Farming system and habitat structure effects on rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) assembly in Central European apple and pear orchards

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalbert Balog ◽  
Viktor Markó ◽  
Attila Imre
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Rove Beetles ◽  
Central European ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Flooded Area

AbstractIn field experiments over a period of five years the effects of farming systems and habitat structure were investigated on staphylinid assembly in Central European apple and pear orchards. The investigated farms were placed in three different geographical regions with different environmental conditions (agricultural lowland environment, regularly flooded area and woodland area of medium height mountains). During the survey, a total number of 6,706 individuals belonging to 247 species were collected with pitfall traps. The most common species were: Dinaraea angustula, Omalium caesum, Drusilla canaliculata, Oxypoda abdominale, Philonthus nitidulus, Dexiogya corticina, Xantholinus linearis, X. longiventris, Aleochara bipustulata, Mocyta orbata, Oligota pumilio, Platydracus stercorarius, Olophrum assimile, Tachyporus hypnorum, T. nitidulus and Ocypus olens. The most characteristic species in conventionally treated orchards with sandy soil were: Philonthuss nitidulus, Tachyporus hypnorum, and Mocyta orbata, while species to be found in the same regions, but frequent in abandoned orchards as well were: Omalium caesum, Oxypoda abdominale, Xantholinus linearis and Drusilla canaliculata. The species Dinaraea angustula, Oligota pumilio, Dexiogya corticina, Xantholinus longiventris, Tachyporus nitidulus and Ocypus olens have a different level of preferences towards the conventionally treated orchards in clay soil. The species composition of the staphylinid fauna in apple and pear orchards could not be considered uniform. The environmental conditions and the soil together have a significant influence upon the richness of species, and the cumulative effects of these factors can modify even the dominance structures of the communities.

scholarly journals Effects of farming system, chemical control, fertilizer and sowing density on sharp eyespot and Rhizoctonia spp. in winter wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Lemańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Ripe Stage ◽  
The Village

Abstract Effects of agronomic practices on the occurrence of sharp eyespot and Rhizoctonia spp. in winter wheat were determined in two field experiments. In Experiment 1, in the village of Osiny, a comparison was made of disease in different farming systems. The farming systems were: organic, integrated, conventional, and monoculture. In Experiment 2, in the village of Mochełek, the effects of different chemical controls (no treatment, herbicide, herbicide + fungicide), mineral fertilizer doses (147 and 221 kg/ha NPK) and sowing densities (400 and 600 grains/m2) on the occurrence of sharp eyespot were compared in wheat grown in short-term monoculture. There was considerably more sharp eyespot in 2007 (disease index 1.63-29.5%) than in other years. Significant effects of the treatments were mostly noted at the milk ripe growth stage. The fewest sharp eyespot symptoms were seen in the integrated farming system. The most sharp eyespot symptoms were seen in the conventional and organic systems. There was a tendency for an increased intensity of symptoms in successive wheat-growing years of short-term monoculture. The application of pesticides showed no clear effect on the occurrence of sharp eyespot. The herbicide resulted in increased or decreased disease intensity depending on the cultivation year and the date of observation. Fungicide application did not decrease infection. Without chemical control, more symptoms were observed at the lower NPK rate. There were more symptoms at the higher sowing density. Stems with sharp eyespot symptoms were mostly infected by Rhizoctonia cerealis, and less frequently by R. solani. Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., which could not be identified to species using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, were also recorded. Two R. zeae isolates were also obtained from stems with disease symptoms in Mochełek. R. solani was more often isolated from roots or stems with symptoms of true eyespot or fusarium foot rot. Most isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were obtained at the milk ripe stage. A wheat-growing system and chemical control did not greatly affect the frequency of Rhizoctonia spp.

scholarly journals Limitations to pasture production and choice of species

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
D. Scott ◽  
J.M. Keoghan ◽  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
L.A. Maunsell ◽  
M.J.S. Floate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
The South ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Choice Of Species ◽  
Natural Grassland

The South Island hill and high country is defined as those areas which were in natural grassland at the time of early European settlement. This includes the major geographical regions of dry hill and high country of Marlborough, Canterbury and North Otago, and the wet acid tussock grasslands of Otago and Southland. To define the most appropriate pasture species for farming in these areas, it is first necessary to define the appropriate environmental factors since they largely determine the types of farming systems possible. Once this has been done, it will be found that there are only one or two pasture species which are the best option in each environment or farming system.

