Salinity stress alters ion homeostasis, antioxidant activities and the production of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and apigenin in Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

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Antioxidative and Metabolic Contribution to Salinity Stress Responses in Two Rapeseed Cultivars during the Early Seedling Stage

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10081227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1227

Author(s):

Ali Mahmoud El-Badri ◽

Maria Batool ◽

Ibrahim A. A. Mohamed ◽

Zongkai Wang ◽

Ahmed Khatab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Early Seedling

Measuring metabolite patterns and antioxidant ability is vital to understanding the physiological and molecular responses of plants under salinity. A morphological analysis of five rapeseed cultivars showed that Yangyou 9 and Zhongshuang 11 were the most salt-tolerant and -sensitive, respectively. In Yangyou 9, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were minimized by the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for scavenging of over-accumulated ROS under salinity stress. Furthermore, Yangyou 9 showed a significantly higher positive correlation with photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte accumulation, and an adjusted Na+/K+ ratio to improve salt tolerance compared to Zhongshuang 11. Out of 332 compounds identified in the metabolic profile, 225 metabolites were filtrated according to p < 0.05, and 47 metabolites responded to salt stress within tolerant and sensitive cultivars during the studied time, whereas 16 and 9 metabolic compounds accumulated during 12 and 24 h, respectively, in Yangyou 9 after being sown in salt treatment, including fatty acids, amino acids, and flavonoids. These metabolites are relevant to metabolic pathways (amino acid, sucrose, flavonoid metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which accumulated as a response to salinity stress. Thus, Yangyou 9, as a tolerant cultivar, showed improved antioxidant enzyme activity and higher metabolite accumulation, which enhances its tolerance against salinity. This work aids in elucidating the essential cellular metabolic changes in response to salt stress in rapeseed cultivars during seed germination. Meanwhile, the identified metabolites can act as biomarkers to characterize plant performance in breeding programs under salt stress. This comprehensive study of the metabolomics and antioxidant activities of Brassica napus L. during the early seedling stage is of great reference value for plant breeders to develop salt-tolerant rapeseed cultivars.

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Saudi Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum basilicum L. Polyphenols and Biological Activities

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8040446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 446 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hosam O. Elansary ◽

Agnieszka Szopa ◽

Paweł Kubica ◽

Halina Ekiert ◽

Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Gentisic Acid ◽

Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Investigating the polyphenolic profile of natural Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum basilicum populations may reveal essential compounds that have biological activities. Natural populations of R. officinalis and O. basilicum in Northern Riyadh were investigated by HPLC-DAD analyses. Several polyphenols, including rosmarinic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, rutoside, and others, out of 38 screened were confirmed. Rosmarinic acid was the major polyphenol in both of R. officinalis and O. basilicum. R. officinalis methanolic leaf extracts contained other phenols such as gentisic acid while O. basilicum contained also 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and rutoside as well as others. R. officinalis showed higher antioxidant activities than O. basilicum using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching assays. These higher activities are associated with a higher composition of rosmarinic acid in leaf extracts. The antioxidant activities of O. basilicum were attributed to identified phenols of rosmarinic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and rutoside. There were antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of leaf extracts, as well as identified polyphenols, against several cancer cells. These activities were attributed to the accumulation of necrotic and apoptotic cells in treated cancer cells with leaf extracts as well as identified polyphenols. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extracts were mainly attributed to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and rutoside in O. basilicum and rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in R. officinalis. This study proved that R. officinalis and O. basilicum natural populations might be considered as promising sources of natural polyphenols with biological activities.

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Accumulation of Phenylpropanoids in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) under Salt Stress

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9110739 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 739 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nam Su Kim ◽

Soon-Jae Kwon ◽

Do Manh Cuong ◽

Jin Jeon ◽

Jong Seok Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Tartary Buckwheat ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽

Time Treatment ◽

Nacl Concentration ◽

Ion Imbalance

Salinity stress affects plants by reducing the water potential and causing ion imbalance or disturbances in ion homeostasis and toxicity. Salinity stress frequently causes both osmotic and ionic stress in plants, resulting in the increase or decrease of certain secondary metabolites in plants. In this study, the effect of NaCl treatment on the nutritional quality of tartary buckwheat plants was studied by conducting an HPLC analysis of phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin content. It was observed that there was no significant change of color in tartary buckwheat during salt treatment. The accumulation of most phenylpropanoid compounds increased slightly in response to the NaCl concentration. The total phenylpropanoid content in tartary buckwheat was the highest at 100 mM NaCl treatment. Seven-day-old wheat plantlets treated with 100 mM NaCl for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days showed the highest accumulation of total phenylpropanoids at day 8 after treatment, while the content of most phenylpropanoids was higher than that in the control during this period. Although the development of tartary buckwheat slightly decreased with NaCl treatment and the accumulation of anthocyanin compounds did not change in plants with a diffident NaCl concentration and time treatment, the results suggest that the salinity treatment of tartary buckwheat causes antioxidant activity improvement by inducing an accumulation of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. However, since the anthocyanin content did not increase, the antioxidant effect of the treatment is not expected to be significant.

