scholarly journals Rhetorical meaning

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Susan F. Schmerling
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Classical Rhetoric ◽  
White House ◽  
Napoleon Bonaparte ◽  
American President ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractThis paper introduces rhetorical meaning to semantic theory; we use the term by analogy to tropes like metonymy in classical rhetoric, which yields ‘the American president’ from the White House—that is, it substitutes one referential meaning for another. Here we focus on two rhetorical meanings: intensification and attenuation. Intensification is expressed in English and many other languages by total reduplication (an old old man); attenuation is exemplified by Spanish ‘synthetic’ diminutive forms (hombrecito ‘little man’; cf. hombre ‘man’) and English and French ‘analytic’ formations (My Little Chickadee (film); petit caporal ‘Little Corporal’ (Napoléon Bonaparte)). Formally, a rhetorical meaning is a relation with one referential meaning as its domain and, as its codomain, a set of related referential meanings, the particular set specified by the rhetorical meaning at hand. The selection from among elements of the codomain, which can even seem contradictory out of context, is in fact highly context-dependent and indicates a critical role for pragmatics in an overall account of this meaning type.

scholarly journals Cellular context-dependent consequences of Apc mutations on gene regulation and cellular behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoichi Hashimoto ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Katsunori Semi ◽  
Masaki Yagi ◽  
Akito Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Cellular Behavior ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
Context Dependent

The spectrum of genetic mutations differs among cancers in different organs, implying a cellular context-dependent effect for genetic aberrations. However, the extent to which the cellular context affects the consequences of oncogenic mutations remains to be fully elucidated. We reprogrammed colon tumor cells in an ApcMin/+ (adenomatous polyposis coli) mouse model, in which the loss of the Apc gene plays a critical role in tumor development and subsequently, established reprogrammed tumor cells (RTCs) that exhibit pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-like signatures of gene expression. We show that the majority of the genes in RTCs that were affected by Apc mutations did not overlap with the genes affected in the intestine. RTCs lacked pluripotency but exhibited an increased expression of Cdx2 and a differentiation propensity that was biased toward the trophectoderm cell lineage. Genetic rescue of the mutated Apc allele conferred pluripotency on RTCs and enabled their differentiation into various cell types in vivo. The redisruption of Apc in RTC-derived differentiated cells resulted in neoplastic growth that was exclusive to the intestine, but the majority of the intestinal lesions remained as pretumoral microadenomas. These results highlight the significant influence of cellular context on gene regulation, cellular plasticity, and cellular behavior in response to the loss of the Apc function. Our results also imply that the transition from microadenomas to macroscopic tumors is reprogrammable, which underscores the importance of epigenetic regulation on tumor promotion.

scholarly journals STAT3 and STAT5 Activation in Solid Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Igelmann ◽  
Heidi Neubauer ◽  
Gerardo Ferbeyre
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Context Dependent

The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3 and 5 proteins are activated by many cytokine receptors to regulate specific gene expression and mitochondrial functions. Their role in cancer is largely context-dependent as they can both act as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. We review here the role of STAT3/5 activation in solid cancers and summarize their association with survival in cancer patients. The molecular mechanisms that underpin the oncogenic activity of STAT3/5 signaling include the regulation of genes that control cell cycle and cell death. However, recent advances also highlight the critical role of STAT3/5 target genes mediating inflammation and stemness. In addition, STAT3 mitochondrial functions are required for transformation. On the other hand, several tumor suppressor pathways act on or are activated by STAT3/5 signaling, including tyrosine phosphatases, the sumo ligase Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT3 (PIAS3), the E3 ubiquitin ligase TATA Element Modulatory Factor/Androgen Receptor-Coactivator of 160 kDa (TMF/ARA160), the miRNAs miR-124 and miR-1181, the Protein of alternative reading frame 19 (p19ARF)/p53 pathway and the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3 (SOCS1/3) proteins. Cancer mutations and epigenetic alterations may alter the balance between pro-oncogenic and tumor suppressor activities associated with STAT3/5 signaling, explaining their context-dependent association with tumor progression both in human cancers and animal models.

