Cognitive Complexity as a Function of the Significance of the Stimulus Objects being Judged

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1203-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Miller ◽  
James Bieri
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Significant Difference

The question was raised as to whether cognitive complexity (CC) would vary as a function of the stimulus objects being judged. REP Test protocols of 126 Ss were analyzed in terms of two clusters of role models that differed in regard to their social distance from the judge. A significant difference in CC was found; socially distant people were differentiated more complexly than socially close people. The results were interpreted within the context of a “vigilance” hypothesis wherein complex differentiation serves an adaptive function in terms of anticipating the behavior of more remote and possibly more threatening persons.

Cognitive Complexity and Categorization of Stimulus Objects Being Judged

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-966
Author(s):  
Greg Wilkins ◽  
Franz Epting
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Principal Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Stimulus Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Affective Stimulus

Cognitive complexity and the categorization of stimulus objects being judged was examined. Previous research indicated that these stimulus objects could be analyzed in terms of two distinct subgroups with reference to social distance. The cognitive complexity scores assigned to 10 stimulus objects by 82 Ss were subjected to a principal factor analysis. Since the largest two factors extracted did not have appropriate content and left a large proportion of the total score variance unaccounted for, it was concluded that these role models could not be categorized into two distinct subgroups upon the basis of affective stimulus value. Future research should consider the significance of the individual stimulus objects being judged.

scholarly journals Graduate students’ opinions about entrepreneurship as an employment opportunity

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Josip Juračak ◽  
Marko Tica
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Students Attitudes

One of the most unwanted and unavoidable consequences of the economic recession is the high rate of unemployment. Graduate students in Croatia are faced with lack of employment possibilities, and for some of them the self-employment looks like a good solution. In this paper, we investigate attitudes and intentions of graduate students at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture regarding to selfemployment. Most of the surveyed students are in the age between 21 and 25 years, and they have already got some kind of knowledge about entrepreneurship during the formal education. In addition, majority of them have the experience of part-time jobs. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model was used to find out to which extent students’ attitudes and experience influence their expressed self-employment intentions. The results revealed that Zagreb students’ scores are close but somewhat lower than the same scores found in the comparable study from Australia. This goes for the investigated variables: (1) previous entrepreneurial experience (PEE), perceived desirability of selfemployment (PDSE), perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy (PESE) and self-employment intentions (SEI). It was found that the score on the PEE is significantly related to scores on the PDSE (p=0.000), and PESE (p=0.000), which means that the experience positively influence respondents’ attitudes on self-employment and self-efficacy. There is also a statistically significant difference in the on the SEI with respect to the PDSE (ANOVA F=9.804, p=0.000): respondents that consider self-employment more desirable expressed higher intention to perform it. The PDSE was found as the most influencing model variable in regards to the self-employment intention. The results points out the importance of previous experience, role models and positive attitudes towards self-employment in the process of the entrepreneurship development in young, educated population.

scholarly journals Financial Attitude and Management of Public School Teachers in Tanjay City

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Villagonzalo, Jr. ◽  
Rizalie N.E. Mibato
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School Teachers ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Public School Teachers ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
School Year ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Civil Status

Teachers are influential individuals in the society.  They can positively influence various aspects of people's lives.  If financially learned, they can become role models for students and help develop a financially responsible family.  Thus, teachers are key contributors to the development of society.  This study aimed to assess the degree of financial attitude and the level of financial management of public elementary school teachers in Tanjay City, Negros Oriental during the School Year 2019-2020 as a whole and when grouped according to age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, family monthly income, and location of residence. It also sought to establish if there is a significant difference in the degree of their financial attitude and their level of financial management when they are grouped according to the variables.  It also determined if a significant relationship exists between financial attitude and financial management.  Findings were used for a financial literacy program that seeks to improve the financial attitude and financial management of the said teachers. 

What about psychiatrists' attitude to mentally ill people?

