Sex Differences in Short-Term Memory Processing

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Doverspike ◽  
Douglas Cellar ◽  
Gerald V. Barrett ◽  
Ralph Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Sat Scores ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Positive Correlations

Chiang and Atkinson (1976) reported evidence of sex differences in the correlation between information-processing speed and intelligence. For males, speed of information processing correlated positively with intelligence, as indicated by negative correlations between intercept and slope measures and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores; for females, speed of information processing correlated negatively with intelligence, as indicated by positive correlations between intercept and slope measures and SAT scores. To assess the findings of Chiang and Atkinson, an information-processing test battery and the Wesman Personnel Classification Test were administered to 28 female and 24 male undergraduate students. The results of the present study did not support the sex differences described by Chiang and Atkinson.

scholarly journals Do Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease Explain Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning in Old Age?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Maria van Zutphen ◽  
Judith Johanna Maria Rijnhart ◽  
Didericke Rhebergen ◽  
Majon Muller ◽  
Martijn Huisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Information Processing Speed

Background: Sex differences in cognitive functioning in old age are known to exist yet are still poorly understood. Objective: This study examines to what extent differences in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease between men and women explain sex differences in cognitive functioning. Methods: Data from 2,724 older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used. Information processing speed and episodic memory, measured three times during six years of follow-up, served as outcomes. The mediating role of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease was examined in single and multiple mediator models. Determinant-mediator effects were estimated using linear or logistic regression, and determinant-outcome and mediator-outcome effects were estimated using linear mixed models. Indirect effects were estimated using the product-of-coefficients estimator. Results: Women scored 1.58 points higher on information processing speed and 1.53 points higher on episodic memory. Several cardiovascular risk factors had small mediating effects. The sex difference in information processing speed was mediated by smoking, depressive symptoms, obesity, and systolic blood pressure. The sex difference in episodic memory was mediated by smoking, physical activity, and depressive symptoms. Effects of smoking, LDL cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus on information processing speed differed between men and women. Conclusion: Differences in cardiovascular risk factors between women and men partially explained why women had better cognitive functioning. A healthy cardiovascular lifestyle seems beneficial for cognition and sex-specific strategies may be important to preserve cognitive functioning at older age.

Effect of Mood and Food Cues on Information Processing in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Controls

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances A. Carter ◽  
Cynthia M. Bulik ◽  
Rachel H. Lawson ◽  
Patrick F. Sullivan ◽  
Jenny S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Food Body ◽  
Body Concerns ◽  
And Control

Information-processing speed and cue reactivity were evaluated in women with bulimia nervosa and controls in response to neutral, mood, and food cues in isolation, and mood and food cues in combination. Significant differences were consistently observed between women with bulimia nervosa and control women on information-processing speed for food/body-related words, but not for words unrelated to food/body concerns. As expected, women with bulimia nervosa demonstrated slower processing of information related to food/body concerns. In addition, the presentation of mood and food cues affected speed of information processing. Especially for women with bulimia nervosa, information processing was slowest when either mood or food cues were presented in isolation. Significant cue reactivity was also observed, again especially for women with bulimia nervosa. In conclusion, both transient and more enduring subject characteristics affected information-processing speed. Moreover, the way transient factors were presented significantly affected speed of information processing. This suggests a more complex relationship between cue presentation and information processing than was anticipated.

Relationships Between University Students’ Gender and Physical Activity (PA) and Their Exercise Self-Schemas, Processing of PA-Related Information, and PA Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110601
Author(s):  
In Kyoung Park ◽  
Youngho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
University Students ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Self Schema

In the current study, we investigated the effects of gender and regular physical activity (PA) on PA decision-making and speed of information processing. We enrolled 110 university students ( Mage = 20.91, SD =2.28 years) in an experiment involving two tasks and a questionnaire. One of the two tasks assessed how much participants agreed with presented PA words and phrases and the other task predicted behavior and responses to future situations. We collected and measured the participants’ choices and the time they took to make them. The questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), consisted of exercise self-schema and PA questions. We conducted a 2 (gender: male or female) ×2 (regular PA or not) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and found statistically significant differences between variables as a function of participants’ gender (λ = .66, p < .001) and regular PA engagement (λ = .51, p < .001). In a regression analysis, we also found gender differences [males showed relationships between agreement with PA information and information processing speed for decisions on future behavior ( R 2 = .31, F = 12.50); females showed relationships between their exercise self-schema ( R 2 = .26, F = 18.18) and regular PA such that, in the non-regular PA group, exercise self-schema was related to reaction time in making decisions on future behavior ( R 2 = .29, F = 11.23), and in the regular PA group, agreement with PA information was related to reaction time for PA-related words, and agreement with non-PA information ( R 2 = .29, F = 8.91)]. These results highlight the need to consider participant characteristics when designing exercise interventions, and we present supplementary data regarding exercise self-schemas, decision-making, and the speed of processing PA information.

Comparison of Two Reaction-Time Tasks and Their Relation to Intelligence

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Small ◽  
J. F. Raney ◽  
Terry J. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Time Parameters

Two reaction time tasks were compared as measures of information-processing speed. A multiple R between the WAIS—R Full, Performance, and Verbal scales and several reaction time parameters was calculated for 28 college students. Results indicate that the reaction-time task used in exploring the relationships between speed of information processing and IQ can be less complex than those used to date.