Determinants of the proportion of break crops on Western Australian broadacre farms

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
R. A. Lawes ◽  
A. Bathgate ◽  
F. Byrne ◽  
P. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Representative Farms ◽  
Western Australian

Break crops (e.g. pulses, lupins, canola, oats) underpin the continued profitability of cereal (wheat or barley) based cropping sequences. The area sown on farms to break crops varies widely across geographical regions according to climate, soil type mix, enterprise mix (crop v. livestock), and other constraints such as the prevalence of soil-borne disease. Given recent fluctuations in the area of established break crops in Western Australia, there are concerns about their long-term prospects in the farming system. A survey of the area and grain yield of break crops on-farm was combined with whole-farm bio-economic modelling to determine the upper limit to the area of break crops on representative farms in 4 agro-climatic regions. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to ascertain the potential effects of varying commodity prices (sheep and grain), costs of production, and assumptions on the yield of break crops and the boost to the yield of following cereals. The survey revealed that the two dominant break crops, lupins and canola, occupied 8–12% and 8–9%, respectively, of farm area on those farms that grew them in the medium-rainfall zone and this declined to 6–8% and 7–10% in the drier region. Nevertheless, the modelling results show that break crops are an important component of the farming system, even where the area is small, and the response of whole-farm profit to percent of the farm allocated to break crops is relatively flat near the optimum of 23–38%. The modelled area of break crops at maximum profit is higher than that found in farm surveys. The discrepancy could possibly be explained by the lower break crop yields realised by farmers and a reduced boost to cereal yields following break crops than assumed in models. Also, deterministic models do not account for risk, which is an important consideration in the decision to grow break crops. However, the yield difference does not explain the discrepancy entirely and raises questions about farmer motivations for adoption of break crops. The scope for increased area of break crops beyond 23–38% of the farm is limited, even with increases in the yield enhancements in subsequent cereal crops, higher break crop prices, and higher fertiliser costs. Further research is required to better quantify costs and benefits of break crops in Western Australian farming systems.

scholarly journals Biostimulants and cherry rootstock increased tomato fruit yield and quality in sustainable farming systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Caradonia ◽  
Domenico Ronga ◽  
Alessia Flore ◽  
Riccardo Barbieri ◽  
Lionel Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Sustainable Farming ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Yield And Quality

Nowadays one of the main challenges in agriculture is to increase crop yield and quality in a sustainable way. Organic farming system (OFS) is considered more eco-friendly than the conventional farming system (CFS). However, cash crops showed a reduced yield when cultivated in OFS, and among them processing tomato reported the highest yield gap between OFS and CFS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate, both in greenhouse and field experiments, the combined effects of a cherry rootstock, genotype ‘Tomito’, and the applications of different microbial biostimulants (single species and consortia). The agronomic performance of a commercial processing tomato genotype, ‘H3402’, was assessed in order to increase fruit yield and quality in sustainable farming systems. In greenhouse experiment, the use of ‘Tomito’ as rootstock highlighted both the highest plant height (35 cm) and leaf chlorophyll content (25.20), while plants inoculated with A. brasiliensis showed the highest number of flowers (4.5). In field experiment, the combined use of grafting and microbial biostimulants increased marketable (on average 2.3 kg plant–1) and total yield (on average 2.5 kg plant–1) in comparison with the genotype ‘H3402’. All the investigated treatments reduced the number of fruits affected by blossom-end rot (on average –4.7 fruits plant–1), and A. brasiliensis also improved the fruit solid soluble content, recording values of 6.23 °Brix and 3.54 of Brix t ha–1.

Regime of soil humus rural residential areas organic farming systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (95) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
L.I. Shkarivska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Organic Farming System

The changes of the soil’s humus soil within the rural areas are investigated for the organic farming system. The most significant impact of organic agriculture on humus content over 55% was observed on soddy podzolic soils (V>75%), the lowest –7,5% on typical chernozem (V≈16%). Changes in the qualitative composition of humus for the introduction of various types of organic substrates are analyzed.

Micro and Macro-level Analysis of Crop Diversification: Evidence from an Agrarian State West Bengal

2020 ◽  
pp. 489-499
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Structure Questionnaire ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Diversified Farming Systems

The farming system in West Bengal is being shifted by integration between the set of cash crops and the main food harvest process. This change in diversified farming systems, where smallholders have a production base in rice can complement production; affect technical efficiency and farm performance. The goal of this study was to investigate the status of crop diversification on smallholders in West Bengal. First, crop diversification regions were developed in West Bengal based on the Herfindahl index, which were categorized into three regions. Three sample districts were studied separately at the block level, and 915 small farmers from 41 sample villages of 9 sample blocks were interviewed through a good structure questionnaire for field studies from the sample districts. West Bengal was gradually moving towards multiple crop production. Furthermore, increasing rice production reduced the marginal use of inputs for the production of other crops. Farming and other vital factors such as HYVs area to GCA, average holding size and per capita income in some districts of West Bengal can be identified as determinants of crop diversification.

