and difficulty in drawing graphs from the given algebraic equations are the background of this study. The purpose of this study was to determine the mathematical creative thinking abilities between Android-based GeoGebra and ordinary learning. This study also investigated students’ responses to the application of Android-based GeoGebra. The research method used was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent group pretest-posttest design. The instruments were a creative thinking test and a questionnaire. The subjects of this study were students of one of the junior high school in Cianjur selected by purposive sampling technique. The studied material was the quadratic equations as a part of algebra. The gain index data analysis technique used was the normality test and the Mann Whitney test while the questionnaire data responses were analyzed through the average percentage of students’ answers. As a result, the students' mathematical creative thinking ability with Android-based GeoGebra was better than ordinary learning. Also, the students provided positive responses to the application of Android-based GeoGebra.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni Tampubolon ◽  
Edi Syahputra

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bahwa terdapat perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berkirim salam dan soal dengan model pembelajaran kooperratif tipe Think Pair Share pada materi luas permukaan dan volume kubus dan balok di kelas VIII SMP Swata Imelda Medan T.A 2016/2017. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII Semester II SMP Swasta Imelda Medan yang terdiri dari 4 kelas dengan jumlah keseluruhan siswa 136 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara simple random sampling dengan mengambil 2 kelas dari 4 kelas secara acak yaitu kelas eksperimen 1 yang berjumlah 30 orang dan kelas eksperimen 2 yang berjumlah 34 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa adalah tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif yang telah divalidasi dalam bentuk uraian. Dari hasil penelitian yang diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda, kelas eksperimen 1 dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berkirim salam dan soal dan kelas eksperimen 2 dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif kooperratif tipe Think Pair Share diperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen 1 sebesar 34,375 dan nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen 2 sebesar 25,368. Hasil uji t 2 arah dengan dk = 62 dan a = 0,05, diperoleh thitung = 2,073 dan ttabel = 1,669 sehingga - ttabel < thitung < ttabel yaitu  maka Ha diterima, dengan demikian  diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berkirim salam dan soal dengan model pembelajaran kooperratif tipe Think Pair Share pada materi luas permukaan dan volume kubus dan balok di kelas VIII SMP Swata Imelda Medan T.A 2016/2017. Kata Kunci : Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe berkirim salam dan soal, Think Pair Share, berpikir kreatif     ABSTRACT This study aims to see that there are differences in the improvement of students' mathematical creative thinking ability using cooperative learning model type greeting and problem with cooperative learning model Think Pair Share type on surface and volume material of cube and beam in class VIII SMP Swata Imelda Medan TA 2016 / 2017. The research is a quasi-experiment. The population in this study is all students of class VIII Semester II of Private Junior High School Imelda Medan consisting of 4 classes with total students 136 people. Sampling is done by simple random sampling by taking 2 classes from 4 classes randomly, that is experiment class 1 which is 30 people and experiment 2 class which is 34 people. The instrument used to determine students' mathematical creative thinking ability is a test of creative thinking ability that has been validated in the form of a description. From the results of the research given different treatment, experimental class 1 with cooperative learning model type send greetings and the problem and experiment class 2 with cooperative cooperative learning model Think Pair Share type obtained average grade experiment 1 of 34.375 and the average grade Experiment 2 of 25,368. Result of t test 2 direction with dk = 62 and a = 0,05, obtained tcount = 2.073 and ttable = 1,669 so - ttable <t count <ttabel that is -1,669 <2,073 <1,669 then Ha is accepted, thus obtained the conclusion that there are differences in the improvement of students' mathematical creative thinking ability using cooperative learning model type send greetings and problems with cooperative learning model Think Pair Share type on surface material and volume of cube and beam in class VIII SMP Swata Imelda Medan FY 2016/2017. Keywords : Cooperative learning model type sends regards and matter, Think Pair Share, creative thinking


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
Buchori Muslim ◽  
Siti Suryaningsih ◽  
Rizqa Fadhila Aprianti