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lauber ◽  
Marion Anthony ◽  
Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross ◽  
Wulf Rössler
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Community Psychiatry ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Closeness

AbstractObjectiveFirstly, to assess and, secondly, to compare experts' and lay attitudes towards community psychiatry and the respective social distance towards mentally ill people.MethodComparison of two representative Swiss samples, one comprising of 90 psychiatrists, the other including 786 individuals of the general population.ResultsThe psychiatrists' attitude was significantly more positive than that of the general population although both samples have a positive attitude to community psychiatry. The statement that mental health facilities devalue a residential area has revealed most agreement. Psychiatrists and the public do not differ in their social distance to mentally ill people. Among both samples, the level of social distance increases the more the situation described implies ‘social closeness’.ConclusionThe strategy to use psychiatrists as role models or opinion leaders in anti-stigma campaigns cannot be realised without accompanying actions. Psychiatrists must be aware that their attitudes do not differ from the general public and, thus, they should improve their knowledge about stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illnesses.

The effect of authenticity and social distance on CSR activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myungsuh Lim ◽  
Yoon Yang
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Persuasion Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Given ◽  
Close Distance

Purpose This study aims to make a distinction between two types of authenticity (indexical vs iconic), the influence of both of which on the consumer’s inference of companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) motivation is determined. Meanwhile, the consumer inference of CSR activities can be affected by the situational context within which the CSR activities are contained. Therefore, the effect of the interaction between the authenticity type and the given social distance (based on the construal level theory) was also examined. Design/methodology/approach The study conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects design experiment to examine the effects of authenticity type (indexical/iconic) and social distance (close/distant) on the perceived motive of the CSR information in a scenario. Findings The findings showed significant main effect of authenticity type but no significant main effect of social distance on persuasion knowledge. Participants in the indexical authenticity condition perceived a higher degree of persuasion knowledge than the participants in the iconic authenticity condition. Social distance moderated the effect of authenticity type such that for indexical authenticity, there was a significant difference on persuasion knowledge when the social distance was large. However, for iconic authenticity, the perception of persuasion knowledge was not significantly different between a large distance and a close distance. Originality/value The study identified the type of authenticity that is mainly perceived as a result of CSR activities and also determined its relation to the social distance dimension to infer a firm’s CSR motives.

scholarly journals Validitas dan Reliabilitas Ujian SOCA (Students Oral Case Analysis): Studi di Salah Satu Fakultas Kedokteran di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Rizka Aries Putranti ◽  
Ova Emilia ◽  
Efrayim Suryadi
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kappa Value

Background: Medical faculty has to make sure that the students meet the minimal competence needed using apropriate exam. While the exam itself should facilitate students to learn. Oral examination has known for its ability to facilitate students learn but low in validity and reliability. Medical faculty of Lampung University (FK Unila) apply the student oral case analysis (SOCA) exam as one of block assessment component, as with MCQ, tutorial, and laboratory exam. This study aimed to evaluate validity and reliability of SOCA examination at FK UnilaMethod: Video of 65 students doing SOCA examination and 28 question rubrics had taken when odd semester exam year 2014-2015 has been carying out at FK Unila. Video and question rubrics were assessed by 5 panelis and analysed using Lawshe's content validity ratio (CVR) to determinate its content validity. Students performance on the video were re-assessed by another assessor to see inter-rater reliability, than analysed using kappa Cohen. Two expert in medical education assessed the cognitive comlpexity of the question rubrics. Data of SOCA's student's mark from year II, III, and IV were analysed for construct valdity and internal consistency.Results: 93,7% of the overall question in 65 video were valid (CVR>99%) and 71,8% question number in 28 question rubrics also valid according to 5 panelis. SOCA cognitive complexity were at level of analyse, know how and 4a. Inter-rater reliability analysis showed 0,549 (moderate agreement) kappa value. Mann Whitney analysis for construct validity showed no significant difference of all year. Cronbach alpha analysis showed internal consistency at the point 0,575.Conclusion: FK Unila's SOCA of odd semester examination year 2014-2015 has sufficient content validity, sufficient cognitive complexity and sufficent inter-rater reliability but lack in construct validity and internal consistency. Keywords: SOCA, validity, reliability

scholarly journals THE LEVEL OF SOCIAL DISTANCE TOWARDS VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS REGARDING TO OCCUPATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Amela Teskeredžić ◽  
◽  
Dženana Radžo Alibegović ◽  
Senada Salkić ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Visually Impaired People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
Professional Contact ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Visually Impaired Persons

