scholarly journals “Xaste Nabâši(D)” As A Culture Specific Speech Act In Persian

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Masoume Khodaei Moghaddam ◽  
Mahmoud Elyasi ◽  
Shahla Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Phatic Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Different Cultures

As different cultures have different speech acts and some cases of unsuccessful communication are due to the differences among the cultural patterns of speech acts, knowledge of these speech acts can help people to communicate more successfully. In this regard, the present paper ,based on Brown and Levinson Politeness Theory (1987), examines and analyzes œxaste nabi(d)  speech act in Persian language to come up with the functions it serves in the Iranian Persian-speaking community for those non-Persian speakers who want to speak or learn Persian. For this purpose, some native speakers of Persian language from different ages and different groups were ­observed in such natural settings as markets, shops, the streets, and parties and their speech was recorded; then transcribed and translated into English, finally, the data was analyzed qualitatively. The results show that, there are seven major functions of xaste nabi(d) in Persian which are as follows: In literal meaning of "not being exhausted or tired", phatic communication, greeting and sometimes to bid farewell, mitigating request, to state indirectly end of a work or an activity, thanking and blaming. Finally, it is worth noting that we can define politeness in Persian language as using such politeness expressions (”xaste nabi(d) not only for mitigating face threatening act (FTA), but also for face enhancing act (FEA) and successful interaction and communication. So incompatible with politeness definition of Brown and Levinson (1987) who consider politeness simply as a means of mitigating FTA, politeness in Persian is defined as FEA too.

scholarly journals Real Estate Offers in Jordan: A Representative-Directive Speech Act

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Sami Abdel-Karim Abdullah Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
Definition Of

This study examines Jordanian Arabic Real Estate Offers (henceforth JAREOs) on the open market website. It aims at presenting an appropriate taxonomy of linguistic realization patterns pertaining to the speech act of offering. In this regard, an exact definition of this particular speech act should be provided. The taxonomy, which is based on the basis of two theoretical frameworks, viz. speech acts and politeness theory, will be presented. To achieve the goal of this study, data were selected from the above-mentioned website. The 20 real estate offers were analyzed in a qualitative-quantitative method, so the data were tabulated and calculated in order to find out if there were striking statistical differences among the offering linguistic patterns. The analysis has revealed that JAREOs belonging to a new type of offers; investment offers are a hybrid speech act combining representative and directive illocutionary acts, and they are subcategorized only under conventionally direct offers. It has also been revealed that the elliptical utterances are the most frequent pattern in representatives while in directives, gerunds are the most frequent one in Jordanian Arabic real estate offers. It is hoped that this study extends the scope of speech act research in advertising discourse.

scholarly journals Lying, speech acts, and commitment

Synthese ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neri Marsili
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Good Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adequate Analysis

AbstractNot every speech act can be a lie. A good definition of lying should be able to draw the right distinctions between speech acts (like promises, assertions, and oaths) that can be lies and speech acts (like commands, suggestions, or assumptions) that under no circumstances are lies. This paper shows that no extant account of lying is able to draw the required distinctions. It argues that a definition of lying based on the notion of ‘assertoric commitment’ can succeed where other accounts have failed. Assertoric commitment is analysed in terms of two normative components: ‘accountability’ and ‘discursive responsibility’. The resulting definition of lying draws all the desired distinctions, providing an intensionally adequate analysis of the concept of lying.

scholarly journals Contrastive Pragmatics: Apologies & Thanks in English and Italian

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Cuneyt Demir ◽  
Mehmet Takkac
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
American English ◽  
The Status ◽  
Language Competency ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Remedial Strategies

<p>Awareness of language or language competency has greatly changed from the focus of language itself as form and structure to language use as pragmatics. Accordingly, it is widely accepted that different cultures structure discourse in different ways. Moreover, studies have shown that this holds for discourse genres traditionally considered as highly standardized in their rituals and formulas. Taking inspiration from such studies, this paper employs a corpus-based approach to examine variations of the apology and thanking strategies used in English and Italian. First the apology itself as a form of social action is closely analyzed and then thanking. This study also pays special attention on analyzing and contrasting apology and thanking strategies in American English and in Italian in terms of Marion Owen’s remedial strategies (Owen, 1983), and Olshtain &amp; Cohen’s semantic formulas in the apology speech act set (Olshtain &amp; Cohen, 1983). The purpose of the study is not only to compare apology and thanking speech acts but to also learn their contextual use. The findings suggest that the status and role of the situation affect the speakers’ choice of apology and thanking strategies, and semantic formulas are of great importance.</p>