AbstractStudents’ difficulties in chemistry subject are the main cause of their low rate to think creatively. Students with high adversity quotient are most likely to overcome the difficulties in finding a solution to answer the creative thinking problems. The objective of this research is to analyze the creative thinking ability in chemistry from the perspective of adversity quotient. The subjects of the study are 72 senior high school students from XII grade in Tangerang. The sampling applies a random sampling technique. Data collection technique is carried out by giving a test about chemical creative thinking skills in the form is essay question with 0,727 realibility scale. Adversity quotient data is obtained using a questionnaire scale with 0,652 realibility scale. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative and quantitative method. The result indicates that camper and quitter subjects are classified as creative and climber subjects are classified as very creative. The different aspects of students’ ability in solving problems can be used in mapping students' creative thinking abilities. As a recommendation, to improve creative thinking ability requires a high level of adversity quotient. Therefore, in this research students are expected to explore their creative thinking abilities in the learning process.AbstrakKesulitan siswa pada mata pelajaran kimia menjadikan rendahnya kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Siswa yang memiliki adversity quotient tinggi maka dapat mengatasi kesulitan untuk menemukan solusi jawaban dari soal berpikir kreatif. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan berpikir kraetif kimia ditinjau dari adversity quotient. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XII SMA di Kabupaten Tangerang yang  sebanyak 72 orang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melaksanakan tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif kimia berupa soal uraian dengan realibilitas sebesar 0,727. Data adversity quotient, diperoleh dengan menggunakan skala angket dengan realibilitas sebesar 0,652. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek camper dan quitter tergolong kreatif dan Subjek dengan climber tergolong sangat kreatif. Perbedaan aspek kemampuan siswa dalam mengatasi kesulitan dapat digunakan dalam memetakan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. Sebagai rekomendasi, dengan memiliki tingkat adversity quotient yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatifnya. Oleh karena itu, Penelitian ini diharapkan siswa dapat mengeksplorasi kemampuan berpikir kreatifnya dalam proses pembelajaran. How to Cite:  Muslim, B., Suryaningsih, S., Aprianti, R. F. (2020).  Analysis of Students' Creative Thinking Ability with Problems Solving in Terms of Adversity Quotient. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 7(2), 217-225. doi:10.15408/tjems.v7i2.15234.


2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Kuspriyanto ◽  
Sahat Siagian

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: hasil belajar fisika siswa yang diajar dengan strategi Problem Based Learning lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang diajar dengan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori, hasil belajar fisika siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif tinggi lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif rendah, dan interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Metode penelitian adalah metode kuasi eksperimen dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 2 kelas yang ditentukan secara cluster random sampling terdiri dari kelas eksperimen yang diajarkan strategi problem based learning dan kelas kontrol yang diajarkan dengan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: hasil belajar fisika siswa yang diajarkan dengan strategi pembelajaran problem based learning lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil belajar fisika siswa yang diajarkan dengan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori, hasil belajar fisika siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif tinggi lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil belajar fisika siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif rendah, dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan berpikir kreatif terhadap hasil belajar siswa.   Kata Kunci: strategi pembelajaran,kemampuan berpikir kreatif, dan hasil belajar fisika   Abstract: This research was aimed to: the study of physics students who taught the strategy of Problem Based Learning is higher than students taught with the expository teaching strategies, the study physics students which has a high ability to think creatively higher than students who have a low ability to think creatively, and interaction between learning strategies and creative thinking skills of student learning outcomes. Method is a method of quasi-experimental study with a sample of 2-class research that determined cluster random sampling experiment consists of classes taught problem based learning strategies and control classes are taught with the expository teaching strategies. The results showed: the study of physics student taught learning strategies by problem based learning higher than the study of physics students taught with the expository learning strategies, the study of physics student which has the ability to think creatively high higher than the study of physics students who have the ability to think creatively low, and there is no interaction between learning strategies and creative thinking skills to the study of physics student.   Keywords: instructional strategy and creative thinking ability to the study of physics