Information-Processing Speed and Assessment of Early Response Latency among Stroke Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Loranger ◽  
Jacques Lussier ◽  
Michel Pépin ◽  
Sandra L. Hopps ◽  
Benoît Sénécal
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Functional Independence Measure ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing

The development of assessment methods for estimating and predicting amount of functional impairment among stroke patients is important for planning rehabilitation. This study explored the contribution of speed of information processing and response latency in the assessment of 39 stroke patients. Functional impairment was assessed among these patients using the Functional Independence Measure, administered within 72 hours of admission to a rehabilitation center. The correlations between the scores on this measure and on a computerized measure of speed of information processing. Cognitive Performance Test, were examined. The Functional Independence Measure can be used with an acute stroke population. Scores are correlated with cognitive indicators of functional impairment, and scores discriminate between severity of functional impairment. These results are discussed with regard to their implication in monitoring stroke patients throughout rehabilitation.

scholarly journals The impact of pandemic-related worry on cognitive functioning and risk-taking

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260061
Author(s):  
Kevin da Silva Castanheira ◽  
Madeleine Sharp ◽  
A. Ross Otto
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
The Impact

Here, we sought to quantify the effects of experienced fear and worry, engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic, on both cognitive abilities—speed of information processing, task-set shifting, and proactive control—as well as economic risk-taking. Leveraging a repeated-measures cross-sectional design, we examined the performance of 1517 participants, collected during the early phase of the pandemic in the US (April–June 2020), finding that self-reported pandemic-related worry predicted deficits in information processing speed and maintenance of goal-related contextual information. In a classic economic risk-taking task, we observed that worried individuals’ choices were more sensitive to the described outcome probabilities of risky actions. Overall, these results elucidate the cognitive consequences of a large-scale, unpredictable, and uncontrollable stressor, which may in turn play an important role in individuals’ understanding of, and adherence to safety directives both in the current crisis and future public health emergencies.

The Speed of Information Processing of 9- to 13-Year-Old Intellectually Gifted Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoju Duan ◽  
Zhou Dan ◽  
Jiannong Shi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Intellectually Gifted

In general, intellectually gifted children perform better than non-gifted children across many domains. The present validation study investigated the speed with which intellectually gifted children process information. 184 children, ages 9 to 13 years old (91 gifted, M age = 10.9 yr., SD = 1.8; 93 non-gifted children, M age = 11.0 yr., SD = 1.7) were tested individually on three information processing tasks: an inspection time task, a choice reaction time task, an abstract matching task. Intellectually gifted children outperformed their non-gifted peers on all three tasks obtaining shorter reaction time and doing so with greater accuracy. The findings supported the validity of the information processing speed in identifying intellectually gifted children.

scholarly journals The Early Motor Repertoire in Preterm Infancy and Cognition in Young Adulthood: Preliminary Findings

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sahar Salavati ◽  
Anne E. den Heijer ◽  
Maraike A. Coenen ◽  
Janneke L.M. Bruggink ◽  
Christa Einspieler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Preterm Born ◽  
Cognitive Problems

Abstract Objective: Preterm birth poses a risk to cognition during childhood. The resulting cognitive problems may persist into young adulthood. The early motor repertoire in infancy is predictive of neurocognitive development in childhood. Our present aim was to investigate whether it also predicts neurocognitive status in young adulthood. Method: We conducted an explorative observational follow-up study in 37 young adults born at a gestational age of less than 35 weeks and/or with a birth weight below 1200 g. Between 1992 and 1997, these individuals were videotaped up until 3 months’ corrected age to assess the quality of their early motor repertoire according to Prechtl. The assessment includes general movements, fidgety movements (FMs), and a motor optimality score (MOS). In young adulthood, the following cognitive domains were assessed: memory, speed of information processing, language, attention, and executive function. Results: Participants in whom FMs were absent in infancy obtained lower scores on memory, speed of information processing, and attention than those with normal FMs. Participants with aberrant FMs, that is, absent or abnormal, obtained poorer scores on memory, speed of information processing speed, attention, and executive function compared to peers who had normal FMs. A higher MOS was associated with better executive function. Conclusions: The quality of the early motor repertoire is associated with performance in various cognitive domains in young adulthood. This knowledge may be applied to enable the timely recognition of preterm-born individuals at risk of cognitive dysfunctions.

Intelligence and Information Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilfredo De Pascalis ◽  
Vincenzo Varriale
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Intertone Interval ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Lower Ability

The relationship between mental ability (MA, Raven Progressive Matrices) and speed of information processing was examined by recording mismatch negativity (MMN) parameters from 41 women during passive listening to auditory standard and deviant stimuli with backward masking. The intertone interval (ITI) between the offset of the standard or deviant tone and the onset of the masking tone was varied between conditions (25, 50, or 150 ms). Three versions of a trail-making test (Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test, ZVT) were also presented to obtain a behavioral index of information processing speed. Multiple regression analysis showed that the more difficult versions of the ZVT and midline frontal MMN latency at 25-ms ITI were both significant predictors of MA. Across all ITI conditions, the higher ability (HA) group exhibited a shorter MMN latency than the lower ability (LA) group. Finally, the HA group also had a larger MMN amplitude than the LA group for the 25-ms ITI condition. These results indicate that low-level auditory discrimination, indexed by MMN, contributes to individual differences in fluid intelligence. In this regard, MMN provides a valuable tool for examining individual differences in intelligence in individuals who are not able to comply with psychometric testing.

Alphanumeric Sequencing: A Report on a Brief Measure of Information Processing Used among Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grigsby ◽  
Kathryn Kaye ◽  
David Busenbark
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Report Data

Alphanumeric Sequencing involves the alternating recitation of counting and the alphabet. We report data on the use of this measure with two clinical samples of persons with multiple sclerosis, having either the chronic progressive (n = 23) or relapsing-remitting form (n = 52) of the disease. Patients were administered Alphanumeric Sequencing and several other tests of information-processing speed/capacity and short-term memory. Chronic progressive MS patients performed worse than 23 healthy controls on both the speed and error components of the test, while relapsing-remitting patients were worse than 35 controls only on the total time to complete the task. The time score was correlated with several measures of information processing and short-term memory.

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