scholarly journals Social Condition of Criminal Bankruptcy of Individuals in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Vlada Kozlova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Commodity Money ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
State Restriction ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Russian Model

Introduction. The social conditionality of criminal bankruptcy is revealed through its historical analysis. The origin of the institution of economic insolvency is associated with the emergence and development of market and commodity-money relations. Under the influence of socio-economic conditions, this institution underwent various changes. Purpose. The purpose is consider the development of the institution of bankruptcy in Russia through the prism of political economic relations, to show that it is precisely such relations that determine the degree and extent of its criminality. Methodology. The author used historical and political economic analysis. Results. Three periods can be distinguished in the development of the institution of insolvency in Russia: nationally distinctive, enlightened absolutism, and post-Soviet. In the first period in Russia, there was an institution of enslaved servitude, which was incorrectly identified with bankruptcy. The tendency towards the enslavement of peasants and servants caused a host of undesirable consequences, including the ruin of taxpayers, flight from debts, and riots, which led to the policy of state restriction of the interests of creditors. The institution of bankruptcy comes to Russia from the West during the Petrine and postPeter era and finally takes shape during the period of enlightened absolutism. The attitude towards debtors clearly follows the political line determined by the autocracy. Opposition to the criminal bankruptcy of individuals was most fully embodied in the Criminal and Correctional Penal Code of 1845. It was determined in three directions: recipients who violate loan rules; to attorneys, certifying the obligation both to the bankruptcies and insolvent persons themselves, as well as to persons involved in bankruptcy. The post-Soviet period begins with the restoration of capitalism, and in artificial form. The natural course of development of capitalism spans more than one century. In Russia, it was recreated in three decades. As a result, an economic model is created that is far from the classical one. The differences are in the degree of its criminality and criminogenicity. The institution of bankruptcy plays a significant role in creating the modern Russian model of capitalism, and from this point of view, three periods can also be distinguished in its development, in each of which specific political goals are highlighted: 1) the destruction of the socialist economy; 2) the initial accumulation of capital; c) regulatory settlement. Conclusion. The bankruptcy institution is actively developing when economic relations are criminalized. In Soviet times, bankruptcy as an institution was not in demand, since socialist economic relations were not needed in it. This indicates that the economy under socialism was the least criminalized, since the institution of criminal bankruptcy is needed under capitalism, the nature of which was initially criminal. A planned economy excludes bankruptcy of the enterprise, and the main principle of socialism “All for the good of man!” makes it almost impossible for a person to fall into legal economic dependence.

Prerequisites for the reforms of the Russian Empire in the 1860s: a historical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nechevin ◽  
Leonard Kolodkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Political Economic

The article is devoted to the prerequisites of the reforms of the Russian Empire of the sixties of the nineteenth century, their features, contradictions: the imperial status of foreign policy and the lagging behind the countries of Western Europe in special political, economic relations. The authors studied the activities of reformers and the nobility on the peasant question, as well as legitimate conservatism.

scholarly journals The President and Local Government in Russia: The Theory and Practice of Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
A. M. Budaev
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Russian Model

Since the adoption of the current Constitution of Russia that established the constitutional foundations of the implementation of state power and local self-government in the Russian Federation, more than 25 have passed. This period was saturated from the point of view of the formation of the legal framework of socio-political and socio-economic relations in our country. The analysis shows that local self-government is one of the basic characteristics of the Russian model of democracy. On the other hand, in recent years it is impossible not to mention the tendency to increase the efforts of federal authorities, and first of all the head of state, to maximize the involvement of local authorities of self-government in a unified political and legal field of the State. This is largely justified by the need to provide every resident of the country with equal opportunities for a comfortable and safe life. The paper formulates the author’s view concerning the changes that are taking place; and at the same time, it is proposed to continue scientific discussions regarding the development of local self-government—an institution of a modern civilized democratic state that is necessary for us all.

scholarly journals Public Danger of Corruption Crimes in the Sphere of Housing and Communal Services

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-484
Author(s):  
S. I. Kel'm
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Group ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Control ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
High Level