Engaging the Enemy

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-39
Author(s):  
Beth A. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
White House ◽  
American President ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Core Components ◽  
The Cold War

Triumphalists contend that President Reagan won the Cold War by employing hard-line policies and refusing to negotiate with Moscow. Reagan’s refusal to engage with the enemy compelled the Soviet Union to disarm, adopt democratic reforms, and ultimately collapse. This chapter debunks the notion that Reagan was a hard-liner throughout his time in office, as well as the idea that he rejected diplomacy. It demonstrates that Reagan’s initially hawkish posture brought the superpowers to the brink of war in 1983. By 1984 the president was actively seeking negotiations aimed at improving superpower relations and reducing nuclear arsenals. Reagan was seeking dialogue and disarmament even before Mikhail Gorbachev came to office and years before the Soviet Union began to reform. By the time he left the White House, Reagan had met with his Soviet counterparts more frequently than any previous American president. These negotiations were critical to the peaceful conclusion of the Cold War. Diplomacy, engagement, and dialogue are core components of Reagan’s legacy.

Language, Nineteen eighty-four, and 1989

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Buchowski ◽  
David B. Kronenfeld ◽  
William Peterman ◽  
Lynn Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
George Orwell ◽  
Early Language

ABSTRACTThe article examines the fact that the push for democracy and the end of Communist rule in Central Europe was phrased in terms of traditional European notions of freedom and democracy, in spite of longlived Communist attempts to redefine these and related terms in order to make them a Communist reality. Communist language usage was forcefully brought home to the West by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four, especially in his notion of “doublethink”. We use the semantic theory of David Kronenfeld, along with Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance and Jean Piaget's views of how children's cognitive systems develop (including natural language), to derive a theoretical explanation for the failure of the Orwellian prediction and of the Communist linguistic efforts on which it was predicated. The explanation involves Ferdinand de Saussure's central idea that language is an interlinked system which is crucially social, and points to the critical role of childre's early language learning (in mundane, everyday contexts) on the development and structuring of their adult system. (Extensionist semantics, politics and language, cognitive dissonance, Central Europe, Poland, George Orwell, propaganda, language change)

Recent Developments in Health Law

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-646
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Falit ◽  
David Sclar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
White House ◽  
American President ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Consumer Control ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Health Care Purchasing

In his State of the Union address on January 31, 2006, President George W. Bush asserted: “for all Americans, we must confront the rising cost of care, strengthen the doctor-patient relationship, and help people afford the insurance coverage they need.” Soon thereafter, the White House National Economic Council released a summary of President Bush's plans for health care reform. The Bush plan argues that increased consumer control over health care purchasing decisions will go a long way to solving America's health care woes. By making patients more value-conscious consumers, the Bush Administration hopes to reduce costs, improve quality and increase competition within the health care sector.The problem of rising health care costs is not new. In fact, President Bush's statement could have come from any American President in the last fifty years.

scholarly journals Dynamic encoding of saccade sequences in primate frontal eye field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jia ◽  
Zhen Puyang ◽  
Qingjun Wang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Aihua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
List Type ◽  
Sequence Structure ◽  
Reversible Inactivation ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Saccade Direction ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractFrontal eye field (FEF) is a key part of oculomotor system, with dominant responses to the direction of single saccades. However, whether and how FEF contributes to sequential saccades remain largely unknown. Here by training rhesus monkeys to perform sequential saccades and recording the neuronal activities in FEF, we found that the sequence-related activities are clearly represented in FEF, and many neurons’ selectivity to saccade direction undergoes dynamic changes during sequential task. In addition, the sequence-related activities are context-dependent, with different firing activities during memory- versus visually-guided sequence. Supra-threshold microstimulation in FEF evokes saccade without altering the overall sequence structure. Pharmacological inactivation of FEF severely impaired the monkey’s performance of sequential saccades, with different effects on the same actions at different positions within the sequence. These results reveal the context-dependent dynamic encoding of saccade direction in FEF, and underscore a critical role of FEF in planning and execution of sequential saccades.In BriefJia, Puyang et al. employed in vivo recording to reveal the dynamic encoding of sequential saccades in primate frontal eye field (FEF), then used electric microstimulation and reversible inactivation to demonstrate the causal role of FEF in controlling saccade sequences.HighlightsFEF neurons respond differently during sequential vs. single saccadesSequence-related FEF activity is context-dependentFEF microstimulation induced saccade without altering sequence structureFEF inactivation severely impaired the performance of sequential saccades

