Visual Set and Anxiety in the Stroop Phenomenon

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christabel B. Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Color Word ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Anxiety Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Visual Set

The effects of a visual set, the Stroop phenomenon, and anxiety —as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—upon response latency were examined. Three variations of the set were presented, a color congruent with the response color, a color conflicting with the response color, or no color. Two response conditions were required, reading the color word or reporting the color in which the word was printed. “Reporting the color” had a significantly longer response latency than “reading the word” for all 60 subjects, female volunteers from freshman psychology classes. There was also a significant interaction between anxiety and the Stroop. The medium-anxiety group showed the least discrepancy between the response conditions of the Stroop, indicating the interference effect present in the Stroop phenomenon was least influential for this group. A consistent though not significant difference between the congruent set and conflicting set conditions for the color response as opposed to the word response indicated that, when the set is similar to the response, it is more influential than when it is unrelated.

High Levels of State or Trait Anxiety and Performance on Selected Verbal WAIS Subtests

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma J. Knox ◽  
Ricardo Grippaldi
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
The State ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Group ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships

Upon entering a VA domiciliary Ss were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and WAIS subtests, Arithmetic ( A), Similarities ( S) and Digit Span ( DS). Two analyses of variance were carried out among WAIS weighted scores on the three subtests for three groups of different state or trait anxiety levels (high, medium, and low). Analyses showed significant interactions between WAIS scaled scores and anxiety: p < .05 for state anxiety and p < .001 for trait anxiety. The high-anxiety group in each instance showed the classical expectation of a lower A and DS in comparison to S; performance on DS was highest for each medium anxiety group. The study of curvilinear relationships and interaction effects in anxiety was discussed.

Efficacy of Booster Sessions after Training in Assertiveness

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut P. R. Riedel ◽  
Catherine R. Fenwick ◽  
C. R. Jillings
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Booster Sessions ◽  
Assertion Training ◽  
Significant Superiority

28 subjects participated in a 6-wk. assertion training program. Of these, 22 remained in the study for a 6-mo. follow-up period, during which half received monthly booster sessions and half did not. Assignment to the booster and no-booster groups was random, with the qualification that subjects were equated on trait anxiety before training in assertiveness. Subjects filled out the Gambrill-Richey Assertion Inventory, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale before the 6-wk. assertion training, after this program, at a 3-mo. follow-up, and at a 6-mo. follow-up. It was hypothesized that the booster group would exhibit significant superiority on these measures at the 3-mo. and 6-mo. follow-ups. On all measures both groups significantly improved from before to after the training program with good maintenance throughout the follow-ups. There were no differences between the booster and no-booster groups on the measures of assertiveness and anxiety. However, there was a significant interaction for the depression scores when the booster and no-booster groups were compared from posttreatment to 6-mo. follow-up. The depression scores of subjects in the booster group were lower than the depression scores of subjects in the no-booster group at the 6-mo. follow-up. These results were discussed with suggestions for further research.

scholarly journals A DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF THE LEVELS OF ANXIETY AMONG COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-746
Author(s):  
Mehmet Durdu Karsli ◽  
Mustafa Baloğlu
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Private Universities ◽  
The State ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
College Administrators ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
State And Trait Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Turkish State

Administrators, in general, are at greater risk of facing anxiety than are other people, due to their duties and responsibilities. In this study, both state and trait anxiety levels of college administrators were assessed and the administrators were compared based on their anxiety levels. For the purpose of assessing state and trait anxiety levels, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970) adapted to Turkish by LeCompte and Oner (1975) was used. The sample of the study included 72 college administrators who were working in Turkish state and private universities in different regions of the country. Results showed significant correlation between the state and trait anxiety levels. No significant difference was found based on gender, age, administrative level, or tenure. However, the direction of the differences was similar to those of the previous studies. Results are discussed and suggestions are given.

scholarly journals Psychometric properties of a Serbian version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory X-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Damjan Jakšić ◽  
◽  
Jovana Trbojević Jocić ◽  
Stefan Maričić ◽  
• Bülent Okan Miçooğulları ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
The State ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Significant Difference