Currently, housing and communal services as a specific form of socio-economic relations are most susceptible to criminal influence. The Author of the article examines corruption crimes in the field of housing and communal services (HCS) from the point of view of public danger. Corruption as a social and legal phenomenon continues to be a dangerous factor in the development of the housing and utilities sector. The article draws attention to the systemic nature of corruption crimes in the housing sector. It is noted that the majority of crimes in the housing and communal sector are stable corruption and are committed by officials, as well as by persons performing organizational, administrative and administrative functions at the enterprises of housing and communal services. The criminals have adapted to the new system of functioning of the housing and communal services and forms of control over its activities. They began to more often involve enterprise accountants, relatives and other close persons in their criminal schemes, thereby forming a stable criminal group in which all roles are carefully distributed and thought out. The Author analyzes judicial practice in corruption-related cases in the field of housing and communal services. The most typical ways of committing crimes in this area are shown. Attention is paid to violations related to the resettlement of citizens from hazardous housing. The issue of the organization of natural monopoly in our country, which reduce the effectiveness of the existing measures of state control and which directly affect the growth of corruption crimes, is investigated. Attention is focused on the deliberate obfuscation of the property rights of resource-supplying organizations and the withdrawal of income to offshore zones. The factors that contribute to the growth of corruption crimes in this industry are noted. On the basis of the study, the author concludes that the social danger of corruption crimes in the sphere of housing and communal services is conditioned by a high level of organization, selfish involvement of officials in the redistribution of funds in their favor, as well as the intricacy of schemes and methods of withdrawing funds from enterprises of housing and communal services.

scholarly journals SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-115
Author(s):  
Inna V. Kolodeznikova ◽  
Roman V. Kondurov ◽  
Diana V. Galitskayа
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
German Model ◽  
Russian Model

Social insurance occupies a special place in the entire social policy of the state. Developed system of social insurance in the country provides citizens with effective protection mechanisms and thereby ensures economic stability and creates an atmosphere of social cohesion in society. At present, social insurance systems in Russia and Germany have significant differences that include both the structure and functioning of each type of insurance separately. These differences in the organization of social insurance systems in Russia and Germany are traceable from the very beginning. System of social insurance in modern Russia has been developing to a certain extent inconsistently and to the present time still is not completely formed. The German system developed gradually and improved with regard to the features of the interests of society at various stages of its development. The establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany as a social state determined the modern model of the social insurance system. Therefore, the study of the German model is interesting from the point of view of the subsequent possible introduction of its elements into Russian insurance practice. The article compares social insurance systems of Russia and Germany. The components of the systems are studied; their similarities and differences are revealed. Opinions of experts of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment on the prospects and problems of the development of the Russian model of the social insurance system and the possibility of using the German insurance experience in Russian practice are given.

Crime Films

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Spina
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Crime Films ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Film Genres

Cinema, together with television, has proved to be perhaps the most extensive, popular, and powerful medium in the representation of crime. From a criminological point of view, the crime films are all those movies whose central theme is crime and its consequences. The crime films should be defined on the basis of their relationship with society. On one hand, crime films say something important about the social context that they represent and from which they have been fashioned. On the other hand, they themselves have an effect on the social context, since their representation of crime, law, justice, and punishment itself becomes culture, acquires meaning, and provides an interpretation of reality. The approach of criminology to crime films has a series of important theoretical and methodological consequences. It leads to a fundamental enrichment of academic knowledge, for example, regarding the themes to be tackled, the disciplines and research methods to be used, and even the forms of teaching. Indeed, the analysis of crime films can help to better investigate many aspects of the perception and understanding of crime, law, and justice in society. The criminological study of crime requires a multifaceted approach, looking at the changing representation of crime and criminals in relation to the wider political, economic, and cultural transformations, and to the commercial and technological development of the cinematographic industry. The historical and thematic reconstruction of the productive and stylistic cycles of crime films comprehends the gangster, noir, detective, courtroom, and prison film genres. Moreover, this perspective deals with the main reasons for the success of crime films, the elements that influence their production, and finally the thorny topic of the effects of crime films.

Romanian Gypsies in Spain. A Migratory Phenomenon, Its Causes and Repercussions

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Silviu Costachie
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Employment Education

AbstractIn the following paper we will discuss about the situation of the Romanian gypsies living in Spain and the main problems involved by their presence in this country. We will analyze the causes that made them emigrate to Spain, together with a historical analysis of this process, the living conditions they have (housing, employment, education...). Also, we will present the social problems they suffer because of their particular culture, other than Spanish, the main settlements where they chosen to live in Spain and social acceptance from the point of view of the Spanish population. The present article is the direct result of a research program that was developed almost two years ago by the Research Center for Regional Development and European Integration of the University of Bucharest, part of a larger research program regarding the ethnic minorities of Romania. The main important aspect of this research is the fact that we used two target groups interviewed both in Romania and Spain and also, we used official information regarding Romanian gypsy located actually on Spanish territory, according with the official Spanish census. This way we managed to gather a large quantity of information and to provide to the reader a closer to reality image of the status of Romanian gypsy presently living inside Spanish border. Also, the novelty brought by this research is the fact that we tried to present the social and integration problems encountered by the Romanian gypsies located in the cities or villages of Spain. The article might be considered a starting point for future research upon this subject.