The aim of this study was to determine the level of social distance towards visually impaired people in relation to the occupation of respondents. The study included 361 adult respondents from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and who had no personal, not professional contact with persons with impaired vision. For the purpose of this study was used scale of social distance (Oullette-Kuntz, Burge, Brown, Arsenault, 2010), which is adapted in terms of required statements and opinions of respondents to visually impaired people, rather than toward people with intellectual disabilities. For statistical analyzes were used methods of descriptive statistics, and methods of analysis of variance (ANOVA). All results of the study were conducted at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the opinions and level of social distance in relation to the occupation of respondents.

scholarly journals PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF ADOLESCENT LEARNERS IN LOWER SUBANSIRI DISTRICT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Sonisha Rimai Syiem ◽  
Elizabeth Hangsing
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parent Child

Every child is unique. Education aims at bringing all-round development in the personality of the child irrespective of the uniqueness in their characteristics. In the process of development of the child's personality there are many factors that influence the life of the child.The parents have the primary responsibility to influence the child,because they are the role models that the children look up to at all stages of their life. As the child reach the adolescent stage, significant changes take place in adolescents' relationships with parents. It is at this stage that the parents should try their best to relate well with their children so that the children will not turn to their peers for advice and guidance.This study attempts to examine parent-child relationship in different dimensions of both parent factors of the adolescent learners in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh.A sample of 1146 adolescent learners of Classes IX to XII was selected form the Government Schools of the District.The Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) developed by Dr.NaliniRao (2005) was administered to the selected sample. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female adolescent learners in different dimensions of father-child relationship and mother-child relationship.

scholarly journals What Motivated Students to Choose a Career in Health Sciences? A Comparison of Rural and Urban-Origin Students in Three South African Universities

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
L.H. Mabuza ◽  
B. Ntuli
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
South African ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
South African Universities

Background:Globally, there is a lower ratio of healthcare worker to population in rural compared to urban areas. Scholars are motivated by a number of factors to choose a career in health sciences. Determining these factors among rural and urban-origin students could inform recruitment and retention strategies to redress this imbalance.Objectives:To determine and compare motivating factors for a career in health sciences among Rural-Origin (ROS) and Urban-Origin Students (UOS) at three South African universities.Methods:Three institutions (former University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), now Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (SMU), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and University of Cape Town (UCT) participated in the study 2011. Health science students completed a self-administered questionnaire. The SAS® (version 9.2) for Microsoft statistical software was used for analysis. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Results:A total of 1633 health sciences students participated in the study. Parents (505; 30.9%) and personal exposure (484; 29.6%) were the main motivating factors for both ROS and UOS, with significantly more UOS than ROS motivated by these factors (p < 0.001). The contribution of role models (93; 5.7%), friends (77; 4.7%), high school teachers (77; 4.7%), mentors (36; 2.2%) and university lecturers (18; 1.1%) was minimal, with no significant difference between UOS and ROS (p > 0.05).Conclusion:There is need for the health care sector to support students’ families and encourage students’ personal exposure to health care facilities and personnel in order to motivate them towards a career in health sciences.

scholarly journals Impoliteness in the Realization of Complaint Speech Acts: A Comparative Study of Iranian EFL Learners and Native English Speakers

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Nikoobin ◽  
Mohsen Shahrokhi
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Placement Test ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Native Speakers Of English

This study was conducted to investigate the impolite complaint strategies that are used by Iranian EFL learners and native speakers in relation to social distance. This study also aimed at determining if there were significant differences among the strategies used by each group and if there was a significant difference between Iranian native speakers of English. To this end, 40 Iranian EFL learners and 20 Americans who were native speakers of English participated in this study. To make sure about the homogeneity of Iranian participants the Oxford Placement Test (OPT) was conducted. A questionnaire containing 12 different situations was designed by the researchers and was given to the participants to express their complaints for each situation. The results revealed that there were significant differences among the strategies used by each group; the most common strategy that was used by both groups of participants was positive impoliteness and the least common one was bald-on-record. Although the most and least common strategies used by both groups were the same, Iranians had a stronger tendency for using sarcasm in low social distance situations while natives had a stronger tendency for using bald-on-record in high social distance contexts. This study has implications for EFL curriculum designing in Iran and can make Iranian EFL instructors familiar with the importance of impoliteness as an indispensable part of language.

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