Given that anxiety is a significant individual disposition that affects sports performance, this study aimed to verify the latent variables obtained by the State – Trait Anxiety Inventory X-2, and to compare the obtained factor solutions with the proposed model of latent variables. The second aim refers to the presentation of the results of the questionnaire State – Trait Anxiety Inventory X-2 answered by Serbian male and female handball players. The research was conducted on a sample of 170 respondents, 99 male and 71 female handball players, aged 14 to 39 years (average age = 21.9) with an average handball playing career of 9.39 years. Towards the end of 2019, the respondents filled in the above-mentioned questionnaire used to assess anxiety as a personality trait. Exploratory factor analysis with certain modifications of the algorithm was applied to determine accurately latent space. The overall analysis was performed using the R statistical package. Four factors were selected based on the conducted factor analysis of the latent space of the questionnaire. Ten, five, three and two items are projected on the first, second, third and fourth factor respectively. Since internal reliability of the fourth factor was 0.394 it was excluded from further consideration and interpretation. The achieved scores on four separate factors show that Serbian male and female handball players achieve average results on the first (Presence of Trait anxiety) and the third factor (Absence of proactivity), while they achieve scores above the average on the second factor (Positive affect). In order to examine the sex differences between the examined variables, a one-way analysis of variance was performed. The findings show that there is no statistically significant difference on all three factors between the scores achieved by male and female handball players. A statistically significant difference between handball players of different competitive ranks appeared only on the Positive affect factor between the top athletes and the athletes in the second league (p = .04).

Ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevgi Ozmen ◽  
Asilay Şeker ◽  
Esra Demirci
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Anxiety Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Health ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Serum Ghrelin

Abstract Background Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in childhood and an important health problem that is associated with the risk of serious mental, educational and economical problems. Researchers have mentioned many different mechanisms in the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders and thus to contribute to the clarification of anxiety in children. Methods Forty-three children aged 6–12 years with a diagnosis of the Anxiety Disorder according to DSM 5 and 21 healthy children age- and gender-matched to the study group were included. All the subjects were assessed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) scale. Blood samples were obtained in the morning and serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results In the anxiety group the ghrelin levels were higher than the control group (p = 0.037) but there was no significant difference between the leptin levels (p = 0.430). Also, when the girls in the anxiety group and the girls in the control group were compared, ghrelin levels were higher in the anxiety group (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that ghrelin may play a significant role in the etiologic mechanisms of anxiety disorders. However, more detailed studies are needed to explain the linkage between anxiety disorders and neuropeptides.

scholarly journals Comparing the effects of nursing versus peer-based education methods on the preoperative anxiety in infertile women: An RCT

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Farnia ◽  
Abbas Aflatoonian ◽  
Athareh Kalantari
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Preoperative Anxiety ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Patient Anxiety ◽  
Staff Shortage ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a common event in patients expecting surgery. Education can play an important role in reducing the negative effects of anxiety on the response to treatment. Therefore, identifying the appropriate method is important. Objective: The aim of this study was comparing the effects of nursing versus peer-based education on the preoperative anxiety in infertile women. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 198 eligible infertile women were randomized into three groups (n= 66/each): the nurse-educated, peer-educated, and the controls. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was filled out by all participants for measuring the patient anxiety at the time of hospital admission and prior to surgery. Participants in the nurse-educated and peer-educated groups received a group education program by a nurse or peer, respectively, after the initial completion of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: The mean score anxiety was 44.47, 46.92, and 42.60 at the time of hospital admission and 39.38, 41.06, and 43.42 prior to surgery in nurse-educated, peer-educated, and the control groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean score of anxiety in each group before and after the intervention (p < 0.0001). However, the difference between the groups was not significant. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that nursing and peer education programs both reduce the preoperative anxiety. Hence, optimal use of the peer's potential regarding the compensation for staff shortage for preoperative education as well as investigating the effect of individual education is suggested for further studies. Key words: Education, Infertility, Preoperative anxiety, Nurse, Peer.

scholarly journals The Differences of Anxiety Scores in the Pangkalan-I Defense Battalion Warriors, Belawan between the Pandemic Time COVID-19 and the Normal Period Before Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T3) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
Zulfikar Chandra S. Harahap ◽  
Elmeida Effendy ◽  
Nazli Mahdinasari Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
The State ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Health Service Provider ◽  
T Score ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Military