Enhancement in productivity and income sustainability through Integrated farming system approaches for small and marginal farmers of Eastern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SANJEEV KUMAR ◽  
SHIVANI . ◽  
S. K. SAMAL ◽  
S. K. DWIVEDI ◽  
MANIBHUSHAN .
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Net Income ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Integrated Farming ◽  
Systems Models ◽  
The Cost

Integration of different components viz. livestock, fishery, horticulture, mushroom etc. along with field crops not only enhanced productivity but by-products (waste) of one component act as input for another component through resource recycling within the system. Six integrated farming systems models with suitable combinations of Crop, vegetables, fruit trees, fish, livestock, mushroom etc. were made and evaluated at the experimental farm of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna during 2012-16 for harness maximum income, nutrient recycling and employment. Among six combinations, crop + fish + duck + goat resulted as most profitable combination in terms of productivity (RGEY- 22.2t), net income (Rs. 2,15,900/ha), additional employment (170 days/year) with income sustainability index (ISI) by 90.2. Upon nutrient recycling prepared from different wastes from the system Crop + fish + duck + goat combination added N (56.5 kg), P (39.6 kg) and K (42.7 kg) into the soil and reduced the cost of cultivation by 24 percent and was followed by crop + fish + goat combination. Crops grown under IFS mode with different types of manures produced 31 percent higher yield over conventional rice- wheat system. The contribution of crops towards the system productivity ranged from 36.4 to 56.2 %, while fish ranged from 22.0-33.5 %; for goat 25.4-32.9 %; for poultry 38.7 %; for duck 22.0-29.0 %; for cattle 32.2% and for mushroom 10.3 %.

scholarly journals Nutritional Value of Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Grown in Organic System under Lithuanian and Polish Conditions

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Barbara Sawicka ◽  
Honorata Danilčenko ◽  
Elvyra Jariene ◽  
Dominika Skiba ◽  
Leszek Rachoń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Block Method ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
True Protein

The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional value of H. tuberosus tubers grown in the organic farming system in Poland and Lithuania. The work was based on field experiments carried out in 2015–2017 in Parczew (Poland) and Akademija (Lithuania). The experiments were carried out using the randomized block method in four replications. Two cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) ‘Albik’ and ‘Rubik’ were tested. After the harvest of tubers, an assessment of their quality was carried out by standard methods. Due to the relocation of JA cultivation from Central and Eastern Europe to Northeast Europe, there were changes in the chemical composition of H. tuberosus tubers. The tubers from crops in Lithuania were characterized by a lower content of inulin, crude fiber and protein, ascorbic acid, total and endogenous amino acids than in Poland, but a higher content of true protein and macroelements. Edaphic factors determined, to a greater extent than genetic factors, the nutritional value of tubers. Assessment of the influence of varietal characteristics, meteorological conditions, and geographic location on the amount of biologically active compounds in JA will allow growers and consumers to choose the most suitable cultivars.

scholarly journals Simulations with Australian dragon lizards suggest movement-based signal effectiveness is dependent on display structure and environmental conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Bian ◽  
Angela Pinilla ◽  
Tom Chandler ◽  
Richard Peters
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Signal Divergence ◽  
Colour Signals ◽  
Optimal Signal

AbstractHabitat-specific characteristics can affect signal transmission such that different habitats dictate the optimal signal. One way to examine how the environment influences signals is by comparing changes in signal effectiveness in different habitats. Examinations of signal effectiveness between different habitats has helped to explain signal divergence/convergence between populations and species using acoustic and colour signals. Although previous research has provided evidence for local adaptations and signal divergence in many species of lizards, comparative studies in movement-based signals are rare due to technical difficulties in quantifying movements in nature and ethical restrictions in translocating animals between habitats. We demonstrate herein that these issues can be addressed using 3D animations, and compared the relative performance of the displays of four Australian lizard species in the habitats of each species under varying environmental conditions. Our simulations show that habitats differentially affect signal performance, and an interaction between display and habitat structure. Interestingly, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the signal adapted to the noisier environment does not show an advantage in signal effectiveness, but the noisy habitat was detrimental to the performance of all displays. Our study is one of the first studies for movement-based signals that directly compares signal performance in multiple habitats, and our approach has laid the foundation for future investigations in motion ecology that have been intractable to conventional research methods.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Associations for Microscopic Differential Somatic Cell Count and Specific Mastitis Pathogens in Holstein Cows in Compost-Bedded Pack and Cubicle Farming Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1839
Author(s):  
Patricia Wagner ◽  
Tong Yin ◽  
Kerstin Brügemann ◽  
Petra Engel ◽  
Christina Weimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cell Fractions ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The aim of the present study was to detect significant SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) effects and to annotate potential candidate genes for novel udder health traits in two different farming systems. We focused on specific mastitis pathogens and differential somatic cell fractions from 2198 udder quarters of 537 genotyped Holstein Friesian cows. The farming systems comprised compost-bedded pack and conventional cubicle barns. We developed a computer algorithm for genome-wide association studies allowing the estimation of main SNP effects plus consideration of SNPs by farming system interactions. With regard to the main effect, 35 significant SNPs were detected on 14 different chromosomes for the cell fractions and the pathogens. Six SNPs were significant for the interaction effect with the farming system for most of the udder health traits. We inferred two possible candidate genes based on significant SNP interactions. HEMK1 plays a role in the development of the immune system, depending on environmental stressors. CHL1 is regulated in relation to stress level and influences immune system mechanisms. The significant interactions indicate that gene activity can fluctuate depending on environmental stressors. Phenotypically, the prevalence of mastitis indicators differed between systems, with a notably lower prevalence of minor bacterial indicators in compost systems.

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