Silencing Without Uptake

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-209
Author(s):  
Kate Greasley*
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Success Condition ◽  
Catharine Mackinnon ◽  
Sexual Refusal ◽  
To Come

Catharine MacKinnon has claimed that some pornography “silences” women. Some work in feminist analytical philosophy suggests it does so by depriving them of the capacity to perform certain speech acts, such as (and most prominently) the speech act of sexual refusal. This has been termed the silencing of “illocutionary disablement.” Critics object that this silencing claim involves a contentious thesis about the success conditions of speech acts such as sexual refusal: that the auditor’s comprehension, or “uptake,” of the speaker’s intent is required for the speech act to come off. I try to show that the illocutionary disablement claim can do without the uptake condition as it has heretofore been formulated. Even if audience uptake is not a success condition for each individual act of sexual refusal, reciprocity of a certain kind is still a condition of women’s continuing ability to engage the refusal illocution. When pornography disrupts the conditions for that reciprocity it will effectuate illocutionary disablement. I also consider whether the illocutionary disablement under consideration here is properly thought of as “silencing.”

scholarly journals Speech Act Realization on Handbook Mitigation Disaster in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Rd. Januar Radhiya ◽  
Asteria Permata Martawijaya
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Earthquake Mitigation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

This study investigates speech act strategies used in earthquake mitigation handbooks in Japan, and focuses on finding the type of communicative functions of the speech act strategies used. The government of Japan has provided online and printed handbooks for the people, to reduce risks to a minimum level regarding the disaster so people can prepare beforehand. The data in this study were collected from online leaflet and handbook regarding earthquake mitigation provided by 9 government city’s websites, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, and by collecting actual handbook and leaflets from Indonesian lives in Japan. The data were analysed using descriptive qualitative method. Collected data then categorized into assertive and directive speech acts, negative and positive politeness based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, and focusing on expression of consideration (hairyo hyougen). This study found that there are 659 statements related to earthquake disaster mitigation collected from the data. Also, the findings showed that there are 179 assertive and 480 directives speech acts, with more of imperative directive speech than prohibition directive speech. Moreover, Japanese government tend to use hairyou hyougen on their leaflet and handbook disaster mitigation to show respect to the reader.

scholarly journals Formal and Informal Russian Invitation: Context and Politeness Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 994-1013
Author(s):  
Gayane Rubenovna Vlasyan ◽  
Irina Vladimirovna Kozhukhova
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Invitation is a speech act which is perceived differently across cultures. Understanding the pragmatics of invitation requires knowledge of the notion of politeness and politeness strategies which comprise culture specific elements. Politeness is realized in various discourses, social contexts and speech acts. The purpose of the study is to identify politeness strategies in Russian invitation in formal and informal contexts in three age groups and see how they correspond to the understanding of politeness in Russian communicative culture. The empirical data for the study were obtained through discourse completion tests with 101 participants (issuers of the invitation) of different age and social status as well as through ethnographic observation. The research is based on Discourse Analysis and Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson 1987; Larina2009, 2015; Locher 2006, 2013; Leech 2014; Mills 2003, 2017; Sifianou 1992; Terkourafi &Kadar 2017; Watts 2003, among others). We used discourse analysis to analyze the impact of the social and cultural context on the performance of invitation, the descriptive method which was used to analyze the pragmatic functions of invitation, as well as contextual interpretation of this speech act and the method of quantitative data processing. The study revealed some differences between a formal and informal invitation concerning politeness strategies and linguistic means of its expression. It also showed that in Russian culture issuing an invitation is not perceived as a face threatening speech act; in the analysed social contexts the preference is given to direct invitation, and the inviter’s imposition, as a rule, is perceived positively. The results contribute to a better understanding of Russian politeness and communicative style and can be implemented in intercultural pragmatics, intercultural communication and SL teaching.