Background: COVID-19 has caused changes in people's living conditions and has brought harmful psychological effects such as anxiety. The military has an important role as a health service provider in particular and accelerates control in disasters such as COVID-19. Mental health in the rapid adaptation of the military is an important thing in carrying out its duties. Objective: This study is to determine the adaptability of the Belawan Defense Marine Battalion Soldiers in dealing with situations that have never been faced before. Methods: This study is a paired numerical comparative analytical study using a retrospective approach. By assessing the difference in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) score and also the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait (STAI-T) score during the COVID-19 pandemic and normal conditions before the pandemic, with the study population of Marine Defense Battalion Soldiers Base- I Belawan. Results: the median of the STAI-S score during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Belawan Defense Base-I Marine Battalion Soldier is 35 with a minimum value of 20 and a maximum value of 55. There is a significant difference between the STAI-S score during the COVID-19 pandemic and normal conditions at Belawan I-Base Defense Marine Battalion Soldiers (p <0.001). There was no significant difference between the STAI-T score between the COVID-19 pandemic and the normal condition of the Belawan I-Base Marine Defense Battalion Soldiers (p = 0.45). Conclusion: There was a tendency for anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to normal conditions in the Belawan I Base Defense Marine Battalion soldier.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Stress and Anxiety Coping Program on Objective Structured Clinical Examination Performance Among Nursing Students in Shiraz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Mojarrab ◽  
Leila Bazrafkan ◽  
Azita Jaberi
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract ABSTRACT Background: Nursing students experience a significant level of stress and anxiety prior to the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of anxiety coping program on the OSCE performance level of first-year nursing students in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: The present two-stage interventional study was conducted among 76 nursing students; control group: n=35 and intervention group: n=41. Data collection instruments included a demographic characteristic form and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire. The intervention group followed anxiety coping program before taking the OSCE. The STAI questionnaire was filled in before and after the OSCE and the results were compared with those of the control group. The data were analysed using SPSS software (version 22.0). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Demographic characteristics of the participants indicated an overall homogeneity within the study population. As a result of the anxiety coping program, a substantial reduction in the anxiety score (by 11.61 units) in the intervention group was observed. There was a significant difference in the pre- and post-exam anxiety scores between the control and intervention groups (P=0.001). The anxiety coping program improved the examination results of nursing students in the final exam compared to the midterm results (an increase of 0.9487 units, P=0.001). Conclusion: The anxiety coping program reduced the anxiety level among nursing students and improved their OSCE results. Educational planners should consider anxiety reduction strategies to help students improve their examination results. Keywords: Anxiety, Nursing Students, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

A Computerized Stroop Experiment that Demonstrates the Interaction in a 2 × 3 Factorial Design

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Vernoy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Independent Variables

This article describes a computerized Stroop-type experiment that demonstrates the effects of an interaction in a factorial design. The independent variables in this experiment are (a) the presentation of a congruent color word with a color bar or the presentation of a conflicting color word with a color bar and (b) the spatial placement of the color word above, on, or below the color bar. The dependent variable is the reaction time for the subject to say the color of the bar. Data for six semesters of an experimental psychology lab course indicate a significant difference between the conflicting and congruent conditions and a consistent significant interaction between the two independent variables. The computer program that runs this experiment is described, and explanations for the interaction are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of virtual reality glasses on anxiety during surgery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Zeynep Turan ◽  
Mehmet Yilmaz ◽  
Tolga Saracoglu
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Randomized Controlled Study ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference

Background & objectives: Surgery–related anxiety can be observed due to several factors in patients undergoing surgery. With developing technology virtual reality (VR) glasses have begun to be used to reduce anxiety in the preoperative period. We aimed to investigate the effect of using VR glasses on operation anxiety and sedation requirement in patients during operation under spinal anesthesia.    Methodology: We enrolled 97 patients between 18–75 y of age, ASA class I–II, in this study. Participants were randomized into VR glasses group or the standard care group. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Trait Anxiety (STAI–TA) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for State Anxiety (STAI–SA) scores preoperatively and anxiety score on VAS scale during surgery were obtained. Patients watched a movie via VR glasses (BOBO® VR Z4) after spinal anesthesia and the surgical operation was commenced thereafter. In the control group, the surgery was begun without any additional procedure. Results: Both groups were similar in terms of demographic and hemodynamic data. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of preoperative anxiety levels, STAI–SA and STAI–TA scores. However, the VAS and relative risk (RR) values were significantly lower in the study group in all measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We believe that the use of VR glasses decreases perioperative anxiety and sedation requirements in patients undergoing a surgical procedure under spinal anesthesia. Key words: Spinal Anesthesia; Virtual Reality; Anxiety; Sedation Citation: Turan AZ, Yilmaz M, Saracoglu T. The effect of virtual reality glasses on anxiety during surgery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study. Anaesth pain intensive care 2021;25(2):170-175. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i2.1469 Received: 31 January 2021, Reviewed: 22, 25 February 2021, Accepted: 27 February 2021

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