Harry Truman, European Hunger, and the Cold War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Riley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World War ◽  
White House ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
American President ◽  
Truman Doctrine ◽  
Harry Truman ◽  
The Cold War

Harry Truman was the hugely unpopular, embattled, pugnacious American president as World War II ended. He faced nationwide strikes, consumer unhappiness with continued price controls, and a Republican Party sensing a vulnerable Democrat in the White House. Abroad, his problems were, if anything, bigger: Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey, communist parties in Western Europe verging on political power, continued economic weakness, deepening hunger in many parts of the world. This chapter describes how Truman sought—with considerable success—to deal with these threats. With the Truman Doctrine and the Point 4 program, considerable help from the deeply conservative ex-president Herbert Hoover, and grudging financing from Congress, Truman found ways to weaken the communist threat in Europe. In the process, he succeeded in providing enough food relief to nearly end the threat of famine in Europe. The last hurdle was finding a way to spur European economic recovery.

What Makes OIRA Work: A Commentary on Jim Tozzi’s “Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Past, Present, and Future”

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Howard Shelanski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
White House ◽  
Regulatory Affairs ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Analysis Quality

Jim Tozzi has for several decades been among the most dedicated and perceptive commentators on the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). Indeed, Tozzi is arguably better suited than anyone to be the keeper of the OIRA flame: from his position in charge of the Office of Regulatory and Information Policy, OIRA’s predecessor organization, Tozzi contributed to the development of Executive Order (EO) 12291 and then stepped in as OIRA’s first Deputy Administrator. Since that time, he has been a steadfast defender of OIRA’s critical role in bringing rigorous analysis, quality control, and policy discipline to Executive Branch regulation. I share Tozzi’s view, and indeed that of all former OIRA officials I have spoken with, of OIRA’s importance to the regulatory state. Preservation of the strength and independence of the office is to me the principal criterion by which policy proposals that effect OIRA should be judged.

scholarly journals Homogeneity in donkey sentences

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Champollion
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Donkey Pronouns ◽  
Error State

Donkey sentences have existential and universal readings, but they are not often perceived as ambiguous. I extend the pragmatic theory of homogeneity in plural definites by Križ (2016) to explain how context disambiguates donkey sentences. I propose that a semantic theory produces truth value gaps in certain scenarios, and a pragmatic theory fills these gaps in context-dependent ways. By locating the parallel between donkey pronouns and definite plurals is located in the pragmatics rather than in the semantics, I avoid problems known to arise for some previous accounts according to which donkey pronouns and definite plurals both have plural referents (Krifka 1996; Yoon 1996). I sketch an extension of plural compositional DRT (Brasoveanu 2008) that delivers the required truth value gaps by building on concepts from error-state semantics and supervaluation quantifiers. 

Toxic leadership

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Black American ◽  
American People ◽  
Toxic Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
White House ◽  
American President ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds his/her own impartial comments and places the articles in context Findings When history comes to review the 2010s in North America, the issue of leadership will undoubtedly figure significantly. It will surely seem a mystery how the first black American president, and a Democrat, served for two terms to be followed by at least one term of one of the most hard right Republican presidents ever to sit in the Oval Office. Putting aside their diverse political tendencies, it is also remarkable how two such different personalities served the American people in the same decade. Truly, the awkward meeting on the White House steps as Obama handed over to Trump will become a seminal moment in history, although little will ever be known about what was really going on inside the head of both leaders. Practical implications This paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

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