scholarly journals Multifunctionality of the Pragmatic Marker ‘?amaanah’ in Yemeni Spoken Arabic

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (13) ◽  
pp. 332-348
Author(s):  
د. حميد يحيى أحمد الزبيري د. حميد يحيى أحمد الزبيري
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Spoken Arabic

the present study aims at exploring and describing the multiple functions of the PM ‘?amaanah’ in the corpus of Yemeni spoken Arabic. A total of 174 audio-recorded data of natural conversations were analyzed as spoken corpus of Yemeni Arabic. The study is based on an eclectic analytical method whose views have been drawn from the theoretical frameworks of the speech act theory, politeness theory, model of functional systemic linguistics (the interpersonal metafunction), and relevance theory. The findings of the study show that the PM ‘?amaanah’ functions as: an expression of oath; a commitment marker to a future action on the part of the speaker and the addressee; a mitigation marker, preceding potentially face-threating speech acts; a signal introducing reprimanding; an attitude marker expressing a speaker’s attitude and emotion; an epistemic marker evaluating the subjectivity of the speaker’s propositional content; an entreaty-marker on directive act; and a displeasure marker on the part of the speaker. The study concluded with a suggestion on conducting a further research exploring the discourse functions of the marker.

scholarly journals The Directness Levels of Criticism: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Korean and American Youtuber

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Aan Anisah Agustini Safari
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Way

Background: Different countries may have different cultures that are influenced by their religion, traditions, or norms. These differences affect the way they speak, such as when they are commenting or giving opinions. Due to the way people express speech acts can be varied and lead to misinterpretation because of their differences, the researcher was intrigued to conduct this study. Methodology: This cross-cultural study was carried out to observe and compare the speech act of criticism between Korean and American YouTubers and to investigate the role of their cultural background in influencing the directness level they conveyed. First, the researcher selected three Korean Youtubers and Americans as well with food review content. Second, the researcher watched one video from each channel and took notes on every expression of criticism they used. Findings: The result of this study demonstrates that in American YouTubers speech, direct strategy emerges more frequently than the indirect one. Conversely, Korean YouTubers tend to use the indirect one. The finding also indicates that their speech behavior is related to their cultural norms, in which American culture encourages clear personal opinions, while Korean culture is a restraint to express their opinion or feeling clearly. Conclusion: Due to the considerable difference between Korean and American YouTuber speech, it can be concluded that culture takes a significant part in shaping one’s speech behavior. That is why people with different cultural backgrounds may have different ways of speaking.  Keywords: Criticism; cross-culture pragmatic; directness-indirectness.

scholarly journals Politeness and Speech Acts of Malay Kupang

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Riyanti Menno
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Linguistic Politeness

The study was aimed at examining the use of polite language (language use) in Kupang Malay speech community. There are two basic theories of this research; speech act and linguistic politeness theory. The politeness theory was combined with speech act theory, because the speech act theory investigates what to choose, while the theory of politeness investigate whether the utterances are polite or not. In speech, the BMK speaker also uses the six the principles of politeness toward the listeners. These principles are tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim

Revisiting speech acts from the perspective of ritual: A discussion note

Multilingua ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Z. Kádár ◽  
Juliane House
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Recent Project ◽  
Discussion Note

Abstract The aim of the present academic discussion note is to generate feedback on a recent project that revisits the nature of speech acts as analytic constructs for politeness theory. While speech act has been largely discredited in the field, we believe that they need to be kept in the core of politeness inquiries, in particular if we approach them in combination with other units of analysis. In addition, there are instances in which speech act unavoidably becomes the focal point of research. To discuss this latter notion, we introduce the concept of ritual frame and argue that speech act must be put in the core of an analysis if there is a tension between a ritual frame – an interactional scene in which rights and obligation prevail and the interactants are highly aware of who and where they are – and a particular speech act. As a case study, we examine reflections on an alleged apology in a recent Mixed Martial Arts match.

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