Networking China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Digital Capitalism ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

This book examines the genesis, mechanisms, and dynamics of forging a network-based economy in China during the crisis and the restructuring act that followed. Through historical analysis of the entire range of communications, from telecommunications to broadband, from wireless networks to digital media, it explores how the state, entangled with market forces and class interests, constructs and realigns its digitalized sector. It argues that corporatization, networking, and investment within the state-dominated realm of communications intensified after the 2008 global economic crisis, to overcome the contradictions generated by the old investment-and-export dependent growth model, on the one hand, and to enhance China’s techno-economic capacities in the renewed global competition for command, on the other. Despite the qualitative changes it brought in communications, this strategy achieved limited results for economic restructuring, because the ensuing spending binges paid little attention to social needs. Ultimately, this book historicizes and theorizes China’s state-led model of digital capitalism, which contends, collaborates, and overlaps with the U.S.-dominated system of global digital capitalism. It reveals so-called cyber nationalism or networked nationalism as neither monolithic nor guaranteed but contingent upon specific political-economic relations. It also predicts the future: While China’s embrace of communications is likely to accelerate the country’s global rise, it is not going to be a simple rise to power but a continual effort to tamp down crises and manage contradictions.

Toward an Affective Political Ecology of Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-366
Author(s):  
Emma-Jayne Abbots ◽  
Karin Eli ◽  
Stanley Ulijaszek
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Ecologies ◽  
Political Economic

This article argues for an affective approach to obesity that destabilizes the conceptual boundaries between the biological and the social aspects of food, eating, and fatness. Its approach foregrounds visceral experience, attends to food both inside and outside the body, and explores how bodies labeled “obese” consume their political, economic, and material environments. This approach is termed affective political ecology. The authors’ aim is to draw attention to how the entanglements between the physiological and social aspects of eating tend to be absented from antiobesity public health rhetoric. By exploring a range of ethnographic examples in high-income countries, they illuminate how such interventions often fail to account for the complex interplays between subjective corporeal experience and political economic relations and contend that overlooking an individual’s visceral relationship with food counterproductively augments social stigma, stresses, and painful emotions. They demonstrate, then, how an approach that draws together political economic and biomedical perspectives better reflects the lived experience of eating. In so doing, the authors aim to indicate how attending to affective political ecologies can further our understanding of the consumption practices of those in precarious and stressful social contexts, and they offer additional insight into how the entanglement of the biological and the social is experienced in everyday life.

“What we do is not actually journalism”: Role negotiations in online departments of two newspapers in Slovenia and Serbia

Journalism ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Vobič ◽  
Ana Milojević
Keyword(s):  
News Production ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negotiation Processes ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
The Media ◽  
Institutional Status ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study offers insights into articulations between the normative and the empirical in online journalists’ self-negotiations concerning their roles in people’s assimilation of information, the daily provision of news and their institutional status in online departments. In-depth interviews with online journalists from two leading newspapers, Delo in Slovenia and Novosti in Serbia, are used to investigate their negotiations with respect to their societal role. The analysis reveals troubled negotiation processes among interviewed online journalists when they consider what is regarded as “true” journalism, news production requirements and their institutional status. This indicates that rearrangements of political–economic relations in both post-socialist societies have increased journalism’s responsibility to the media owners and power holders and surpassed its normatively defined responsibility to the public. Both case subjects are compared through the prism of the processes of negotiation of normative principles of journalism in the social, national and institutional contexts of the two newspapers.

scholarly journals Water as a Weapon of War in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin

2019 ◽  
pp. 319-334
Author(s):  
Adam Krzymowski
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Constellation Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Security Structure

The paper aims to present water as a weapon of war in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, as well as the role and significance of water for a new architecture of global security. The main goal of the study is to find an answer to the research question of whether water the Tigris-Euphrates Basin will be still a tool for fighting or cooperation as an effective tool for facing strategic challenges. The research hypothesis is that the issue of challenges related to water in the Euphrates River basin will, first of all, follow the social and political-economic relations between Turkey, Iraq and Syria and external factors. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Moreover, this research is based on the neorealist theory of international relations, and the concept of international constellation analysis, as well as the theory of neo-institutionalism. Future anarchical global security architecture will lead to a hegemonic system of water relations. Therefore, without international coordination and far-reaching strategy in the face of the emerging anarchic global security structure, stable water cooperation in this region cannot be reached.

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