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evie Dwy Wahyu Arista ◽  
Ali Mahmudi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal open-ended jenis PISA ditinjau dari level sekolah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian survei dengan sampel penelitian terdiri dari 10 sekolah SMA di Kabupaten Lampung Timur dengan level sekolah tinggi, sedang, dan rendah berdasarkan akreditasi. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan stratified proporsional random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif jenis soal open-ended PISA yang terdiri atas enam butir soal uraian dan pedoman wawancara. Instrumen tes yang digunakan telah dilakukan validasi isi oleh tiga orang ahli dengan rata-rata hasil validasi berkategori baik. Kami menganalisis data yang terkumpul secara deskriptif berdasarkan indikator dan kategori kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang dijadikan sampel penelitian memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis dengan indikator fluency, flexibility, originality, dan elaboration. Kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal open-ended jenis PISA mayoritas berada pada kategori cukup baik, baik di sekolah level tinggi, sedang, maupun rendah. Mathematical creative thinking skills in solving open-ended PISA-type problems based on school levelAbstractThis research aimed to describe the ability of students’ mathematical creative thinking in solving open-ended problems of PISA type based on the school level. This is survey research which involved 261 tenth graders from 10 schools with categories of the high, medium, and low school based on their accreditation in the district of Lampung Timur as the sample. We used stratified proportional random sampling to determine the sample. The instruments used in this research consisted of a creative thinking ability test with six constructed response items and interview guidelines. The instrument in the form of a test had been validated by three experts and it was proved to be valid in terms of its content with a good category. We analyzed the collected data descriptively based on the indicators and categories of creative thinking ability. The results show that students who became research samples have creative thinking ability with indicators of fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The majority of students’ mathematical creative thinking ability in solving open-ended problems of PISA type were in a fairly good category, both in high, medium, and low levels of school.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asriadi ◽  
Edi Istiyono

This study aims to determine the ability of creative thinking high school students in physics learning, know the form of assessment of creative thinking abilities. The study was conducted at SMAN 6 Yogyakrata. This type of research is a survey with a cross-sectional method that is a survey conducted once and at a time. The subjects were the principals, teachers of physics from SMAN 6 Yogyakrata and 30 grade XI students. observations, interviews, and questionnaires were used as data collection techniques. The data analysis method used was the quantitative-qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the creative thinking ability of class XI MIA 1 students at SMAN 6 Yogyakarta can be said to be in the average and quite good category, although there are some students whose level of creative thinking ability is low. In addition, the form of assessment used by physics teachers has not been effective and accurate enough in assessing students 'creative thinking abilities. So it is recommended to use The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) in physics learning because it has been proven to be accurate in assessing students' creative thinking abilities.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Flora Miranti L. Tobing ◽  
Efendi Napitupulu ◽  
Abdul Hasan Saragih