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Burkholderia Phytofirmans PsJN Stimulate Growth and Yield of Quinoa under Salinity Stress

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9060672 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 672 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aizheng Yang ◽

Saqib Saleem Akhtar ◽

Qiang Fu ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

Shahid Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Endophytic Bacteria ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

World Population ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

Burkholderia Phytofirmans Psjn

One of the major challenges in agriculture is to ensure sufficient and healthy food availability for the increasing world population in near future. This requires maintaining sustainable cultivation of crop plants under varying environmental stresses. Among these stresses, salinity is the second most abundant threat worldwide after drought. One of the promising strategies to mitigate salinity stress is to cultivate halotolerant crops such as quinoa. Under high salinity, performance can be improved by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Among PGPB, endophytic bacteria are considered better in stimulating plant growth compared to rhizosphere bacteria because of their ability to colonize both in plant rhizosphere and plant interior. Therefore, in the current study, a pot experiment was conducted in a controlled greenhouse to investigate the effects of endophytic bacteria i.e., Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN on improving growth, physiology and yield of quinoa under salinity stress. At six leaves stage, plants were irrigated with saline water having either 0 (control) or 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that plants inoculated with PsJN mitigated the negative effects of salinity on quinoa resulting in increased shoot biomass, grain weight and grain yield by 12%, 18% and 41% respectively, over un-inoculated control. Moreover, inoculation with PsJN improved osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis ability. In addition, leaves were also characterized for five key reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzyme in response to PsJN treatment. This showed higher activity of catalase (CAT) and dehydroascobate reductase (DHAR) in PsJN-treated plants. These findings suggest that inoculation of quinoa seeds with Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN could be used for stimulating growth and yield of quinoa in highly salt-affected soils.

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Integration of mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Salt and Alkali Stress Tolerance in Tobacco

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20102391 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 2391 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jiayang Xu ◽

Qiansi Chen ◽

Pingping Liu ◽

Wei Jia ◽

Zheng Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Alkali Stress ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Alkali Tolerance

Salinity is one of the most severe forms of abiotic stress and affects crop yields worldwide. Plants respond to salinity stress via a sophisticated mechanism at the physiological, transcriptional and metabolic levels. However, the molecular regulatory networks involved in salt and alkali tolerance have not yet been elucidated. We developed an RNA-seq technique to perform mRNA and small RNA (sRNA) sequencing of plants under salt (NaCl) and alkali (NaHCO3) stress in tobacco. Overall, 8064 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 33 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified in response to salt and alkali stress. A total of 1578 overlapping DEGs, which exhibit the same expression patterns and are involved in ion channel, aquaporin (AQP) and antioxidant activities, were identified. Furthermore, genes involved in several biological processes, such as “photosynthesis” and “starch and sucrose metabolism,” were specifically enriched under NaHCO3 treatment. We also identified 15 and 22 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in response to NaCl and NaHCO3, respectively. Analysis of inverse correlations between miRNAs and target mRNAs revealed 26 mRNA-miRNA interactions under NaCl treatment and 139 mRNA-miRNA interactions under NaHCO3 treatment. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of tobacco to salinity stress.

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A new biotechnological source of rosmarinic acid and surface flavonoids: Hairy root cultures of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.029 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 256-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Mohammad Fattahi ◽

Vahideh Nazeri ◽

Laura Torras-Claveria ◽

Fatemeh Sefidkon ◽

Rosa M. Cusido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hairy Root ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Hairy Root Cultures ◽

Root Cultures ◽

Dracocephalum Kotschyi

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Effects of iron nanoparticles on Mentha piperita L. under salinity stress

Biologija ◽

10.6001/biologija.v63i1.3476 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Meheri Askary ◽

Seyed Mehdi Talebi ◽

Fariba Amini ◽

Ali Dousti Balout Bangan

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Iron Nanoparticles ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Nutrient Deficiency ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

The Impact

The progress of nanotechnology presents many nanoparticles that are important in medicine, agriculture and industry. Quickly and entirely absorbed by plants, nano-compounds and remedy their nutrient deficiency and satisfy this need. Iron oxide nanoparticles with suitable surface chemistry can be used as a rich source of iron for plants due to its gradual release of Fe in a wide pH range (pH 3 to 11). The present study investigated the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs in 0, 10, 20 and 30 µM concentrations) on physiological parameters of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salt stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM concentrations of NaCl). Fe2O3NPs caused increases in leaf fresh weight and dry weight, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, and calcium contents of the peppermint under salinity stress but did not have an effect on the sodium element. 30 µM concentration of Fe2O3NP was more impressive. Lipid peroxidation and proline contents of the peppermint under salinity decreased significantly by applying Fe2O3NPs. The maximum activities of total antioxidant enzymes (I %), catalase, superoxide dismutase, and guailcol peroxidase were observed in plants treated with 150 mM of NaCl, but application of Fe2O3NPs declined these antioxidant activities. The results suggest that the appropriate concentration of iron nanoparticles could be used for stress resistance of the peppermint.

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