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mengetahui hasil belajar akuntansi siswa yang diajar dengan strategi pembelajaran berbasis masalah dan pembelajaran ekspositori, (2) Mengetahui hasil belajar Akuntansi siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir logis tinggi dan berpikir logis rendah, dan (3) Mengetahui interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan berpikir logis siswa terhadap hasil belalajar Akuntansi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen. Populasi penelitian adalah 102 orang yang berasal dari tiga kelas yaitu kelas XI (sebelas) IPS SMA Negeri 3 Medan, sedangkan sampel seluruhnya 67 orang yang terdiri dari dua kelas dengan menggunakan cluster random sampling. Hasil penelitian menuunjukkan bahwa; (1) hasil belajar Akuntansi siswa yang diajar dengan strategi pembelajaran berbasis masalah lebih tinggi daripada hasil belajar Akuntansi siswa yang diajar dengan strategi pembelajaran ekspositori. (2) hasil belajar Akuntansi siswa yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir logis tinggi lebih tinggi daripada hasil belajar Akuntansi siswa dengan kemampuan berpikir logis rendah. dan (3) terdapat interaksi antara strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan berpikir logis siswa dalam mempengaruhi hasil belajar Akuntansi. Kata Kunci: strategi pembelajaran, berbasis masalah, berpikir logis, akuntansi  Abstract: This study aims to: (1) Know the accounting learning outcomes of students taught with problem-based learning strategies and expository learning, (2) Know the accounting learning outcomes of students who have high logical thinking ability and low logical thinking, and (3) Know the interaction between learning strategies and students' logical thinking abilities towards the results of Accounting learning. This research is a quasi-experimental research. The study population was 102 people from three classes, namely class XI (eleven) IPS SMA Negeri 3 Medan, while a total sample of 67 people consisting of two classes using cluster random sampling. The research results show that; (1) Accounting learning outcomes of students taught with problem-based learning strategies are higher than accounting learning outcomes of students taught with expository learning strategies. (2) Accounting learning outcomes of students who have high logical thinking ability are higher than accounting learning outcomes of students with low logical thinking ability. and (3) there is an interaction between learning strategies and students' logical thinking abilities in influencing accounting learning outcomes. Keywords: learning strategies, problem based, logical thinking, accounting


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Heko Akbar Ahmad ◽  
Desy Hanisa Putri ◽  
Connie Connie

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana efektivitas penggunaan model open-ended problem terhadap  kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Pre Experimental Design dengan tipe one group pretest postest design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif  (thitung = 31,47 lebih besar dari ttabel = 1,69) dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa (thitung = 4, 95 lebih besar dari ttabel = 1,69) yang diajarkan menggunakan model open-ended problem   untuk variabel kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan  variabel kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Dengan hasil uji N-gain sebesar 0,74 untuk kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan 0,63 untuk uji N-gain pada kemampuan pemecahan masalah sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa model open-ended problem  efektif diterapkan pada kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan kemampaun pemecahan maalah siswa. Kata kunci : Open-Ended Problem, Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif, Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah This research was aimed to explain how the effectiveness of using the open-ended problem model  on creative thinking skills and problem solving abilities. The type of this research was Pre Experimental Design with one group pretest posttest design. The results showed that there was a significant effect on creative thinking skills (tcount = 31.47 which is greater than ttable = 1.69) and students' problem solving abilities (tcount = 4, 95 which is greater than ttable = 1.69), who were taught to use the open-ended problem model for creative thinking ability variables and problem solving ability variables. With the results of the N-gain test of 0.74 for the creative thinking skills and 0.63 for the N-gain test on problem solving abilities, it can be concluded that the open-ended problem model is effectively applied to creative thinking skills and students' problem solving abilities. Keywords: Open-Ended Problem, Creative Thinking Skills, Problem Solving Ability 


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widia Rahmawati ◽  
Jujun Ratnasari ◽  
Suhendar Suhendar

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Socioscientific Issues learning approach to improving students' creative thinking ability. Learning with the Socioscintific Issues approach needs to be trained because it not only develops creative thinking skills, but also other abilities can be developed such as critical thinking skills, decision-making and arguing ability. The research method that will be used is quasi experiment with Design Nonequivalent Control Group. This research was conducted at State Junior High School 6 Sukabumi with research population that is class VII (Seven). The sampling technique used is Purposing Sampling. Indicators of creative thinking that is sensitivity, thinking smoothly, thinking flexible, original thinking and thinking detailing. The results showed that the average value of N-gain of the experimental class was 0.56 higher than the control class of 0.44. The results of the z test show that the data produced in accordance with the criteria is zhitung = 3.177> ztabel = 1.998 with a trust level of 0.05 (5%), meaning H0 is rejected and H1 accepted, it means that the Socioscientific Issues learning approach influences the creative thinking ability of learners water pollution material. The response of learners to the learning approach Socioscientific Issue gave a positive response on the approach of learning approaches Socioscientific Issues.Keywords: Creative Thinking, Socioscientific Issues.


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